【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题介词（35页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题介词（35页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题介词 一、概述 介词又叫做前置词，一般置于名词前。介词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分。介词只有跟有宾语，构成相应的介词结构，才能在句子中充当成分。‎ 本章首先介绍了介词的分类，从构成、词义两方面分别予以阐述。接着，介绍了介词的作用，介词最直接地作用就是跟有宾语构成构成介宾结构，介宾结构才能在句中充当成分。由介宾结构进而阐述了介词的位置，一般情况下紧放在相应宾语的前面，但有些时候，由于受到某种语法、句法及固定用法的约束，也会出现特殊情况，即介词后并没有紧跟宾语或介词位于句尾。最后介绍了常用介词的用法及相关介词及介词词组的比较，内容详实，全面剖析。‎ 此章内容比较整齐，系统性较强。要从分类、作用、位置、介词（短语）的常用法等方面把握，为了更好地理解、把握介词。最后予以了详细总结归纳，并提炼本章精华，构造了本章知识网，要抓住知识网进行发散，全面掌握介词。‎ 二、分类 ‎1、从介词的构成来看，介词可分为以下五种。‎ ‎（1）简单介词：指由一个单一单词构成，常见的有：at、in、for、from、on、under、above、beyond、by、over、off、to、near、of、with、up、like、down、during、except、but、beside、besides、behind、among、between、along、against、across、round等。‎ ‎（2）复合介词：由两个介词组合而成，常见的有：as for、as to、into、out of、within、outside、inside、without、throughout、upon等。‎ ‎（3）二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没复合介词固定，常见的有：from under、from behind、until after等。‎ ‎（4）现在分词介词：由现在分词构成，常见的有：concerning、regarding、including、respecting、saving等。‎ ‎（5）短语介词：由短语构成，常见的有：because of、according to、in spite of、on behalf of、with reference to、out of、but for、ahead of、apart from、due to、as concerns、for want of、with a view to、for the sake of、in the event of等。‎ ‎2、从介词的词义来看，常表示以下几种含义。如：‎ ‎（1）表时间，如：at、about、before、after、for、since、until、during、over、on、till、to、within、as、around、by等。‎ ‎（2）表地点，如：at、in、on、under、above、over、behind、off、near、around、below、beneath、beyond、across、along、among、into、towards、throughout等。‎ ‎（3）表示除了，如：except、except for、besides、beyond、but、apart from等。‎ ‎（4）表示所属关系，如：of、with等。‎ ‎（5）表示手段、方式，如：by、with、in等。‎ ‎（6）表示条件，如：on、without、considering等。‎ ‎（7）表示原因，如：for、at、with、about、because of、due to等。‎ ‎（8）表示比较，如：as、like等。‎ ‎（9）表示关于，如：as to、as for、concerning、in respect of、about、on、regarding、with regard to等。‎ ‎（10）表示反对或赞成，如：for、against等。‎ ‎（11）表示让步，如：in spite of、despite、not with standing等。‎ 三、作用 介词必须同其他词类或成分连用才能在句中充当语法成分。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语，介词短语在句中可充当下列以下成分。如：‎ ‎1、主语 From our dormitory to the teaching building is five-minute riding.‎ Between two and three people will do the job.‎ ‎2、表语 Some people are against the decision.‎ The book is on the desk.‎ ‎3、宾语 The criminal will serve a sentence of between 2 and 7 years.‎ The boy shows up from behind the door.‎ ‎4、定语 The girl with a long hair is so beautiful.‎ A friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ ‎5、状语 He arrived home at about ten o’clock at night.‎ Considering the time of the meeting, we should get up early.‎ ‎6、补语 I found the old man in bad condition of health.‎ He was elected as president of the country.‎ 上面我们提到，介词后必须跟有宾语才能构成介词短语，在句中充当一定的成分，下面讲述关于介词的宾语问题。‎ 介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词，还可以是其他词类或句子等。‎ ‎（1）名词 He came into the room and sat on the chair.‎ The professor will make a lecture about education.‎ ‎（2）代词 With that, he left off.‎ He always carries the cell phone with him.‎ ‎（3）形容词 In common with others, he also likes Chairman Mao.‎ At most, there are four people in the room.‎ ‎（4）副词 He could see the mountain clearly from here.‎ He had told me this until recently.‎ ‎（5）动名词 The man had some difficulty in doing the job.‎ Because of being late for school, the boy was criticized by his teacher.‎ ‎（6）不定式 He couldn’t do anything but wait.‎ The girl knew better to love the man.‎ ‎（7）介词短语 He worked until into the night.‎ He came from opposite the shop.‎ ‎（8）数词 One in ten students has the chance to take part in the exam.‎ After school, the students leave in twos and threes.‎ ‎（9）疑问词+不定式 He gave me some advice on how to do the job.‎ He called to remind me of where to meet.‎ ‎（10）疑问词引导的从句 I care about who will win the game.‎ I had no idea as to whether he will follow me.‎ ‎（11）that引导从句 He liked English in that he had great interest in it.‎ I would attend the meeting but that I am seriously ill.‎ 对上述内容予以补充说明以下几点：‎ ‎1、介词后一般用动名词做宾语,用不定式作宾语只局限在一些固定句型中，如：can’t choose but do sth、can’t help but do sth、have no（other）choice but to do sth、do nothing but do sth、would rather（sooner）…than do sth、could do no other wise than（to）do sth、know better than to do等结构中。‎ 应注意，当介词后的不定式用以解释句中实义动词do时，不定式符号to可省略，即用动词原形作介词宾语，如上述结构中的do nothing but do、can’t do anything except do等。‎ ‎2、应注意的是除了in that、except that、save that、but that、not with standing that外，that引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语，必须借用形式宾语it，然后再加相应that从句。如：‎ You can’t depend on it that he gives you any help.‎ ‎3、形容词作介词宾语情况是不多的，常用于固定词组中。如：in common、in short、at most、at least、for the better、in full、in earnest、for sure、from bad to worse、at large、of old、in the wrong、of late、to the full、on the whole等。‎ 四、位置 ‎1、介词通常位于名词或代词前。如：‎ There are many birds in the tree.‎ Did you believe in him?‎ ‎2、在某些特殊句法结构中，介词也可放在句尾。如：‎ ‎（1）以which、what、whose、who引导的疑问句，介词常放在句尾。如：‎ Which are you pointing at?‎ What room do you live in?‎ Who are you talking to?‎ ‎（2）定语从句中位于which、whom之前的介词可以放在句尾。如：‎ He is the man that/who he turns to for help.‎ The man is his teammate that/who he often walks with.