【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项非谓语动词学案(1)

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项非谓语动词学案(1)

非谓语动词 一、 ‎【知识精讲】‎ （一） 非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语 非谓语动词的形式：不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。其中，不定式和动名词能作主语、宾语和表语。‎ 1. 不定式和动名词作主语 ‎（1）一般来说，这两者作主语时可以互换，但不定式作主语多表示将来或某种特定的情况，而动名词作主语则通常表示一般情况。它们作主语时，谓语多用单数。‎ To make/Making money is not the only purpose of our life. 赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的。‎ ‎（2）为了平衡句子，通常用it 作形式主语，而把不定式短语或动名词短语放在句末。‎ a. 常用不定式作主语的句型 It's difficult/important/necessary for sb. to do sth.‎ It's kind/good/friendly/polite/careless/rude/cruel/clever/foolish/brave of sb. to do sth.‎ b. 常用现在分词作主语的句型 It's no good/use/fun doing sth；It's a waste of time doing sth.；It's worthwhile doing sth.‎ 2. 不定式和动名词作宾语 ‎（1）不定式作宾语 a. 常接不定式作宾语的动词有decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, afford, happen, wait, threaten等。‎ We agreed to meet at the school gate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。‎ b. 动词tell, show, understand, know, explain, teach, learn, advise等常接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语。‎ Please tell me when to start the project. 请告诉我何时开始这个项目。‎ c. 在动词find, think, consider, feel, make, believe等后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。‎ We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。‎ ‎（2）动名词作宾语 a. 常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)有consider(考虑), suggest, look forward to, admit, delay, fancy(想象，设想), avoid, miss, keep, practise, deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate, imagine, risk, can't help, mind, escape等。‎ He tried to avoid answering my questions. 他试图对我的问题避而不答。‎ b. 由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get accustomed to(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), get down to(开始着手做), object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。‎ It's time I got down to thinking about that essay. 我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。‎ c. 下列动词(短语)既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。‎ mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事；forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（未做）forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已做）；regret to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾（未做）regret doing sth. 对做过的事表示后悔（已做）；try to do sth. 尽力去做某事 try doing sth. 试着做某事；go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做原来做的事；remember to do sth. 记着去做某事（未做）remember doing sth. 记着做了某事（已做）‎ 1. 不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词作表语 ‎（1）一般来说，不定式作表语表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的(aim, purpose)、愿望(wish, hope)、梦想(dream)、需求(need)”等名词作主语时，其表语用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示身份、职业等。‎ My dream is to become a scientist. 我的梦想是要成为一名科学家。‎ My job is teaching. 我的工作是教学。‎ ‎（2）现在分词作表语说明主语所具有的特征；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。‎ The speech was inspiring. 这个演讲很鼓舞人心。‎ The students were greatly inspired. 学生们受到了极大的鼓舞。‎ （一） 非谓语动词作定语 1. 不定式作定语 ‎（1）不定式作定语表示将来的动作。‎ The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important. 将在会议上讨论的那个问题是非常重要的。‎ ‎（2）有些名词后大多用不定式作定语，如ability, desire等。一般来说，如果它们的形容词形式是“be adj. ＋ to do”搭配的话，其名词形式也是如此。‎ ‎（3）不定式作定语的特殊情况：被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only和not a, the等限定词时，只能用不定式。‎ Mr Peterson is always the first person to arrive at the training centre. 皮特森先生总是第一个到达训练中心的 人。‎ 1. 分词作定语 ‎（1）现在分词表示主动意义；过去分词一般表示被动意义。‎ The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的那个小孩是我弟弟。‎ The frightened child stood there still. 那个吓坏了的小孩站在那里一动不动。‎ ‎（2）现在分词表示正在进行；过去分词表示状态或完成。‎ Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？‎ A broken cup is lying on the ground. 地上有一只破碎的杯子。‎ ‎（3）动词不定式的被动式（to be done），现在分词的被动式（being done）和过去分词（done）作定语的区别：动词不定式的被动式强调的是一个即将要发生的被动动作；现在分词一般式的被动式表示一个正在进行的被动动作；过去分词表示发生在过去的被动动作。‎ The building being built now will be a restaurant. 正在建造的大楼将会是一个宾馆。‎ The building to be built next year will be a restaurant. 明年即将要建造的大楼将会是一个宾馆。‎ The building built last year is a restaurant. 去年建造的这座大楼是一个宾馆。‎ （一） 非谓语动词作宾语补足语 1. 