【英语】2018届二轮复习虚拟语气考点学案

【英语】2018届二轮复习虚拟语气考点学案

虚拟语气考点 虚拟语气是普通高中《英语课程标准（实验）》在语法项目表中新增加的要求考生必须掌握的语法项目。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面让我们结合高考试题，对其常见考点进行归纳，希望能帮助同学们突破这一语法难点。‎ 一、考查虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用 含有虚拟条件句的复合句中谓语动词构成的基本形式：‎ 例如：‎ If everyone in the country bought one soft-drink each day and threw it away, there would soon be a huge mountain of rubbish. 如果全国每个人每天买一罐软饮料，然后把空罐扔掉，那么垃圾很快就会堆积如山了。（与现在事实相反）‎ If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many more deaths. 倘若飓风发生在白天，那么死亡的人数还会多得多。（与过去事实相反）‎ If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out. 如果明天下雪，他们就不出去了。（与将来事实相反）‎ ‎【考例】 If I ____ it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it.（2015北京卷）‎ A. didn't see B. weren't seeing C. wouldn't see D. hadn't seen ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：如果不是我亲眼所见，我是不会相信的。根据后半句wouldn't have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句中用“had done”的形式。故选D项。‎ ‎【考例】 Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.（2012湖南卷）‎ A. have had B. had had C. have D. had ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：抱歉，我现在太忙了。如果有时间，我一定和你去郊游。根据第一句话中的时间状语now可知此处谈论的是现在的事情。在后面的主从复合句中，主句中谓语是“would +动词原形”，但谈论的是现在的事情，由此可知该句使用了虚拟语气。根据主句中的动词形式可知从句中的假设与现在事实相反，所以从句动词应使用过去时。‎ 以下几种特例应引起同学们注意：‎ ‎1. 省略if的虚拟条件句应使用部分倒装语序 如果在条件句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had或should移至主语之前。例如：‎ Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come. 如果明天有会议召开，我会来的。‎ Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded. 如果我们（过去）做了很大的努力的话，我们可能就获得成功了。‎ ‎【考例】 It might have saved me some trouble ____ the schedule.（2015江苏卷）‎ A. did I know B. have I known C. do I know D. had I known ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：如果我早知道日程安排，可能就会省去一些麻烦。根据题干中might have saved可知主句是对过去的虚拟，从句应用if I had known，与主句保持一致。if虚拟条件句中含有had时，可将if省去，同时将had提前构成倒装结构。故选D项。‎ ‎【考例】 ____ the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.（2014天津卷）‎ A. Did he catch B. should be catch C. has he caught D. Had he caught ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 本题实际上是一个省略if条件状语从句的虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实相反。条件句中使用“过去完成时”，主句使用“情态动词+have done”；当条件句中的if省略的时候，要把had提前形成部分倒装。句意为：如果他赶上了早班火车，他开会就不会迟到了。故D项正确。‎ ‎2. 混合条件句的虚拟语气 有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们表示的时间加以调整。例如：‎ If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today. 如果昨天晚上下了雨的话，今天就会非常凉爽了。‎ ‎【考例】 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. （2002上海卷）‎ A. wouldn't have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 这是一个混合虚拟条件句。if条件状语从句含有明显的过去时间状语at the age of seven，是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去完成时；主句中有现在时的时间状语today，表示与现在事实相反，用“would+动词原形”。‎ ‎3. 含蓄条件句的常见表达方式 ‎（1） 用连词otherwise, or, but 等暗示前面的条件。例如：‎ I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference. Otherwise I wouldn't have bought you a single ticket. 我原以为会后你要在那儿逗留一段时间。要不然我就不会给你买单程票了。‎ Mary could be prettier, but she doesn't care much about her clothes. 玛丽本可以更漂亮些，但是她不太在乎衣着。‎ ‎【考例】 It is lucky we booked a room, or we ____ nowhere to stay now.（2015安徽卷）‎ A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 句意为：我们很幸运地订到了一间房，否则我们现在就无处可去了。or暗示前面是一个含蓄条件句，or后面是主句，相当于“If we hadn't booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now.”根据“now”可知是对现在的虚拟，因此用“would+动词原形”，故选C项。‎ ‎（2） 用but for, without等介词短语表达条件。例如：‎ Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 如果没有电，人类现在的生活就会是另一个样子了。‎ The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 要不是因为船长的努力，连船带人都已沉没了。‎ ‎【考例】 Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.（2015重庆卷）‎ A. didn't write B. hadn't written C. wouldn't write D. wouldn't have written ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：要是没有战争年代的经历，海明威就不会写出他的著名小说《永别了，武器》。without短语表达含蓄的条件，暗示这是一个含蓄条件句，后面是主句。