‎ ‎（3）某些以-wh词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词位于从句句首时，介词应后置。如：‎ I don’t know what the boy looks like.‎ Courage is what he is in need of when he fails.‎ ‎（4）动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时，介词后置。如：‎ The room is comfortable to live in.‎ The water is hot to bathe in.‎ ‎（5）动词不定式作后置定语，不及物动词后的介词同所修饰的名词构成介宾关系，介词后置。如：‎ That is a good place to go to.‎ This is the pen to write the novel with.‎ ‎3、在不及物动词+介词结构中，介词紧放名词前，构成介宾结构。如：‎ He arrives at school early.‎ He lies on the grass, looking at the blue sky.‎ 五、常见介词用法 ‎1、about ‎（1）表示“大约”。如：‎ The old man is about eighty years old.‎ He arrived at about 8 o’clock.‎ ‎（2）表示“在…周围，在…附近”。如：‎ All the students stand about their teacher.‎ They sit about the table to celebrate thanksgiving day.‎ ‎（3）表示“关于”。如：‎ He gave me some suggestions about what to do with the problem.‎ The story is about a poor girl.‎ ‎（4）表示“对…采取措施”。如：‎ We must do something about the air pollution.‎ Something should be done about the high rate of the crime.‎ ‎（5）表示“从事”。如：‎ What are you about?‎ ‎（6）表示“在身体的某个部位”。如：‎ I felt painful about my left leg.‎ ‎（7）表示“在身边”。如：‎ Is there any money about you?‎ ‎2、above ‎（1）表示“在…上”。如：‎ There is a light above the desk.‎ The sun rises above the sea level.‎ ‎（2）表示“越出…（能力、范围等）”。如：‎ The question is so difficult that it is above my ability.‎ The theory is above my head.‎ ‎（3）表示“（数量、时间上）多于、超过”。如：‎ It has been above nine o’clock.‎ The car costs the man above two million.‎ ‎（4）表示“（在地位、级别上）高于、优于”。如：‎ The dean of a college is above the vice dean in rank.‎ He got a position above the minister.‎ ‎（5）表示“不屑于”，常用be above doing sth结构。如：‎ I think the gentleman is above doing such a bad thing.‎ The honest boy is above telling a lie.‎ ‎（6）表示“在…北方”。如：‎ There’s a small village above the hill.‎ ‎3、after ‎（1）表示“（时间）在…以后”。如：‎ After ten years outside, he came back to his hometown.‎ He came to the class after four o’clock.‎ ‎（2）表示“（位置）在…后面”。如：‎ This way please, after you.‎ ‎（3）表示“（地位、重要性等）低于、次于、不如”。如：‎ After life, time is important.‎ ‎（4）表示“紧接着”。如：‎ Day after day, he makes great progress.‎ ‎（5）表示“（让步）尽管”。如：‎ After great efforts in the subject, he didn’t pass the exam finally.‎ ‎（6）表示“因为、由于”。如：‎ After his past experience of committing crimes, the police pay special attention to him.‎ ‎（7）表示“追求、追赶、寻找、询问”。如：‎ I don’t know what he is after.‎ You should inquire after the bus station for some further information.‎ ‎（8）表示“按照、遵循”。如：‎ He was named after his father.‎ ‎（9）表示“符合、与…一致”。如：‎ His performance in school isn’t after his parents’ expectations.‎ ‎4、against ‎（1）表示“反对”。如：‎ His son goes against going hiking.‎ ‎（2）表示“依靠”。如：‎ Don’t stand against the door. The door has been broken.‎ ‎（3）表示“向着、正对着”。如：‎ The shop lies against the post office.‎ ‎（4）表示“对…不利”。如：‎ Such bad weather is against the sports meet.‎ ‎（5）表示“同…竞争”。如：‎ He studied very hard against the time 1 o’clock.‎ ‎（6）表示“抵抗、抵挡”。如：‎ We should build a high bank against the flood.‎ ‎（7）表示“以…为背景”。如：‎ The film is full of blood and death against the World War Ⅱ.‎ ‎（8）表示“和…相比”。如：‎ The time of the meeting is three hours this time as against two hours last time.‎ ‎（9）表示“以…为标准”。如：‎ People should balance what they spend against what they earn.‎ ‎5、at ‎（1）表示“（地点）在…里，在…上”。如：‎ There are two shops at the school.‎ ‎（2）表示“（时间）在…时刻、在…岁数”。如：‎ He went to college at 18.‎ ‎（3）表示“向着、朝着”。如：‎ The man pointed at the boy angrily.‎ ‎（4）表示“以…价格”。如：‎ The apples will be sold at the rate of 10 dollars a pound.‎ ‎（5）表示“以…速度”。如：‎ The car runs at a speed of 300 kilometers per hour.‎ ‎（6）表示“处于…状态”。如：‎ The program is at its best.‎ ‎（7）表示“因为、由于”。如：‎ At the good news, the boy jumped very high.‎ ‎（8）表示“按照”。如：‎ He attended the party at her request.‎ ‎（9）表示“在…方面”。如：‎ He is good at math.‎ ‎（10）表示“隔着一段距离”。如：‎ There is a tree at a short distance.‎ ‎6、before ‎（1）表示“（时间）在…之前”。如：‎ We must finish the task before 8 o’clock.‎ ‎（2）表示“（地点、位置）在…前面”。如：‎ There is a small river before my home.‎ ‎（3）表示“（表示重要性、顺序等）先于”。如：‎ All the factories put quality before quantity.‎ ‎（4）表示“宁愿…而不…”。如：‎ I will choose death before shame.‎ ‎7、beyond ‎（1）表示“超出，非…所能及”。如：‎ The little couldn’t reach the basket, it’s beyond his reach.‎ ‎（2）表示“ 在…的那边”。如：‎ There are many houses beyond the river.‎ ‎（3）表示“在…以外”。如：‎ The company plan to bring in some new technology beyond seas.‎ ‎（4）表示“除了…以外”。如：‎ I don’t know anything else about the accident beyond what you’ve told me.‎ ‎（5）表示“迟于、晚于”。如：‎ You shouldn’t stay up beyond ten o’clock.‎ ‎8、by ‎（1）表示“（方式）凭、靠”。如：‎ He came to school by car.‎ ‎（2）表示“在…旁边”。如：‎ The boy reads the newspaper by the window.‎ ‎（3）表示“（方位）偏于”。如：‎ The ship sailed in the direction of east by north.‎ ‎（4）表示“（时间）到…之时”。如：‎ By now, he has already learned 5,000 words.‎ ‎（5）表示“在…时候”。如：‎ He earns money by day and sleeps by night.‎ ‎（6）表示“握、抓”。如：‎ The policeman caught the thief by the arm.‎ ‎（7）表示“因为、由于”。如：‎ He seized the chance by chance.‎ ‎（8）表示“根据、按照”。如：‎ Most importantly, we should judge a person by his morality.‎ ‎（9）表示“按…计算”。如：‎ The workers are paid by the month.‎ ‎（10）表示“差…（常用在比较级结构中）”。如：‎ My father is taller than me by a head.