2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词句猜测--代词指代题考查解读

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词句猜测--代词指代题考查解读

‎2020届二轮复习 阅读理解中词句猜测--代词指代题考查解读 ‎ 题型解读】‎ 代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问形式常有：‎ ‎(1)What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which...” refer to?‎ ‎(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which...” in Paragraph...refers to “ ”．‎ 解题技巧——“就近原则”判指代 第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置 代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。‎ 第二步：熟悉代词的含义 ‎(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。‎ ‎(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。‎ ‎(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。‎ 第三步：替换核实再比较 ‎(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。‎ ‎(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。‎ 例如：【真题感悟】中第26题，sharing that与前面的shared the ‎ belief呼应，由此可推知，拥有同样的信念使两人成了朋友；the belief替换that后，经核实意义正确，故选A项。‎ ‎【课堂练习】‎ A Throughout the past few years，I have tried to give myself to others.I have bounced around to find where I truly fit in.I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage(孤儿院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential：7makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)．I lived like they did.It was the most relaxing feeling in the world.‎ When at Nuestros Pequenos Hermanos，we were given the task of creating a pig 8pen.At first，I thought it should be easy.After arriving at the area where the pig pen should be，we saw a hill.We were told to 1uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area.Looking at it，we felt it would be impossible.On my own faith journey，I have felt this type of doubt before.The “hole”，as we referred to，is a symbol of my faith journey.It appeared to be an 2obstacle I could not overcome，but in the end I completed it with efforts.I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.‎ I’ve always struggled to be on a journey of faith，but I’ve never completely stepped foot onto the path until ‎ Guatemala.I’ve always tried to open my heart to everyone around me and give them my love.I feel as though I cut open my heart and share every bit of love I had with these orphans.There is one orphan named Ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.In Guatemala，I sponsor with thirty dollars a month，but it doesn’t seem enough.I’ll return there next summer and give more of my love for a whole month.‎ When it was time to leave，I looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children.Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.‎ 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在危地马拉期间，改变了自己的生活，从而改变了自己的人生。‎ ‎1．What resulted in the author’s decision to live a new life?‎ A．Desire to help others.‎ B．Decrease in his income.‎ C．A knowledge of the orphans’ life.‎ D．Awareness of the difficulty in his life.‎ 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第三、四句可知，作者了解到孤儿的生活之后，决定改变自己的生活。故选C。‎ ‎2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．Removing the doubt.‎ B．Uprooting the weed.‎ C．Starting the faith journey.‎ D．Creating the pig pen.‎ 答案　D 解析　代词指代题。根据画线词后面的“I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.”可以猜测出，it代指建造猪圈这件事。故选D。‎ ‎3．What did the author think of his experience in Guatemala?‎ A．It was regretful.‎ B．It was meaningful.‎ C．It was interesting.‎ D．It was frightening.‎ 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推断出，作者认为在危地马拉的经历是有意义的。故选B。‎ ‎4．What may be the best title for the text?‎ A．A Step into a New World B．An Awful Faith Journey C．A Great Success in Life D．A Return of Confidence 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。根据最后一段中的“Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping ‎ towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推断出，在危地马拉期间，作者改变了自己的生活，从而改变了人生。故用A Step into a New World作为本文的标题最佳。故选A。‎ B Vinegar is great.It makes salad，fries and dumplings taste better，and you can even clean your windows with it.And now，according to scientists，it may even help the planet’s population survive climate change.Researchers from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan proved that.They found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.This could mean that in the future，worries about climate change affecting the world’s supply of food will be much lower.‎ The discovery was made after the researchers studied the Arabidopsis，a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather.It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions，it produced a chemical called acetate(醋酸盐)—the main 3component of vinegar.‎ After discovering this，the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants before they stopped giving them water completely.After leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died.‎ It’s hoped that this simple method of survival could soon ‎ be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive.“In the experiment，we targeted the 4staple foods of the world—rice，wheat and maize...and proved successful，” Jong Myong Kim，co-author of the study，told Popular Science magazine.