该含蓄条件表示的是对过去的虚拟，故主句应与过去事实相反，应使用“would/should/could/might...+have done”，故选D项。‎ ‎【考例】 But for their help, we ____ the program in time. （2009安徽卷）‎ A. can not finish B. will not finish C. had not finished D. could not have finished ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 根据But for their help可以推断这是一个与过去事实相反的含蓄虚拟条件句，主句动词应使用“would/could/might/should... +完成时”形式，故D项为正确选项。‎ ‎（3） 通过分词短语表示条件。例如：‎ Given more time, we could have done it better. 假如（过去）多给一些时间的话，我们就能把它做得更好一些了。‎ ‎（4） 用动词不定式表示条件。例如：‎ It would be a mistake not to help him. 倘若不帮助他，那会是一个错误。‎ 二、考查虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用 ‎1.下列主语从句中谓语动词通常用“（should）+动词原形”‎ ‎（1） It is necessary（important, natural, strange, surprising... ）that... 例如：‎ It is necessary that he be sent to hospital at once. 他有必要被立刻送往医院。‎ It is strange that she should marry such a poor man. 她竟然嫁给这样一个穷光蛋，真是太奇怪了。‎ ‎【考例】 It is necessary that a college student ____ at least a foreign language. （1993上海卷）‎ A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 It is necessary that... 结构中主语从句通常用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用“（should）+动词原形”。‎ ‎（2） It is suggested （desired, decided, ordered, requested, proposed...） that... 例如：‎ It has been decided that the meeting be put off till next Saturday. 会议被决定推迟到下星期六举行。‎ It is suggested that you （should） spend more time in English. 你应该把更多的时间用于英语学习。‎ ‎2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用 ‎（1） 在某些动词后的宾语从句中，使用“（should）+动词原形”。常见的动词有：一个坚持（insist）；两个命令（order, command）；三条建议（advise, suggest, propose）；四项要求（demand, require, request, ask）。‎ ‎【考例】 Teachers recommend parents ____ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.（2010福建卷）‎ A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 recommend（意为“建议”）后接宾语从句时，从句中应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”形式。句意为：老师建议父母，出于安全考虑，不要让12岁以下的小朋友骑自行车去学校。‎ ‎【考例】 Jane's pale face suggested that she ____ ill, and her parents suggested that she ____ a medical examination.（1994上海卷）‎ A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 suggest意为“建议”时，其后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“（should） +动词原形”，但当其意为“暗示，表明”时，其后不用虚拟语气。本题第一个suggest意为“表明”，第二个suggest意为“建议”。另外，insist作“坚持（应该）”解时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；作“力言，坚持（认为）”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。例如：‎ Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 迈克坚持说自己从来没偷任何东西。（非虚拟语气）‎ We insisted that she （should） go with us. 我们坚持她应该跟我们走。（虚拟语气）‎ ‎（2） wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词有三种形式：对现在的虚拟，用过去时；对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时；对将来的虚拟，用“would / should+动词原形”。‎ ‎【考例】 I wish I ____ at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.（2015天津卷）‎ A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：我希望上星期二我参加了姐姐的婚礼，但是那时我正在纽约出差。wish后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟语气。根据句意可知这是对过去的虚拟，故宾语从句中应使用过去完成时表示对过去的后悔和遗憾。‎ ‎3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 某些表示“建议”、“计划”、“命令”的名词（如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等）后的同位语从句和表语从句中的谓语动词常用“（should）+动词原形”。 例如：‎ We all agreed to his suggestion that we （should） go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意他的到北京旅游观光的建议。‎ My advice is that he do exercises first. 我的建议是他应该先做练习。‎ ‎【考例】 We should consider the students' request ____ the school library provide more books on popular science.（2009重庆卷）‎ A. that B. when C. which D. where ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 request是表示“请求，建议”类的名词，其后的同位语从句中使用虚拟语气，本题中从句的谓语动词使用了动词原形，同位语从句中不缺少任何成分，故选用that引导。‎ 三、考查虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用 ‎1. 虚拟语气用于It is （high） time （that）... 句型中，that从句中的谓语动词用过去式（be用were）或should+动词原形，should不能省略，意为“（现在）该到……的时候了”。例如：‎ It's high time that he went （should go） to bed. 到了他该上床睡觉的时候了。