‎ ‎（11）表示“对待”。如：‎ The boy was badly done by in the factory.‎ ‎9、for ‎（1）表示“对…而言”。如：‎ The problem is difficult for me.‎ ‎（2）表示“（目的）要求、为了”。如：‎ He came to the bus station for a ticket.‎ ‎（3）表示“为得到、为成为”。如：‎ The teacher trained the students for good basketball players.‎ ‎（4）表示“适合”。如：‎ He is the suitable man for the job.‎ ‎（5）表示“（时间、数量、距离）达、历程等”。如：‎ They walked for about 500 meters a day.‎ ‎（6）表示“（方向）去、往”。如：‎ He leaves for New York.‎ ‎（7）表示“（等价、报酬、赔偿或比例关系）交换”。如：‎ He sells the car for one billion.‎ ‎（8）表示“（身份等的）当作”。如：‎ He mistakes the man for his father.‎ ‎（9）表示“赞成、拥护、支持”。如：‎ Most of people are for the plan.‎ ‎10、from ‎（1）表示“从…起，始于”。如：‎ He began to review his lesson from Monday.‎ ‎（2）表示“来自，从…来”。如：‎ The boy came from a small village.‎ ‎（3）表示“由于、因为”。如：‎ He trembled from cold.‎ ‎（4）表示“从、根据”。如：‎ I often take notes from the reference books.‎ ‎（5）表示“（看不见原材料）由…制成”。如：‎ Paper is made from the wood.‎ ‎（6）表示“分离、隔开”。如：‎ They parted from each other at the crossroads.‎ ‎（7）表示“免除、阻止”。如：‎ We should prevent this accident from happening.‎ ‎（8）表示“区别”。如：‎ The lady couldn’t tell yellow from red.‎ ‎（9）表示“因…而，因患病而”。如：‎ The driver dies from a bad accident.‎ ‎11、in ‎（1）表示“在…里面”。如：‎ There is a nice present in the box.‎ ‎（2）表示“（时间，如月年世纪等）在…”。如：‎ In 1940s, the World WarⅡbroke out.‎ ‎（3）表示“（时间）在…之内”。如：‎ He will finish the paper in an hour.‎ ‎（4）表示“（形式、方式）以、按照”。如：‎ He wrote a composition in the form of poem.‎ ‎（5）表示“（材料）用、以”。如：‎ Please rewrite the line of words in black ink.‎ ‎（6）表示“穿着、戴着”。如：‎ The lady in the red coat is his mother.‎ ‎（7）表示“（能力、性格）在…身上”。如：‎ There is a good sense of responsibility in the man.‎ ‎（8）表示“用（语言、声音）”。如：‎ Please speak in a loud voice.‎ ‎12、of ‎（1）表示“（所属关系）属于”。如：‎ The glass of the window is broken.‎ ‎（2）表示“（能看出原材料）由…制成”。如：‎ Clothes are made of cloth.‎ ‎（3）表示“相似”。如：‎ He is a beast of a man.‎ ‎（4）表示“具有某种性质、状况”。如：‎ The way to solve the problem is of great use.‎ ‎（5）表示“同位关系”。如：‎ The city of Beijing is the capital of China.‎ ‎（6）表示“由于”。如：‎ The old man finally died of cancer.‎ 对于of所有格中所能表示的各种含义可参考名词“所有格”部分。‎ ‎13、on ‎（1）表示“在…上”。如：‎ There are many files on the table.‎ ‎（2）表示“（时间）在…时候”。如：‎ In summer, the boy often goes swimming in the lake on Sundays.‎ ‎（3）表示“关于”。如：‎ The journalist gives a report on the economic development this year.‎ ‎（4）表示“依据、根据”。如：‎ People here live on rice.‎ ‎（5）表示“在…时候，一…就”。如：‎ On entering the room, the telephone rings.‎ ‎（6）表示“在…中，是…中的一员”。如：‎ He is on the football team.‎ ‎（7）表示“通过（多表示无线电的东西）”。如：‎ He likes to listen to some programs on the radio.‎ ‎（8）表示“在身上”。如：‎ Do you have any money on you?‎ ‎（9）表示“在…旁边”。如：‎ There is a small village on the river.‎ ‎14、out of ‎（1）表示“从…里面”。如：‎ The bird flies out of the big tree.‎ ‎（2）表示“从…中”。如：‎ Nine out of ten minds are very diligent.‎ ‎（3）表示“离开、脱离”。如：‎ We must keep us out of fire.‎ ‎（4）表示“由于、出于”。如：‎ Out of consideration for the weather, we delayed the meeting.‎ ‎（5）表示“用…制造”。如：‎ They made tables out of wood.‎ ‎（6）表示“没有，缺乏”。如：‎ The place is often out of drinking water.‎ ‎（7）表示“放弃”。如：‎ He tried his best to talk me out of doing it.‎ ‎15、to ‎（1）表示“朝、向、往”。如：‎ The window looks to the east.‎ ‎（2）表示“离”。如：‎ There are only ten miles to the entrance.‎ ‎（3）表示“到、直到”。如：‎ Walk along to the end of the street and you’ll find the shop.‎ ‎（4）表示“对于”。如：‎ Health is vital to everyone.‎ ‎（5）表示“对、应”。如：‎ The door opened to his calling.‎ ‎（6）表示“到…（程度）”。如：‎ The poor man was beaten to death in prison.‎ ‎（7）表示“与…一致，符合”。如：‎ The book is just to his liking.‎ ‎（8）表示“随同、伴随着”。如：‎ She danced to the music.‎ ‎（9）表示“令…”。如：‎ To my surprise, he finally won the first prize.‎ ‎16、under ‎（1）表示“在…下面”。如：‎ The dog under the table is Tom’s.‎ ‎（2）表示“少于、低于”。如：‎ What he earned a month is under 3,000 Yuan.‎ ‎（3）表示“在（情况、条件）下”。如：‎ Under no conditions will I give in to failure.‎ ‎（4）表示“正在…期间”。如：‎ The high building is under construction.‎ ‎（5）表示“借、以、趁”。如：‎ The thief often steals under the darkness of night.‎ ‎17、with ‎（1）表示“和…一起，同”。如：‎ He goes to the supermarket with his mother.‎ ‎（2）表示“具有，有…特征”。如：‎ The girl with a long hair is my sister.‎ ‎（3）表示“在身上”。如：‎ Do you have any money with you?‎ ‎（4）表示“随着”。如：‎ With the last word, the old man died.‎ ‎（5）表示“由于”。如：‎ Her face became pale with cold.‎ ‎（6）表示“尽管、虽然”。如：‎ With all his comfort, his wife was still angry.‎ ‎（7）表示“伴随状况”。如：‎ He works with the door closed.‎ 六、常见介词用法举例及相关介词及介词短语用法比较 ‎1、表示时间的介词 ‎（1）at的用法 ‎①表示某个时间点.如：‎ We usually have our dinner at 6:00.‎ ‎②表示三餐的时间。如：‎ at breakfast、at lunch、at supper、at dinner ‎③表示一种具体的某个时间点，如：子夜、破晓、日出、正午、日落等。如：‎ at midnight、at daybreak、at sunrise、at sunset、at nightfall ‎④表示某一时间点，表示“一…就…”。如：‎ They got excited at the news.‎ The boy became worried at the thought of the coming exam.‎ ‎（2）in的用法 in表示较长的时间，常和世纪、年代、年、月、季节、上午、下午等连用。如：‎ in the 21st century、in the 1980s、in 2008、in June、in the week、in the morning、in the afternoon、in the evening in还常同人生的不同阶段连用，如：in the flower of youth在青春时期、in the spring of life在年轻时代、in the flush of life在青春时代、in the school days在学生时代、in the prime of life在壮年时代、in one’s old age在…晚年。‎ ‎（3）on的用法 ‎①表示特定的某一天。