高考英语介词专题复习

高考英语介词专题复习

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 1 高考英语介词专题复习 一﹑考点聚焦 1、介词的分类与语法功能 （1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、 短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。 介词分为：简单介词，如 at、in、for 等；合成介词，如 within、inside、onto、throughout 等； 短语介词，如 according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、 instead of 等。双重介词，如 from behind / above / under、until after 等。 分词介词，如 considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、疑问词加不定式等。 （2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。 2、介词搭配 （1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 （2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。 （3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。 3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析 （1）表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。 表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词 in，还可以用时段名词组 成固定短语或词组。 （2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用 on。 (3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用 at,如小时、分钟等。 注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如： next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years one、each、any、every、some、all 修饰时,一般不用介词,如 some day one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before （4）till、until、to 的用法。 ①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。 但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 until。 ②to 表“终结”时常用和 from 连用，但要注意不与 from 连用时的意义。 （5）in、after、later ①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之 内”时，用于各种时态。 ②一段时间 + later(later 是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时 间后。 ③after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用 after, 即 after + 点时间，用于各种时态。 另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time = in a week They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用) My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表语） I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出， 在……之内) （6）地点介词 at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。 （7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 2 ①by the year/hour/day 按年/小时/天。 (按 by+the+单位名称)但 to the pound 按磅算，to the ton 按吨计。 ②表泛指的方式、手段 by post/mail 邮寄，by telephone(radio),但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电 讯器材)，by electricity 用电，by machinery 用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop ③交通工具类 另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permission)。 （8）表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。 1 besides 除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。 2 except 除去，除……之外（不再有）。 3 except for 除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或 what 从句，此时与 except that + 句子意思相同。 4 except that … 除了……一点以外。 5 but 与 except but 和 except 在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点： A.前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but。 B. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用 but。 C. but 与一些固定结构连用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是…… （9）between 与 among. （10）表原因的介词 for、because of、due to。 (11)不定式复合结构中的 for、of。 （12）兼作连词和副词的介词。 ①after、since、till / still、before 这些词既是介词，又是连词。 ②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond 等介词可兼作副词。 ③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。 （13）介词的省略。 ①表示时间的介词 on、at 、in 的省略。 ②介词 for 表示时间的省略要求。 （A）以 all 开头的名词短语，for 要省略。如：I stayed with her all the morning. （B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for 可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiti ng here (for) more than three hours. （C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的 for 不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thir ty years. (D)时间状语在主句之前，for 不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 3 ③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。 （14）某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。 1 要求接 to 的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、 road 等。 2 要求接 in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert 等。 (15)一些词组中的介词 be composed of =consist of… 由…组成 in comparison with… 和…相 比较 be very appreciative at… 对…深表感谢 be particular over… 对… 太 挑 剔 base…on… 把 … 建 立 … 上 ； on the basis of… 根 据 protect…from(against)… 保护…免遭…remind sb. of… 使某人想起… be responsiblie for sth. 对某事负有责任； be superior to 优于…in favor of 支持；赞同 in relation to 关于 in contrast to 与…截然不 同 in excess of 超过 etc. 二、精典名题导解 1.(2002 上 海 卷 22)Luckily ， the bullet narrowly missed the captain ________an inch． A．by B．at C．to D．from by+数量词，表示相差多少。介词 by 可以和表示数量的词构成短语，表示尺寸、距离 等。译文：幸运的是，子弹在距离船长一英尺的地方与他擦肩而过，没有射中他。答案 为 A。 2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000) A. As B. For C. With D. Through 解析：答案为 C。