不定式作宾补 常见动词：ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage (sb.to do sth.)；have(让), notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make (sb. do sth.) ‎ 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念：主动关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成。‎ The teacher encouraged me to study hard.‎ I heard him call me several times.‎ Who would you like to have do the experiment？‎ 2. 现在分词作宾补 常见动词：notice, see, watch, hear, find, have(让), feel, keep, leave (sb./sth. doing) ‎ 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念：主动关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成。‎ I found her listening to the radio.‎ He has the machine running all the time.‎ I won't have my students cheating in the exam. (否定句中表示“容忍”)‎ 1. 过去分词作宾补 常见动词：notice, see, watch, hear, find, have(让), feel, keep, leave (sb./sth. done)‎ 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念：被动关系，表示动作已经完成，多强调状态。‎ We found the village greatly changed.‎ She was surprised that the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ ‎（1）感官动词的宾语补足语 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear, feel, find, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell, see等词后可以接省去to的动词不定式、现在分词及过去分词作宾语补足语。常见的句型有(以hear为例)：‎ hear sb do sth 听见某人做了某事（表示动作已经完成，强调一个过程）‎ hear sb doing sth 听见某人正在做某事（表示正在进行）‎ hear sth done 听说某事被做（表示已经完成）‎ I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听到她唱了一首英文歌。‎ I heard her singing an English song when I passed her room yesterday. 昨天经过她的房间的时候，我听见她在唱英文歌。‎ I heard an English song sung by a little girl the other day. 几天前我听到一个小女孩唱了一首英文歌。‎ ‎【特别提醒】省略不定式符号to作宾语补足语时，改成被动语态后要加上不定式符号to。‎ She was heard to sing an English song at the party. 她在聚会上唱了一首英文歌。‎ ‎（2）常见的使役动词有make, leave, have, get等 ‎①宾语和宾语补足语之间表示主动的结构 make sb do sth 使得某人做某事 get sb to do sth 使得某人开始做某事（强调使/让某人开始行动起来）‎ have sb do sth 使得某人做某事 have sb doing sth 使得某人一直做某事（在疑问句或否定句中表示“容忍，允许”）‎ leave/keep/get sb/sth doing sth 使...保持某种状态 leave sb to do sth 留下某人做某事 Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. 妈妈让我去商店买些盐。‎ You may get your son to carry the heavy box for you.你可以让你的儿子帮你提这个重箱子。‎ His question got the students thinking. 他的问题使学生们思考起来。‎ I won't have you walking home all by yourself. 我不会让你独自走回家的。‎ It's wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。‎ He went to the cinema, leaving me to do all the rest of the work. 他去看电影了，留下我一个人去做所有余下的工作。‎ ‎②宾语和宾语补足语之间表示被动的结构 make/get/have sth done 使/让某事被做 leave sth to be done 留下某事要去做/要被做 leave sth done 使...处于某种状态 I'll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。‎ Tom had his legs broken while playing football. 汤姆踢足球时伤了腿。‎ The guest left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn't taste delicious. 大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。‎ We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙结束了会议，留下许多问题等待解决。‎ （一） 非谓语动词作状语 1. 不定式作状语 ‎（1）通常表示目的，前面可用in order或so as，以示强调。‎ I saved every cent (in order) to buy a car. 我攒每一分钱是为了买一辆小汽车。‎ ‎（2）表示结果时常用于too...to, enough to do sth., only to..., never to...等结构中。‎ The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 温度足以高到把水变成水蒸汽。‎ He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他急忙回家，结果发现钱被偷了。‎ He left his home town in 1938, never to be heard from again. 1938年他离开了他的家乡，之后再也没有他的消息。‎ The boy is too young to dress himself. 那个男孩太小了不能给自己穿衣服。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 1. 当不定式前的形容词为nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等时，too...to表示肯定。‎ They are (only) too nervous to leave. 他们(非常)急于离开。‎ 2. 当不定式前有否定意义的词时表示肯定。‎ It's never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。‎ ‎（3）so...as to/such...as to意为“如此……以至于”，也表示结果。‎ He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 他如此生气以至于说不出话来。‎ He was such a fool as to believe the cheat. 他如此笨以至于相信那个骗局。‎ ‎（4）用在某些形容词的后面。‎ I am overjoyed to hear the news. 听到这个消息我太高兴了。‎ They are sure to win the match. 他们一定会赢下这场比赛。‎ ‎2. 分词作状语 分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式。‎ Given more time, I can do the work better. 如果多给一点时间，我能做得更好一些。(条件状语)‎ Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时，他发现父亲生气了。(时间状语)‎ Born a free man, he was now in chains. 