如：‎ on Sunday、on may 1、on Christmas Day、on Thanksgiving Day、on the fifth of October ‎②表示具体的某天早晨、中午和晚上，常同of连用，加上具体的某天或前有形容词修饰，表示某一天的具体特征。总之、表示的是有别于其他的具体的某天。如：‎ on the morning of January 1st、on the night of April 1st、on a dirty night、on a sunny night、on a cold afternoon、on a windy evening 但要注意：当morning、afternoon、evening和night前面有early或late等修饰词时或者这些词前有表示具体钟点的名词，通常要用in而不能用on。如：‎ Early in the morning of a snowy day, he got up to clean the road.‎ At about eight o’clock in the afternoon of the next day, we will begin our meeting.‎ ‎③on+动名词结构表示“一…就…”，相当于as soon as。指前后紧接的时间关系，通常只有非延续性动词如reach、arrive、hear、see、snatch才能这样用，延续性动词不可以这么用。on也可替换成upon，on后也可加名词。当然，on也可省略，直接用现在分词作状语的形式。如：‎ On my arrival at my hometown, I will call you.‎ On entering the kitchen, I smelt something burnt.‎ 表示“一…就…”意思的短语很多，如单个的词：on、upon、directly、instantly、immediately，两个词的名词词组：the minute/second/moment等，固定句型：as soon as、hardly…when、scarcely…when、barely…when、no sooner…than。应注意后四个词组中主从句中的时态用法，主句用倒装形式的过去完成时（因为句首为否定副词，将过去完成时的had提前，采用倒装结构），从句用一般过去式。‎ ‎（4）of的用法 of表示时间用“of + a/an +周日、早晨、下午”结构，指一种经常性的动作，即“一般，通常”。如：‎ He usually go to fly a kite of an afternoon in spring.‎ When do you often get up of a Sunday?‎ of还可构成of recent years（近年来）、of old（从前、往昔）、of late（近来）、of recent（近来）等时间词组。‎ ‎（5）during和in的差异 ‎①表示一段时间时，during和in两者常可替换，但during后的名词前必须有定冠词the，而in后的名词前有定冠词则表特指，无定冠词表泛指。如：‎ You should take care of your sick mother during (in) my absence.‎ What are you going to do during (in) the summer holidays?‎ It often snows in winter.‎ ‎②during强调动作的延续性，指“在整个过程中”，如表示习惯性或持续性的动作或某一项活动，如同visit、meal、concert、service、voyage、stay等连用时，只能用during不能用in，in则指某事发生的具体时间。如：‎ He stayed at home during the whole winter.‎ He left school in 1998.‎ ‎（6）during和for的差异 during概指一段不大确定的时间，for则表示一段具体的时间，指一动作持续多次。试比较：‎ She sings for one morning.（她唱了整整一早晨的歌）‎ She sings during the morning.（在早晨唱歌，但不一定整早都在唱）‎ He stayed with his grandpa for a whole winter vacation.（连续呆在祖父家）‎ He called on his grandpa during the winter vacation.（寒假期间偶尔抽空去拜访祖父）‎ 当表示某一动作连续不断时，只能用for，不能用during。如：‎ They’ve known each other for many years.‎ ‎（7）after和in的差异 after+表示一点时间的词，表示具体的某时、某日、某月、某年后，after也可跟一具体事件。‎ in+表示一段时间的词，表示“再过多长时间”，谓语为非延续性动词；in+表示一段时间的词还可表示“在…时间内”，谓语动词为延续性动词。如：‎ The new plan will be carried out after August 1st.‎ The new plan will be carried out in two months.‎ They had to leave their hometown after the war.‎ He learnt to swim in three weeks.‎ 表示“在过去某一时间之后”用in或after均可。如：‎ The meeting began in/after five minutes.‎ ‎（8）in和for的差异 表示将来时，in用于肯定句，for用于否定句。表示一段时间时，美国英语用in，英国英语用for。比较：‎ It will begin to rain in half an hour.‎ It won’t begin to rain for half an hour.‎ It is the heaviest harvest in (for) ten years.‎ ‎（9）since和after的差异 since后接某一时间点，表示从过去某一点时间延续到现在或过去，主句谓语动词用完成时。after作介词或连词，可以表示时间，同过去式或将来时连用，但不能和现在时间发生关系，不能同现在完成时连用。如：‎ Since his graduation, he has taught at this school.（正）‎ After his graduation, he taught (will teach) at this school.（正）‎ After his graduation, he has taught at this school.（误）‎ ‎（10）to，till和until的差异 ‎①在from…to…结构中，to可换为till或until。如：‎ He studied in his class from 7:00 to (till或until) 10:30.‎ ‎②在表示“距…还有多长时间，把…推迟到某一时间”时，可用to或till。如：‎ It is only five minutes to (till) the meeting.‎ Because of the bad weather, they had to postpone the sports meet to/till the next Sunday.‎ ‎③until比till更正式，可用于句首表示强调。till一般不位于句首，其余情况则可换用。till和until后不可接地点名词，同地点名词连用要用to。如：‎ Until yesterday, he finished his task.‎ ‎（11）from和since的差异 只表示某个情况或动作从某个时候开始用from，但若同现在完成时连用，表示持续至说话时刻的情况或动作开始于某个时候，要用since不可用from。如：‎ He began to learn the song from last month.‎ They have been good friends since several years ago.‎ ‎（12）as from和as of的用法 as from、as of、on and after+时间名词表示“从…日起”，beginning+时间状语，表示“从…起”，from and inclusive表示“从…起”。如：‎ He will be employed as of (from)/on and after May 1st.‎ Beginning in this spring, we will plant many trees every year.‎ The price of pork will go up from and inclusive today.‎ 注意：1、mornings、Sundays等也可直接作时间状语，不和任何介词连用，表示反复出现的动作。如：‎ He plays basketball Sundays (on Sunday).‎ Her mother cooks breakfast mornings (in mornings).‎ ‎2、表示一次连续多长时间，可用数词+straight（successive、consecutive）+名词结构，也可用“（for）+数词+running”结构，running可换成on end、in row、at a stretch、in successive等。如：‎ He wrote his novel three successive years (three years in succession).‎ ‎2、表示地点或位置的介词（或介词短语）‎ ‎（1）at、in和on的差异 ‎①一般说来，at表示较小的地方，而in则表示较大的地方。如：‎ He lives at a small village.‎ He went to a good university in Shanghai city.‎ ‎②road前用on，门牌号前用at，street前用in或on。如：‎ John works at 708 Xing Fu Street.‎ There is a shop in (on) the street rather than that road.‎ ‎③把某个机构看成一个机关或组织结构时用at，看成一个具体的地方用in。如：‎ The professor works at Beijing University.‎ The professor lives in Beijing University.‎ ‎（2）on和underneath的差异 on表示“在…上”，表示上下两者紧贴一起，而underneath是on的反义词，表示“某物紧贴在一物的底下”，两者接触。如：‎ The cell phone is put on the book.‎ Underneath the table is ground.‎ ‎（3）under和over ‎①under和over是对反义词，表示一种垂直概念，指“正下方或正上方”，一般不接触。如：‎ In summer, especially in hot weather, there are many people under the big shade of the tree.‎ There are many bridges over the Changjiang River.‎ ‎②over和under还可表示“上级、下级”，over还可表示“同时，一边一边，在…期间，覆盖，横过，越过，控制”。如：‎ He is over us.‎ We are under the lady.