本题考查 with 的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/ 分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中 with 的复合结构作伴随状语。 3.(2004 上海春季卷 26)I am sorry it’s ________my power to make a final decision on the project． A．over B．above C．off D．beyond beyond 意为“超出，出乎”。本句的意思是：很抱歉，我无权对这个计划作出最后决 定。beyond my power 意为：超出了我的权力范围。 4.(2003 北京卷 33)They had a pleasant chat ________a cup of coffee． A．for B．with C．during D．over 考查介词搭配。to chat over a cup of coffee 意思是边喝咖啡边聊天。for 和 during 都有“在……期间”之意，但后边通常加时间段：。with “随着，用”；over“在(做)……期 间，边……边……”。 5.(2002 北京卷 33) --What do you want ________those old boxes? --To put things in when I move to the new fiat． A．by B．for C．of D．with 、 所提供的情景 To put things in when I move to the new flat，说明了箱子的用 途。with 的意思是“用”，后接工具。如：cut with a knife“用刀切”。 6.(2001 上 海 春 季 卷 23)Ross was wild with joy ________the result of the examination． A．to B．at C．by D．as at 表示原因。be wild with joy at 的意思是“为……而欣喜若狂”。介词 at 接在某些形 容词的后面表示原因。译文：罗丝因考试结果而兴高采烈。 7.(2002 上海春季卷 21)Marie Curie took little notice _________the honours that were given to her in her later years． 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 4 A．of B．on C．about D．from take notice of 为固定短语，意为“注意”。译文：居里夫人几乎不关心她晚年所得到的 荣誉。答案为 A。 8..(2002 京、蒙、皖春季卷 23)--You are so lucky． --What do you mean _________that? A．or B．in C．of D．by 固定用法(句子)what do you mean 后常跟 by that／doing that／saying so，译 为：你那样／这样讲(说)是什么意思? 9..(2002 北京卷 33) --What do you want ________those old boxes? --To put things in when I move to the new fiat． A．by B．for C．of D．with 、 所提供的情景 To put things in when I move to the new flat，说明了箱子的用 途。with 的意思是“用”，后接工具。如：cut with a knife“用刀切”。 10.(2004 福建卷 30) It was a pity that the great writer died ________his works unfinished． A．for B．with C．from D．of die 接不同的介词，表示不同的意思，die for 表示死的目的；die from 表示死的间接 原因；die of 表示死于饥饿、疾病、寒冷、情感等直接原因；而 die with 中的 with 应 与后面名词连成一个意群，表示一个伴随的状态。根据句子的意思，答案选 B。 11.(2004 上海卷 25)The accident is reported to have occurred _________the first Sunday in February． A．at B．on C．in D．to 本题考查日期前介词的用法。一般牵涉到具体的某一天时或特定的某一天时，前面用介 词 on。 12. I wanted two seats ________ Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets. (NMET 1998 上海) A. ofB. aboutC. To D. For 析:D.……比赛 / 电影 / 戏剧的座位,应用...seat for.... 13.（2005 重庆卷）30. —You know. Bob is a little slow ____ understanding, so… — So I have to be patient ______ him. A. in ; with B. on; with C. in; to D. at; for A in understanding 在理解上，be patient with 对某人有耐心 14. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________. A.on B.up C.above D.by 解析：答案为 A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰 a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻 辑意义上是不及物动词，只有加上吊尾介词，句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到 汉语的影响而缺少，吊尾介词使用的场合有： （1）定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，不及物动词后要接介词，先行词 被“动词 + 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。 He is the man I just spoke to. (2)what、whose、who、whatever 等引导的宾语从句，宾语从句出现吊尾介词。 I can’t imagine what it is like. (3) 强调句型，特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。 It was the poor boy that we gave the books to. What for? Where to? Who with? (4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时 常带吊尾介词。 a room to live in, a bench to sit on There is nothing to worry about. She is a good girl to work with. (5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词 + 介词”型短语，动词的不定式形式表“反射”，常 用吊尾介词。 ①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy 等形容词后。 ②The river is good to swim in. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 5 The box is too heavy to carry. ③be worth doing sth. ,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/require / need doing 三、专项训练 1 A group of students stood___the memorial__the people’s heroes. A.in the front of;to B.in front of;to C.in front of;of D.in the front;of 2. -Where is the post office? -You can find it_______2336 Fire Road. A.on B.in C.near D.at 3. He went to Beijing_______ . A.by the car B.in car C.in the black car D.by the black car 4. Your mother will be back_______a few minutes,but your father will be back_______ten o’clock. A.after;after B.in;in C.in;after D.after;in 5. What did you do to help them____the difficulty? A.out from B.out of C.through D.out off 6. He is running_______the wind towards the east of the station_______ Tom running_______the right. A.down;and;on B.against;with;on C.for;with;in D.with;while;to 7. In Hangzhou Mr.Green was so struck_______the beauty of nature that he stayed_______another night. A.by;for B.with;at C.at;on D.for;in 8..My uncle lives__105 Huanghe Street.His room is__the fifth floor. A.to;at B.on;in C.at;on D.of;to 9. Does John