虽然他生下来是自由的，现在却戴着镣铐。(让步状语)‎ Disturbed by the noise, we had to finish the meeting early. 受到噪音的干扰，我们只好提前结束了会议。 (原因状语)‎ He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。(伴随状语)‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 现在分词和only to do sth.都可以表示结果，但是现在分词作状语表示自然而然的结果，即由于前句动作的发生而自然造成的结果，而only to do sth.表示出乎意料的(往往是不太好的)结果。‎ Her parents died, leaving her an orphan. 她父母双亡，留下她一个孤儿。‎ I ran all the way to the post office, only to find it closed. 我一路跑到邮局，结果发现邮局关门了。‎ （一） 非谓语动词时态和语态的变化 非谓语动词有一般时、完成时和进行时的时态变化，有主动语态和被动语态的变化。‎ 1. 不定式 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 to do to be done 进行时 to be doing ‎ 完成时 to have done to have been done ‎（1）不定式的一般时(to do)：不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或不强调动作的先后。‎ He pretended to be very friendly with me. 他假装对我很友好。‎ ‎（2）不定式的进行时(to be doing)：强调不定式的动作正在进行。‎ He pretended to be reading the newspaper when I came in. But I noticed he was holding the newspaper upside down. 我进来的时候他假装在看报纸。可是，我注意到他把报纸拿反了。‎ ‎（3）不定式的完成时(to have done)：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。‎ He pretended to have already known about the secret. 他假装已经知道了这个秘密。‎ ‎—Is Bob still performing? ——鲍勃还在表演吗？‎ ‎—I'm afraid not. He is said to have left the stage as he has become an official.——可能没有。据说，他当官后就离开了舞台。‎ 2. 现在分词 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 doing being done 完成时 having done having been done ‎（1）现在分词的一般时(doing)：现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或表示动作正在进行。‎ Arriving at the station, he found the train had left. 他到达车站的时候，发现火车已经开走了。‎ ‎（2）现在分词的完成时(having done)：强调现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。‎ Having been shown around the lab, the visitors were taken to the playground. 在参观完实验室后，参观者被带到操场上。‎ 1. 过去分词 表示非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词之前发生或同时发生，表示被动的动作。‎ Given more time, I'll do it better. 给我多一些时间，我会做得更好。‎ （一） 非谓语动词的特殊形式 非谓语动词的特殊形式有：不定式的复合结构、现在分词的复合结构和独立主格结构。‎ 1. 不定式的复合结构 为了表示某动作明确的主体，要带上不定式的逻辑主语，此时用for sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.两种形式。there be句式的不定式的复合结构用for there to be。‎ It's too early for there to be anyone in the street. 太早了，没有人在街上。‎ 2. 现在分词的复合结构 当现在分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致时，直接用动名词作主语或宾语，而当现在分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，用现在分词的复合结构：sb./sb.'s doing sth.，如果是人称代词也可以用宾格形式。‎ Would you mind me/my opening the door? 我把门打开，你介意吗？‎ Tom's being polite is praised by all. 大家称赞汤姆讲礼貌。‎ 3. 独立主格结构 分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要用独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语，亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。结构如下：主干(主语1＋谓语＋宾语)，主语2＋doing/having done/done(＝having been done)‎ That being the case, we'd better make some changes in the plan. 情况既然如此，我们最好改变一下计划。‎ Weather permitting, we will go out. 天气允许的话，我们会出去。‎ The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom. 老师结束了课程，学生们离开了教室。‎ （二） 非谓语动词的省略 非谓语动词的省略主要是指“连词＋分词”和不定式的省略。‎ 不定式的省略包括下面三种情况：省略不定式的符号to而保留动词；承前省略不定式动词而保留不定式的符号to；两个动词不定式连用时后面的动词承前省略to。‎ 1. 省略to的不定式：省略不定式的符号to，而保留不定式的动词。‎ ‎（1）省略to的不定式作合成谓语 不定式不可以单独使用，但是可以和助动词、情态动词一起构成合成谓语。have to, be able to, ought to, used to等短语中的to在任何情况下都不可以省略。‎ ‎（2）省略to的不定式作宾语 a. help后面的不定式带不带to都可以。‎ Why not help (to) sweep the floor? 为什么不帮忙把地板扫一下？‎ b. 不定式前面的句子部分有do的各种变化形式，后面的句子用不带to的不定式。‎ She can do nothing but wait in the cold. 她什么也不能做，只能在寒冷中苦等。‎ c. cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but后接不带to的不定式。‎ I cannot but admire his great courage. 我不得不佩服他的非凡勇气。‎ 2. 省略不定式的动词而保留不定式的符号to 当不定式的动词在上文已经出现，或在下文将要出现时，为了避免单调的重复，常常将to后面的动词省略，而保留不定式的符号。‎ ‎（1）形容词happy, glad, pleased, anxious, eager, willing, ready, lucky等后面的动词省略。‎ ‎—Why not stay for a cup of tea, Tom? ——为什么不留下来喝杯茶呢，汤姆？‎ ‎—I'd be glad to, but I'll have to leave now. ——非常乐意，但我现在不得不离开了。‎ ‎（2）固定短语used to, have to, would like/love to, be able to, be about to, be supposed to中的动词可以省略，但必须保留不定式的符号。‎ I don't want to attend the meeting, but I have to. 我不想参加这个会议，但我不得不去。‎ ‎—Would you like to go to the cinema with me tomorrow afternoon?——明天下午你愿意和我一起去看电影吗？‎ ‎—I'd like to, Mum, but I have been invited to a party by Jane. It is her birthday.——我很想去，妈妈，但我已经受简邀请去她的生日派对了。‎