‎ They talked over a cup of tea.‎ What did you do over your summer holidays?‎ The mother put a sheet over the sleeping baby.‎ There is a bridge over the small river.‎ The storm lasts over twenty hours.‎ The government should have absolute control over the crime.‎ ‎（4）above和below的差异 ‎①above和below是一对反义词。above表示“高于”，below表示“低于”。两者既不表示相应接触，也不表示上下垂直，仅表示“在…上方”和“在…下方”。如：‎ The bird files above us.‎ The sun sets down below the horizon.‎ ‎②below还可表示“数量少于，温度低于，不如…”，above还可表示“在…以北”。如：‎ His salary is below 300 per month.‎ Your spoken English is below the standard.‎ The ship sank above the island.‎ ‎（5）beneath的用法 ‎①表示“在…下”时，beneath可以指垂直的上下关系，也可以表示上下接触的意思，所以可以同below、under、underneath换用。如：‎ Shoes are put beneath the bed.（垂直关系）‎ There are many houses in the village beneath the hill.（非垂直关系）‎ Beneath the sailing ship are big waves of water.（上下接触）‎ ‎②beneath用于引申义，表抽象含义，表示“不值得、不屑、有失…的身份”等。如：‎ This bad place is beneath attention.‎ Telling a lie is beneath me.‎ ‎（6）near、near to和next to的差异 ‎①near意为“在…附近，靠近”，next to意为“紧挨着、紧靠着”。如：‎ There’s a river near my home.‎ At dinner, he likes to sit next to his mother.‎ ‎②next to表示“几乎”，还可表示喜欢或不喜欢，以引出第二选择。如：‎ What he said was next to a lie.‎ Next to meat, I like vegetables.‎ ‎③用于本义时near和near to可互换，可有比较级和最高级nearer和nearest，同时也可被副词very、so、quite等修饰。如：‎ My office is nearest (to) his.‎ The post office is quite near (to) the cinema.‎ ‎④near用于转义或作为副词时，不可换为near to。如：‎ During the serious illness, the old man was near death many times.‎ The meeting is near the end.‎ The kettle was somewhere near full.（near可同somewhere、anywhere、nowhere、nothing、nothing、anything等连用）‎ ‎⑤near to可表示“亲近、关系亲密”，near则不能。如：‎ He is near to the official.‎ 在表本义时，near和near to可互换，类似的opposite和opposite to在表示位置时也可换用。如：‎ The bank is opposite (to) the college.‎ ‎（7）before、in front 和ahead of的差异 ‎①before多用于某人前，其反义词是behind，in front of多用于建筑物前。如：‎ Before him stands his father.‎ There is a small lake in front of my house.‎ ‎②in front of和ahead of指空间时常可换用，但指时间是，只能用ahead of。如：‎ Boys and girls play happily in front of/ahead of the classroom.‎ He returned home from work ahead of time.‎ ‎③in front of强调事物外部空间的前面，in the front of强调内部空间的前面，但at the front of同样强调外部空间的前面。如：‎ He stood at the front of the queue.‎ ‎（8）behind和after behind表示方向、位置的先后，after表示时间的先后，但表示“随…后“时，两者均可用。如：‎ The boy hid behind the door.‎ He will come back after ten o’clock.‎ They left one by one after (behind) the meeting.‎ Remember to turn off the light after (behind) you.‎ Rain will come after (behind) the black cloud.‎ ‎（9）about、round和around的差异 三个词都被动“在…周围”。about指的是“靠近…的周围，大概的周围”，不表示“把…团团围住”；round和around是表示一种“完全的周围，封闭的周围”，而且around通常表示静态位置，round既可表示静态的位置，也可表示动态的动作。如：‎ The children played happily about the wall.（不可用round或around）‎ They run round the circle.（动态）‎ All the family members sat around (round) the table.‎ about还可表示“在…各处”。如：‎ he looked for his pen about the room.‎ ‎（10）about、with、by、on和in的差异 ‎①表示“带有、持有”时，可以用with、on和about。如：‎ Did you have any money with (on、about) you?‎ ‎②但是细微的区别还是有的，on表示“身上带有”指口袋、衣服中带有，作宾语的常是“钱、笔、项链”等小件物品；也可用about（强调地点）和with（强调随同）。但携带较大的物品时是用with；by主要强调“在手中”；表示人的某种异常或偶然的情况要用about；而表示物有某种异常或偶然的情况要用with；表示某人身上所固有的的东西（如气质、性格等）要用in。如：‎ He took an umbrella with him during the whole visit.‎ When you study English, you should have a dictionary by you.‎ There’s something wrong with the walkman.‎ What’s wrong with you.‎ He has a bad temper with him.‎ 注意：当同形容词wrong连用时，无论后跟人还是无，常同介词with连用。‎ ‎③当表示“身上有”可以说have sth with sb或have sth on/about sb，但若动词不是have，而是其他动词，如：take、carry、bring等，则只能用with，不能用on或about。如：‎ You should take a big bag with you for a hiking.（不可用on或about）‎ ‎（11）inside和within的差异 ‎①inside表示“进入到里面”，inside有“被围住在内”的含义，inside还可表示“在…的内侧”。如：‎ He came inside the room and closed the door.‎ ‎②相比较而言，inside通常指较小的空间范围，within多指大的空间范围。如：‎ Inside the small box is a pen.‎ He lived within the building from last month.‎ ‎③在表示时间、距离时，inside和within均可表示“不超过”，在美语中也可用inside of。如：‎ They will have their dinner within/inside/inside of/ten minutes.‎ ‎（12）through、over和throughout的差异 ‎①表示空间上的“遍及”时，throughout比through和over更加强调，也可以说all through或all over。如：‎ English is becoming more and more important through/over/throughout/all through/all over the world.‎ ‎②如果宾语是“某个抽象范围”，而不是“空间、区域”，则只能用over。如：‎ The important research spreads over branches of the subject.‎ ‎（13）up和down的用法 ‎①表示动作时，up指“由下而上”，down指“由上而下”。如：‎ The tourists walked up the hill.‎ The tourists walked down the hill.‎ ‎②表示静止的空间位置时，up表示“在…高处，在…上面”，down表示“在…下面”。如：‎ The water is dirtier up the river.‎ The water is dirtier down the river.‎ ‎③从南到北、从农村到城市、从沿海到内地、从市区到宅区，要用up；从北到南、从城市到农村、从内地到沿海、从宅区到市区要用down。如：‎ He went down south for winter.‎ He went up north for summer.‎ He went down the sea to surf.‎ ‎④up表示速度的“快”，而down表示速度的“慢”。如：‎ The driver speeded up to arrive on time.‎ The driver speeded down in case of accident.‎ ‎⑤up表示“增加、扩大、增强”，down表示“减少、缩小、减弱”。如：‎ The price will go up.‎ The price will go down.‎ The fire was burning up.‎ The fire was burning down.‎ ‎⑥up表示“欢乐、喜悦”，指高涨的情绪，down则表示“悲伤”，指低落的情绪。如：‎ At the good result of the game, he warmed up.‎ At the bad result of the game, he broken down.