‎ Kim has already been in touch with people around the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from farmers to companies and 5amateur gardeners.“Now we are trying to cooperate with them to make a method to apply this system，and make the process as simple as possible，” he said.Hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.‎ 语篇解读　本文是一篇科普类文章。文章主要介绍了日本科学家们近期发现了一个有意思的现象：给植物加点“醋”，植物就能变得更耐旱……‎ ‎5．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 refer to?‎ A．Vinegar may help creatures survive bad weather.‎ B．Vinegar is found in plants by Japanese scientists.‎ C．Vinegar is very useful for cooking a good meal.‎ D．Vinegar is mainly used by people to clean houses.‎ 答案　A 解析　代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“And now，according to scientists，it may even help the planet’s population survive ‎ climate change.”可以判断出that指代的是醋可以帮助生物更好地适应气候的变化。故选A。‎ ‎6．Scientists in Japan find from their studies that .‎ A．the Arabidopsis could survive in dry weather because of the shape B．soil condition could be changed by pouring vinegar continually C．the acetate can be used by farmers to replace the soil D．the plants treated with acetate could survive dry conditions 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.”可知，在酸性环境下生长的植物更加耐旱。故选D。‎ ‎7．What can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A．It’s too difficult for farmers to accept the method.‎ B．How to decrease the cost is the main issue.‎ C．The method is 6promising especially in agriculture.‎ D．Keeping plants alive means a lot for scientists.‎ 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“Hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.”可以推断出这种方法尤其在农业上很有前景。故选C。‎ ‎8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A．Japanese Scientists Find a Plant B．Vinegar Could End Hunger C．Vinegar and Food D．Plants Need Water 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知，科学家研究发现醋更能够让植物适应各种恶劣气候，提高粮食的产量，从而消除饥饿。所以用Vinegar Could End Hunger作为题目较为合适，故选B。‎ ‎【提炼拓展】‎ Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破 ‎(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 ‎1．This morning when we were walking along the street and found many fallen trees which have been uprooted by the storm.连根拔起；根除 ‎2．Most competition cars will only roll over if they hit an obstacle.障碍；障碍物 ‎3．Hydrogen is a key component of fuel cells.组成部分，成分 ‎4．Wheat may be Pakistan’s staple food，and milky tea is the national drink.主要的 ‎5．At the time，I was playing as an amateur for Cambridge University against professional county teams.业余爱好者 ‎(二)同义词语替换 ‎6．We’re trying to bring along several promising young football players.hopeful ‎(三)一词多义 ‎7．makeup n．化妆品；组成 ‎(1)Even the genetic makeup of the virus is under debate.组成 ‎(2)Normally she wore little makeup，but this evening was clearly an exception. 化妆品 ‎8．pen v．撰写；关(人或动物)；n.(临时圈养牲畜的)圈；钢笔 ‎(1)The animals were penned up in cages.关(人或动物)‎ ‎ (2) I really intended to pen this letter to you early this morning.撰写 ‎(3)Take a piece of paper and a pen and try to figure out how you know when your values are fulfilled.钢笔 ‎(4)A pen is a small area with a fence around it in which farm animals are kept for a short time.(临时圈养牲畜的)圈 Ⅱ.长难句理解 ‎1．Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)．‎ ‎[句式分析]　本句话是一个并列句，第一个and前的简单句是主系表结构；第二、三个and后的简单句与前面的句子主语一致，故省略了主语I，且这两个简单句为主谓宾结构；that wasn’t essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury为定语从句，修饰限定everything。‎ ‎[精美译文]　因为听了关于他们生活的很多故事，我感动得留下了眼泪，开始质疑自己的生活方式并且放弃了所有不必要的东西：化妆品和其他的奢侈品。‎ ‎2．After leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ‎ ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died.‎ ‎[句式分析]　本句话是一个并列句，由并列词while构成，前后表示对比关系。while前面的句子是主谓宾结构，其宾语为宾语从句that the ones treated with acetate had survived，在宾语从句中treated with acetate作定语，修饰the ones；while后面的句子是主谓结构。‎ ‎[精美译文]　丢下这些植物不管14天后，他们发现那些加了醋酸盐的植物活了下来，而未加醋酸盐的植物都干死了。‎ 强化练习 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Here is a record of the discussion about AI (artificial intelligence) conducted by several scientists：‎ Scientist A：I would say that we are quite a long way off developing the AI，though I do think it will happen within the next thirty or forty years.We will probably remain in control of technology and it will help us solve many of the world’s problems.However，no one really knows what will happen if machines become more intelligent than humans.They may help us，ignore us or destroy us.I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives，but whether that is true will be partly up to us.‎ Scientist B：I have to admit that the potential ‎ consequences of creating something that can match or go beyond human intelligence frighten me.Even now，scientists are teaching computers how to learn on their own.At some point in the near future，their intelligence may well take off and develop at an ever-increasing speed.Human beings evolve biologically very slowly and we would be quickly substituted.In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.In the long term，machines might decide the world would be better without humans.