know any other languages_______French? A.except B.but C.besides D.beside 10. I need some paper to write_______. A.in B.on C.at D.for 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 6 11. Before the boy’s body the soldiers_______silence. A.in B.on C.at D.under 12. We know nothing about him_______that his son joined in the army. A.beside B.for C.except D.besides 13. Your speech is excellent_______some small mistakes. A.besides B.except C.except that D.except for 14. It is quite cold today_______June. A.for B.in C.at D.on 15. We’ll have a ball_______New Year’s Eve. A.in B.on C.at D.by 16. The enemy got beaten and fled_______all directions. A.to B.toward C.for D.in 17. You should write_______pencil,that is,_______a pencil. A.in;with B.with;with C.in;in D.with;in 18.-------.How long has this bookstore been in business ? ------_______1982. A.After B.In C.From D.Since 19.Come and see me _____two or three _____ A.for…days B.after…days C.in …days’ time D.during…day time 20.The sunlight came in_____the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room. A.through B.across C.on D .over 21.The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to1,200.This means it has risen____20 percent. A.by B.at C.to D.with 22.____most student,she was always well prepared and never came to class late. A.Like B.As C.For DTo 23.The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station ____5:40 p.m. at the latest. A.untill B.after C.by D.around 24.I don’t think you can finish the work ___my help. A.since B.because C.without D.unless 25.I am accustomed ______ late on weekends for I have the habit of working at night. A. to sit up B. to sitting up C. at sitting up D.for sitting up 26. The teacher will ask you to account________ your absence from his class 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 7 yesterday. A. for B. at C.i n D. of 27. People’s complaints _____ the bad food were soon taken ____ consideration by the government. A. of…into B. for…on C. of…for D. with…against 28. I have no objection ___ his staying in the library as long as he keeps quiet. A. of B. to C. in D. over 29. Morris’s fluency in English has given her some advantage ____ other pupils in the class. A. above B. over C. than D. beyond 30. The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be soon seen __ . A.at B. to C. on D. by 31. Washington D.C was named____ the first President of the U.S.A., George Washington. A. from B. after C. by D. with 32. Mary took her boyfriend_____ the hand and then they walked away arm in arm. A．on B．at C．by D．for 33. Before 1920s, American women were deprived________ the right to vote to a large extent. A. of B. to C. from D. with 34. NO one is trying to persuade you _____ doing the job. But things must be dealt____. reasonably. A. into…with B. to…from C. out…by D. by…in 35. No one is indeed enthusiastic ______ that dull task. A. with B. about C. at D. to 36. The imported goods are inferior________ the domestic products in quality. A. than B. with C. to D. against 37. Everyone around the site felt deep sympathy _____ the poor sick baby. A. for B. from C.. in D. on 38. I have been feeling regret ______ all the years misspent without any research achievement. A. of B. to C. from D. for 39. Scott was very appreciative ____ the help from his teacher. A. of B. in C. at D. on 40. For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree ________. (NMET 1997 上海) A. in sight B. on earth C. at a distance D. in place 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 8 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA (郭) 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（刘。。） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（刘。） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（余） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（牛） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA （幼） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA(毅) 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（黎） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（邓） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（石） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（景） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（仙） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（李） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA （吴） 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 9 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（武） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA（张） 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA 1~5 BDCCB 6~10 BACCB 11~15 ACDAB 16~20DADCA 21~25AACCB 26~30AABBB 31~35BCAAB 36~40CADCA