‎ ‎⑦up表示情况的“好转、上升”，down表示情况的“差、劣、下降”。如：‎ He came up in early years.‎ He went down in late years.‎ The man is down and out.‎ Things look up.‎ ‎⑧up表示“充满生气、生机勃勃、健康”，down表示“无生气、生病、无力”。如：‎ The old man still keeps up.‎ His condition of illness is running down.‎ After proper treatment, the patient is picking up.‎ She is down with a high fever.‎ ‎⑨当表示静止的空间位置，而不强调具体的方向时，up和down可换用；且当不明确具体方向，而只表示“沿…进行”时，up和down可换用，相当于along。如：‎ There is a bank up/down the street.（在街的那一端）‎ Walk up/down the street and turn right at the second corner.‎ ‎（14）from和off的差异 ‎①表示“距离…，离开…”，表示陆上距离时，from和off可互换；表示海上距离时，只能用off。如：‎ The centre is 100 miles from (off) my home.‎ The ship has left 200 miles off the sea.‎ ‎②相互粘贴在一起的两物分开或被分开时用off，使在一起（并非粘在一块）的两物分开用from。如：‎ Please take the picture off the wall.‎ She tears herself away from the park.‎ ‎③far from表示“离…远、远非、远不”，作状语时，置于句首，表示“不仅…（而且）”，这种用法中的from不可换为off。如：‎ His home is far from his school.‎ The result is far from satisfying.‎ Far from saying sorry, he made another mistake.‎ ‎（15）between、among、amidst和amid的差异 ‎①between一般用于指两者之间，among用于指三者或三者以上之间。如：‎ There is a difference between British and American English.‎ He is the only student from the countryside among them.‎ ‎②between有时也可用于三者或三者以上，强调每两者之间的关系或差别。如：‎ There is a short distance between trees.‎ The boy can tell the difference between basketball, football and volleyball.‎ ‎③如果表示地理上的明显、准确的位置用between指处于三者或三者以上之间，不用among。如：‎ Luxemburg lies between Belgium, Germany and France.‎ ‎④amidst后可接复数可数名词，也可接不可数名词，而between和among只能接指人或物的可数名词，不能和抽象名词连用。如：‎ He still lives amidst the darkness.‎ ‎⑤among多用来表示“在善意而友好的事物中”，而amidst多表示“在困难、危险或敌对中”。如：‎ We are happy among our family members.‎ He found himself amidst difficulties.‎ ‎⑥among多表示同类中，而amidst多表示异类中。如：‎ He played well among the players.‎ He worked as a judge amidst the players.‎ ‎⑦among表示处于易分辨的事物中，amidst表示处于混乱难分辨的事物中。如：‎ He is taller than others so he can be easily found among them.‎ A bird of the same feather is midst so many birds.‎ ‎3、表示原因、起因的介词 ‎（1）of的用法 ‎①of同die连用，多表示内因，常同cancer、illness、hunger、thirst、grief、poison、disappointment、old age连用。如：‎ He died of liver cancer.‎ Some of people died of old age.‎ ‎②of还可表示生病的原因或情绪上的原因。如：‎ He is sick of being caught in a storm.‎ The illness came of a bad cold.‎ I am fond of beautiful pictures.‎ The boy has got tired of studying.‎ ‎（2）from的用法 From同die连用，多表示外因，常同wound、carelessness、tortures、too much work、wine等连用。如：‎ The driver died from carelessness.‎ Most soldiers died from serious wound during the war.‎ 但同hunger、a disease、wound、thirst等连用时，可用die of或die from。如：‎ Most people in the village in old times die of/from hunger.‎ ‎（3）for的用法 for表示某种内在的、心理上的原因，常同喜、怒、哀、乐等抽象名词连用或为了某一目的的原因或奖赏、处罚的原因。如：‎ He trembled a lot for fear.‎ He studies very hard for the aim to go to college.‎ The policeman did him a fine for breaking the traffic rule.‎ ‎（4）with的用法 with多表示由外界影响的原因，既可指生理上的也可指情感上的原因。如：‎ The old woman beat with old age.‎ He is do tired with such a long walk.‎ The girl goes crazy with joy.‎ ‎（5）at的用法 at常同表示“喜、怒、惊讶、好奇”等词连用，表示感情上的原因。如：‎ I am very pleased at the invitation.‎ He is sad at the bad news.‎ ‎（6）on的用法 on表示具有依靠或条件的原因。如：‎ he took part in the party on his friend’s invitation.‎ The thief gave up what he had stolen on request.‎ ‎（7）by的用法 by表示凶杀暴力的原因，强调手段或方法。如：‎ Many people in the building died by violence.‎ Every year millions of people died by their own hands.‎ ‎（8）through的用法 through表示偶然或消极的原因，常同lack、carelessness、neglect、negligence、fault、curiosity、surprise等连用。如：‎ He is out of work through lack of skill.‎ The boy played with the cat through curiosity.‎ ‎（9）due to的用法 due to在传统英语中只可用作表语，但是现在作状语已逐渐被接受，相当于owing to。如：‎ Due to his great efforts, he was successful in the end.‎ His illness is due to much exposure to the sunshine.‎ ‎（10）owing to的用法 owing to既可作状语，也可作表语。如：‎ Owing to much rain this year, the crop grows up very quickly.‎ His rude behavior was owing to the bad education in his family.‎ ‎（11）because of的用法 because of一般作状语，不作表语，但是如果主语是指一个事实，而不是一个名词，because of也可作表语。如：‎ Because of too much work, the man broke down.‎ He rent a room outside; that was because of his low salary.‎ 注意：an account of与because of的意义和用法大致相同。‎ ‎（12）thanks to thanks to只能作状语，不能作表语，表示“幸亏、由于”。如：‎ Thanks to the man’s help, the boy got out of the water.‎ Thanks to his good performance in subjects, he was rewarded.‎ ‎4、表示“关于、至于”的介词 ‎（1）in regard to、with regard to、regarding和as regards的用法 四个词都表示“关于、至于”，但应注意，in regard to和with regard to中的to为介词，to不可改为其他词，regarding后不可加to，as regards中必须用regards复数形式。如：‎ In (with) regard to living happily, you should learn to enjoy yourself.‎ His father talked with the boy regarding his performance in school.‎ As regards protecting our environment, all of us should do our bit.‎ ‎（2）concerning、respecting和touching的用法 这三个词都表示“关于、至于”，相当于about、with regard to、regarding和as regards。这三个词都是正式用语，concerning可同as连用，构成as concerning，也可以说as concerns。如：‎ Concerning (respecting, touching) English study, we should find our own way.‎ As concerning (as concerns) the cause of the accident, the road was very icy.