‎ ‎【考例】 Jack is a great talker. It's high time that he ____ something instead of just talking. （2012辽宁卷）‎ A. will do B. has done C. do D. did ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：杰克是一个很喜欢说大话的人。到了他做点事情，而不是只讲大话的时候了。It's high time that是一个固定句型，that从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形，should不能省略，意为“（现在）该到……的时候了”。C项省略了should，故选择D项。‎ ‎2. 虚拟语气用于would rather后的从句中，用过去式表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。例如：‎ I would rather you went next Sunday. 我宁愿你下个星期天去。‎ I would rather you hadn't done that. 我真希望你没做那件事。‎ ‎【解析】 We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.（2014陕西卷）‎ A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 would rather后接从句时，从句谓语动词用过去时表示动作发生在现在或将来，用“had+过去分词”表示动作发生在过去。根据and后的句子中的is可知此处动词应使用过去时，表示对现在的虚拟。故选C项。‎ ‎3. 虚拟语气用于as if （as though）, even if （even though）等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，对现在的虚拟，用过去时；对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时。例如：‎ The two new-comers talked as if they had known each other for ages. 那两个新来的人聊天的样子仿佛他们已经相识多年了。‎ ‎【考例】 It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I ____ it?（2014重庆卷）‎ A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 连词as if意思是“似乎，好像”，其后面的从句有两种情况，如果是真实的事情，就使用陈述语气；如果表示的事情是非真实的，就使用虚拟语气：与过去事实相反，使用过去完成时；与将来相反，使用过去将来时；与现在相反，使用一般过去时。句意为：打碎窗户的是约翰，为什么你对我说话就像是我做的一样？根据前一句中的was和broke可知，打碎窗户是过去发生的事情，所以是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故使用过去完成时。‎ ‎4. 虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中，其谓语动词的形式与wish后的宾语从句的动词形式一样。‎ ‎【考例】 Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice. （2003上海春季卷）‎ A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 根据句意，这是对过去没做某事的后悔和遗憾，与过去事实相反，从句中应使用过去完成时。‎ ‎5. 虚拟语气用于Would you mind + if从句，从句中谓语动词通常用过去时。例如：‎ Would you mind if I opened the window? 我打开窗子，你不反对吧？‎ 试比较：‎ Do you mind if I open the window?‎ ‎6. 虚拟语气用于for fear that（以免，为防止……起见），in case（万一，如果发生）引起的从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”。例如：‎ She put her coat over the child for fear that he should catch cold. 她把大衣盖在孩子身上怕他着凉。‎ Here's some money in case you should need it. 这儿有点钱以防你急需。‎ 四、考查“情态动词+完成时”表达的虚拟语气 ‎“should, ought to, needn't等+完成时”表示虚拟意义，含有“责备、遗憾、后悔”的意味。‎ ‎1.“should（ought to）+完成时”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做，其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。‎ ‎【考例】 — My cat's really fat.‎ ‎— You ____ have given her so much food.（2007浙江卷）‎ A. wouldn't B. couldn't C. shouldn't D. mustn't ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 根据上文语境“我的猫太胖了”可知下文要说“你本不应该给她这么多食物的”。英语中表示“本不应该做某事而做了”用“shouldn't +完成时”。‎ ‎【考例】 I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I ____ have driven her there.（2007陕西卷）‎ A. could B. must C. night D. should ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：我告诉了你的朋友怎样到那家宾馆去，但是或许我应该驾车送她去那儿的。表示对过去本来应该做某事而未做的一种后悔或遗憾，用“should +完成时”。‎ ‎2.“could+完成时”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。‎ ‎【考例】 He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he ____ it differently. （2009江苏卷）‎ A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 句意为：他并不后悔说出他干了些什么，只是觉得自己本可以换一种方式来表达。could have done意思是“本来可以做某事但结果没做”，含有遗憾的意味。‎ ‎3.“needn't+完成时”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。‎ ‎【考例】 The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I ____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.（2006江西卷）‎ A. should have taken B. could have taken ‎ C. needn't have taken D. mustn't have taken ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 根据语境可知昨天天气转晴了，“我本来不用麻烦带着伞的”。表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”，用“needn't+完成时”‎ 巩固练习 ‎1. The teacher demanded that the exam ____ before eleven.‎ A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished ‎2. She made the demand that she ____ at once.‎ A. leave B. leaves C. left D. to left ‎3. He is talking so much about America as if he ____ there before.