‎ Scientist C：I’m a member of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.Forget the movie image of a terrifying Terminator stamping on human skulls(头骨) and think of what’s happening right now：military machines like drones，gun turrets and sentry robots are already being used to kill with very little human input.The next step will be autonomous “murderbots” following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.It seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.‎ ‎1．What is Scientist B worried about?‎ A．AI technology will destroy the earth.‎ B．Computers can’t think by themselves.‎ C．Robots will take the place of humans.‎ D．Humans will be unhappy without machines.‎ 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.”可知，科学家B担心机器人会代替人类，造成人类失业、贫穷和社会动荡。故选C。‎ ‎2．What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to?‎ A．The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.‎ B．The movie image of a terrifying Terminator.‎ C．“Murderbots” can’t decide by themselves.‎ D．“Murderbots” will be against humans’ orders.‎ 答案　D 解析　代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“The next step will be autonomous ‘murderbots’ following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.”可知，自动“杀人机器人”服从人类的命令，但最后杀死谁由他们自己决定。句中this指“杀人机器人不服从人类的命令”。故选D。‎ ‎3．Which statement is CORRECT according to the record?‎ A．Scientist A thinks AI technology will never develop.‎ B．The employment will be affected by AI technology in the future.‎ C．“Murderbots” will follow the orders of their ‎ manufacturers in the wars.‎ D．All the three scientists agree that AI technology will benefit human beings.‎ 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.”可知，机器人的发展会代替人类工作，造成人类失业。也就是说，未来人工智能技术将会影响就业。故选B。‎ ‎4．Who agree(s) AI has more negative aspects than positive aspects?‎ A．Scientist A. B．Scientist B.‎ C．Scientists B & C. D．Scientists B & A.‎ 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives”可知，科学家A认为人工智能的积极因素比消极因素多。根据第三段中的“...there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.”和第四段中的“It seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.”可知，科学家B和科学家C认为人工智能的消极因素比积极因素多。故选C。‎ B Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain，but have you ever wondered how it became a thing?‎ Tomato sauce is not Italian；the tomato is native to South America and was not introduced to Europe until the 16th century.Tea isn’t British，it wasn’t even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century.But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.‎ Tea is of such great importance，that it was featured in the Evening Standard written by George Orwell back in 1946.The famous author describes the beverage(饮品) thusly “tea is one of the main stays of civilization in this country”．But when，exactly，did this practice become in fashion?‎ The year was 1662，a mere 111 years before insurgents(茶党) from the soon-to-be ruling champions of the Revolutionary War dumped a whole bunch of tea into Boston Harbor.Catherine of Braganza of Portuguese royalty married King Charles Ⅱ of England，and then went on to make teatime a thing.But the thirst for tea fell at one time—the costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford.However，when Catherine started to make tea consumption a daily practice，it passed on to the other nobles.‎ Not long after the practice was initially adopted by the upper class，the East India company began to import more tea to meet the demand.With the prices lowered，everybody could afford to have a good taste，and suddenly tea was the drink ‎ of the everyman.‎ After centuries of ritual(习惯)，it has become entirely rooted in the British identity itself.Turkey may consume the most tea annually，but the British still hold the title of association.‎ ‎5．What is the best title for the passage?‎ A．Why the British Drink So Much Tea B．Why Tea Is So Popular Across the World C．How Tea Was Introduced into Europe D．Which Kind of Tea Is the Most Favored 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。根据首段“Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain，but have you ever wondered how it became a thing？”可知，本文讲述了为什么英国人会喝那么多茶。故选A。‎ ‎6．The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to “ ”．‎ A．tomato B．tomato sauce C．tea D．a thing 答案　C 解析　代词指代题。根据第二段最后两句“Tea isn’t British，it wasn’t even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century.But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.”可知，茶并非 原产于英国，甚至在17世纪之前在英国都不怎么流行，但是现在茶、阴沉的天气和红色电话亭都成为英国独有的标识。故选C。‎ ‎7．According to Paragraph 4，Britons’ interest in tea once dropped because .‎ A．it was not drinkable B．they were not used to it C．it was not affordable D．they refused anything foreign 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段倒数第二句“But the thirst for tea fell at one time—the costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford.”可知，英国人曾经对茶的热情度下降，这是因为运送成本太高超出了英国人的支付能力。故选C。‎ ‎8．What can we know from the passage?‎ A．George Orwell promoted tea sales across England.‎ B．King Charles Ⅱ of England drank tea on a daily basis.‎ C．The Turkish produce the most tea every year.‎ D．People may associate tea with Britons a lot.‎ 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段末句“Turkey may consume the most tea annually，but the British still hold the title of association.”可知，尽管土耳其对茶的年消耗量最多，人们还是会把茶和英国联系在一起。故选D。‎