‎ ‎（3）with respect to、in respect of、with（in）reference to和in the matter of的用法 这几个词可换用，with respect to和with（in）reference to中的to为介词，in the matter of后一般接具体的事物。如：‎ With (in) reference to the film, the actor played an important part in it.‎ The government should take some immediate measures with respect to the serious lack of water.‎ You should take something for your trip in the matter of shoes, clothes and other living things.‎ ‎5、表示手段、方法、方式和工具的介词 ‎（1）by的用法 ‎①by表示“凭、靠、以”，相当于be means of，通常用于以下三种结构中。如：‎ by+表示交通工具的名词（无冠词，名词用单数形式）→表示交通方式 by+表示通讯工具的名词（无冠词，名词用单数形式）→表示通讯方式 by+其他名词→表示方式、方法 如：‎ He went to Beijing by plane (air).‎ We often sent letters by express.‎ The shoes are made by hand.‎ 表示交通方式的by短语有：by plane（air）、by train、by bus、by car、by land、by ship、by boat、by water、by sea、by bike、by underground、by tube、by subway、by metro等。‎ 表示通讯方式的by短语有：by express、by letter、by telegram、by Telex、by sea mail、by air mail、by post、by parcel post、by radio、by messenger等。‎ ‎②by后也可跟数词或动名词。如：‎ Fifteen divided by five is three.‎ The boy passed the exam by cheating in the exam.‎ ‎③如果不用by，而用in、on等表示通讯方式，须在名词前加the，表示交通方式，须在名词前加a或an。如：‎ He goes to work by car/in a car.‎ They often talks with each other by telephone/on the telephone/over the telephone/through the telephone.‎ 注意：一般情况下，by+交通工具，交通工具前是零冠词，但交通工具前有客观的时刻表限制时，要和定冠词the连用。如：‎ He will leave by (on) the 8:00 plane.‎ ‎（2）with换为by的差异 ‎①with表示运用具体的工具，而by表示方法、方式。在被动语态中，by表示行为者；with表示工具。如：‎ The westerners eat with s knife and folk.‎ The man lifted the box up with his hand.（表示使用的具体工具）‎ The woman made a pair of nice shoes by hand.（表示方式，手工做的）‎ After class, we can’t come in with the back door.（误）‎ After class, we can’t come in by the black door.（正，表示方式）‎ Wu Song killed the tiger by bare hands.（误）‎ Wu Song killed the tiger with bare hands.（正，表示具体的工具、手段）‎ ‎②with后接有形的器皿、工具的内容；by表示无形的手段，后接动名词，表示某种方式。如：‎ The room was decorated with electric lights.‎ The room was lighted by electricity.‎ ‎③with可引出抽象的行为者，如感情、疾病、困难等，而by则不可。如：‎ He trembled a lot with fear.‎ The old man was seized with cancer.‎ ‎（3）in的用法 ‎①in后接表示材料的名词，表示“以…方式”。要注意，in和with在结构和意义上的区别：‎ in+（单数，无冠词）pen（pencil，ink）→书写的方式 with + a/an（必须有不定冠词）pen（pencil）→书写的工具 The boy writes in pencil but draws in ink.‎ The author writes his novel only with a pen.‎ 应注意：当with后有两个或两个以上名词并列使用时，常不用冠词。如：‎ He wrote with pen and ink.（而不说with a pen and ink）‎ ‎②in还可表示某种行为方式，表示“以…按照…”，也表示“表达”的含义，指用某种语言、原料等。如：‎ Many words in Japan are spelled in Chinese way.‎ The coat was made in jacket style.‎ Please say it in English.‎ ‎（4）through的用法 through表示方法、手段时，常同by互换。如：‎ the present was sent to his friend through (by) post.‎ He supported his family through (by) a small shop.‎ ‎6、表示价格、标准尺度、比较速度的介词 ‎（1）at的用法 at可表示价值、价格、速度。如：‎ This old picture was valued at one million dollars.‎ The pork is sold at ten Yuan a jin.‎ The car runs at a (the) speed of 200 kilometers an hour.‎ at表示单价、代价（at the cost of或at the price of）或表示“按…出售，购买”；而for表示“花…钱去买，以…价格买或卖”，指总价。试比较：‎ He bought the meat at three dollars a jin.（单价）‎ He bought the meat for ten dollars.（总价）‎ 另外，at的宾语可以是具体的钱数，也可以是抽象的价格，如高价、低价、合理价、平价、好价（a high, low, fair, reasonable, fair price）；for表示“交换”，宾语可以是具体的钱数，也可以是其他名词，但不能是price。如：‎ He bought the car at a reasonable price.‎ He sold his house for 1,000 dollars.‎ She paid 200 dollars for the set of furniture.‎ ‎（2）by的用法 ‎①by用来表示度量单位或标准，表示“以…计，按…计算”。by后表示计量单位的名词一般是单数名词，前要加the，但若计量单位是数词，也可用复数，这时不可加the，当然，若用单数，必须和the连用；另外，by weight、by volume、by retail、by wholesale、by auction等中的名词前不可加the。如：‎ Most people are paid by the month in the factory.‎ Eggs are sold by the dozen.‎ The product comes from the machine by the hundred.‎ The product comes from the machine by hundreds.‎ Some goods are sold by retail but others by wholesale.‎ ‎②by还表示数量、空间、时间的相差。如：‎ My father is taller than me by a head (a head taller).‎ He is my senior by only a month.‎ The river is wider by 100 miles.‎ ‎（3）than的用法 对于比较结构中than的用法，在形容词一章形容词比较级部分已详细阐述，在此只作稍稍一提。如：‎ I am older than he (him).‎ My mother loves me more than my father (loves me).‎ ‎（4）to的用法 ‎①to表示比较时，常同以-ior结尾的形容词连用，如：senior、junior、inferior、superior、prior、posterior、anterior。还用在perfer…to…结构中，注意搭配的不同，如果perfer后接不定式，要把to改为rather than。如：‎ My mother is senior than my father.‎ This pair of shoes is inferior to that one.‎ The boy prefers to go to work outside rather than go to school.‎ ‎②to可表示“比，对比，（增加）到…，（减少）到…配给”等。如：‎ Finally, they won with the score of ten to six.‎ The ratios of 2 to 1 and 4 to 2 are the same.‎ The income of the family has increased to one million.‎ Twenty-four apples are packed to each basket.‎ to表示的“比，对比”指的是“比率”，如要强调比较，要用against或as against。另外，against还可表示“相映，衬托”的含义。如：‎ He was elected chairman by a majority of 100 votes against 30.‎ The score of his match is 90 this year ad against 80 last year.‎ The sky is more blue against the white clouds.‎ ‎7、表示特性、属性的介词 ‎（1）of的用法 表示特性、属性时，of常有以下结构：‎ of +抽象名词=相应的形容词（名词前可有形容词修饰）‎ 名词+ of +抽象名词或具体名词=相应的形容词+名词 of +a/an +名词→表示两事物的共同特征 of + a/an +形容词+名词→表示人或物的具体特性 如：‎ of good use = very useful of great importance = very important a boy of gift = a gifted boy a girl of beauty = a beautiful girl Birds of a feather flock together.