‎ A. had been B. has been C. was D. been ‎4. The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.‎ A. did; set B. had done; be set C. do; be set D. had done; must be set ‎5. My suggestion was that the meeting ____ off till next week.‎ A. to put B. be put C. should put D. be putting ‎6. It is important that we ____ wild animals.‎ A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting ‎7. It is strange that he ____ interest in much of his research.‎ A. should have lost B. would lose C. had lost D. will lose ‎8. ____ today, he would get there by Friday.‎ A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave ‎9. If it were not for the fact that you ____ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.‎ A. were B. had been C. are D. be ‎10. — Have you ever been to Beijing?‎ ‎— No, but I wish I ____.‎ A. have B. will C. do D. had ‎11. — What will you do during the summer holiday?‎ ‎— I don't know, but it's high time I ____ something.‎ A. am deciding B. will decide C. decided D. decide ‎12. If only I ____ my watch!‎ A. hadn't lost B. haven't lost C. didn't lose D. don't lose ‎13. He ____ the test, but he wasn't careful enough.‎ A. could have passed B. were able to pass ‎ C. must have passed D. might be able to pass ‎14. We ____ the work on time without your help.‎ A. hadn't had finished B. didn't have finished C. couldn't have finished D. can't have finished ‎15. I would rather you ____ your homework now.‎ A. did B. do C. had done D. would do ‎16. I don't think he will attend the party, and ____ he attend it what would he wear?‎ A. were B. had C. should D. did ‎17. ____ you were coming today, I would have met you at the railway station.‎ A. Have I known B. I have known C. Had I known D. I had known ‎18. It is impossible that it will rain. But if it ____ we would put off the plan.‎ A. were to rain B. had rained C. rains D. would rain ‎19. The commander ordered that the wounded ____ to hospital right away.‎ A. to be sent B. be sent C. send D. should send ‎20. They requested that he ____ on the radio.‎ A. spoke B. speaks C. speak D. would speak ‎21. — Where ____?‎ ‎— I got stuck in the heavy traffic, or I ____ here earlier.‎ A. did you go; had arrived B. are you; would come C. were you; would come D. have you been; would have been ‎22. I ____ you a beautiful present for your birthday, but I was short of money at that time.‎ A. would buy B. had bought C. would like to have bought D. must have bought ‎23. I lost your address, otherwise I ____ you long before.‎ A. had visited B. have visited C. would have visited D. should visit ‎24. — Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?‎ ‎— I would have, but I ____ so busy then.‎ A. had been B. were C. was D. would be ‎25. The chairman requested that ____.‎ A. the members studied the problem more carefully B. the problems were more carefully studied C. the problems could be studied with more care D. the members study the problem more carefully ‎26. — It's really a miracle! You're still alive at all after such a terrible accident!‎ ‎— Thank goodness! But for the stick of the tree branch, I ____.‎ A. would have been killed B. had been killed C. be killed D. was killed ‎27. I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.‎ A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave ‎28. He had an expression of resentment（不高兴）, as if Martin ____ a fool of him.‎ A. had made B. makes C. made D. would make ‎29. ____ the fog, we should have reached our school on time.‎ A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for ‎30. There was a half smile on his face which suggested that he ____ happy to have given ‎ his life for his country.‎ A. was B. should be C. would be D. were 虚拟语气考点答案 ‎1-5 CAABB　 6-10 BACCD　 11-15 CAACA　‎ ‎16-20 CCABC　 21-25 DCCCD　 26-30 ABADA