‎ He is a husband of a good temper.‎ 对于of表示特性、属性予以补充说明以下两点：‎ ‎①在be of a/an size (age, color, height, help, use, length, shape)结构中，of常可省略。如：‎ My mother and my father are (of) an/the same age.‎ The coat and the shirt are (of) the same color.‎ ‎②of+动名词（或名词）和of one’s own+动名词均可作表语，表示具有某种性质、特点等。应注意，在of+动名词结构中，动名词同句子主语构成主谓关系；而在of one’s own+动名词结构中，动名词同句中主语构成动宾关系。如：‎ The boy is of happy playing. (=the boy plays happily)（主谓关系）‎ The plan is of good help to us. (=The plan can help us well.)（主谓关系）‎ The book is of his own writing.（动宾关系）‎ The decision is of her own making.（动宾关系）‎ ‎（2）with的用法 表示特性、属性时，with后通常接具体名词，表示人或物的具体形状特征。如：‎ a desk with four legs a book with many pictures a girl with a long hair ‎8、表示“除了”的介词 表示“除了”类的介词可分为三类：第一类表示“除了…之外没有”，第二类表示“除了…之外还有”，第三类既可表示“除了…之外没有”，也可表示“除了…之外还有”。下面将一一介绍其用法。‎ ‎（1）besides的用法 besides表示“除了…以外还有”，相当于in addition to。如：‎ Besides English, he studies Chinese, math, science etc at college.‎ ‎（2）except的用法 except表示“除了…以外没有”，强调所排除的“不包括在内”，一般表示同类之间的关系，常同nothing、all、none、nobody、any等不定代词及every连用。如：‎ We all agreed to the plan except John.‎ We have evening classes every night except Saturday.‎ Nobody knew the secret except my best friend.‎ except后不仅可接名词或代词，还可接副词、介词短语、不定式（或不带to的不定式）或从句等。如：‎ He looked for his pen everywhere except here.‎ We go to school every day except on Sunday.‎ The boy does anything very well except study in school.‎ Your composition is very good except that there are some mistakes in it.‎ besides含有肯定意味，应与a few、a little连用，except含有否定意味，应与few、little连用。如：‎ The boy has few relatives except his aunt.‎ The boy has a few relatives besides his family members.‎ ‎（3）except for的用法 except ‎ for也表示“除…以外”，指对某种基本情况进行具体的细节方面的修正，强调“美中不足”，except for同except的根本区别是：except for后所接的词同句子中的中心名词不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节或一个方面；而except后接的词同句子中的中心词一般的同类的，指在同类整体中除去一部分。如：‎ The composition is very good except for some spelling mistakes.（作文同拼写错误不是同类事物）‎ The room is empty except for two tables.（房间同桌子不是同类事物）‎ He likes all the subjects except math.（数学是整体所有科目中的一部分）‎ except for有时表示“除去为了”。如：‎ He didn’t surf the internet except for some useful information.‎ ‎（4）excepting的用法 excepting和except同义，但excepting多位于句首，还可同no、 without、always等词连用，而except则不可。excepting后一般只用名词或代词，not excepting和without excepting表示“不除外…，不例外…”。如：‎ Excepting John, all the people attend the meeting.‎ We all may make mistakes, without excepting the saint.‎ He likes all the meat, always excepting mutton.‎ Everyone, not excepting myself should obey the traffic rules.‎ ‎（5）but的用法 but表示“除…之外没有”，用法同except基本相同，but和except后都可跟动词不定式作宾语。但应注意，当句中的谓语动词为实义动词do时，but和except后所接的动词不定式才能不带to，否则to不可省。如：‎ No one but Tom is late for class.‎ I could do nothing but (except) face the fact.‎ He had no choice but (except) to refuse her invitation.‎ 对上述except、except for、excepting、but的用法予以补充说明以下几点：‎ ‎①but通常与all、every、everybody、anyone、anywhere、no、nobody、nothing、who、what、where等意义确定的，绝对的不定代词或疑问代词等连用，但不可同some或many等意义确定的词连用，如不可说some but him或many but him等。如：‎ We go to work every day except/but Sunday.‎ The park is never opened except on weekends.（不可用but，因为句子中没有出现上述代词）‎ ‎②save也可表示“除了…以外没有”，用法相当于except，save一般多用于极其正式的文体中。‎ ‎③but和except作介词时，不可用于句首；而except for和excepting则可以。如：‎ But you, everyone arrives on time.（误）‎ Everyone but you arrives on time.（正）‎ Excepting you, everyone arrives on time.（正）‎ ‎④but还可跟形容词、数词介词短语等。如：‎ The man is anything but careful.（anything but相当于not at all，表示“根本不，一点也不”）‎ There is no way to my school but across the river.‎ I met all of them but two.‎ ‎⑤“but+人称代词”后紧跟谓语时，人称代词多用主格，否则多用宾格。如：‎ No one but he played basketball so well.‎ No one played basketball so well but him.‎ ‎（6）apart from既可以表示besides的意思，意为“除…之外还有”，也可以表示except或except for的含义。如：‎ All the family members love the baby apart from his parents.（=besides his parents）‎ Your paper is finished very well, apart from some small faults. (=except for some small faults)‎ He does morning exercise every day apart from Wednesday. (=except Wednesday)‎ ‎9、表示“尽管”的介词 ‎（1）after all、in spite of、despite（of）、for all、with all、regardless of和notwithstanding这几个词都表示让步，意为“尽管，虽然”，后面一般只能接词组，不能接句子。despite本身就表示让步的介词，但也可以说in despite of或despite of相当于in spite of。regardless必须和of连用，notwithstanding后不能有其他介词。for all one’s和with all one’s，意为in spite of。如：‎ Regardless of great efforts, he failed finally.‎ In spite of/despite (of) his mother’s advice, he did it in his own way.‎ Notwithstanding the heavy storm, they arrived on time.‎ After all the serious accident, he survived at last.‎ For (with) all his failure for many times, he didn’t lose heart.‎ ‎（2）表示“尽管”时，for all后有时也可跟that从句或省略that，直接跟从句。如：‎ Generally speaking, he has done a very good job for all (that).‎ Sometimes, he will make some mistake.‎ ‎（3）for all one knows、for anything one knows、for all anybody knows中的all不是表示“尽管”，而是相当于as far as，表示“了解，但不确知，没有把握”。如：‎ For all I know, he is an honest man.（并不确定）‎ For all anybody knew, the man was still alive.（并不确知）‎ ‎（4）for all I care表示“我不在乎，与我无关”。如：‎ It is whether true or not for all I care.‎ You may make your final decision for all he cares.‎