【英语】2019届二轮复习书面表达专题从词汇-句式-语篇三个角度提高写作的档次（9页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习书面表达专题从词汇-句式-语篇三个角度提高写作的档次（9页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习书面表达专题 从词汇-句式-语篇三个角度提高写作的档次 一 词汇升级 ‎ 高考书面表达最高档次的评分标准中，要求“词汇丰富，有修辞意识，显示出较强的语 言运用能力”。因此要想在高考英语写作中取得高分，就必须使用一定的高级词汇，为文章 增加闪光点，从而提高文章的档次。试比较下列几组句子并体会划线部分的表达效果。 a. ① She is a good girl. ② She is a sympathetic / warm–hearted / generous girl. b. ① The society still makes women unable to enjoy equal rights. ② Women are still denied equal rights in the society. c. ① Not all the books can do good to us. ② Not all the books can benefit us. d①We’ll try our best to protect the environment. ②We’ll spare no effort to protect the environment. 显然第②组的高级词汇更能为文章增色，这些词语的巧妙使用犹如酷暑里的冷饮，给阅卷老师带来丝丝凉意，更能吸引阅卷老师的注意力。在平常的学习中我们可以尝试从以下三 个角度提升所用词汇的档次。‎ 注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词以增加文采。‎ 如用 make use of 替代 use, 用 catch sight of 替代 see 等。 ‎ 使用一些很有“洋味”的词语。‎ 如： Thank you for sharing the time with us. (用 share 不用 spend) The way he views the world is very practical. (用 view 而不用 look at) The noise nearly drove me mad. (用 drive 而不用 make) ‎ 避免重复使用同一单词或短语。‎ 如： I like reading while my brother enjoys (不用 likes) watching TV. 附：英语书面表达中常见的高级词汇替换 ‎ ‎1. seek 替换 want / look for They sought ( wanted ) to hide themselves behind the trees. 2. average 替换 ordinary I’m an average ( ordinary ) student. ‎ ‎3. seat 替换 sit On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. ‎ ‎4. suppose 替换 should He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. ‎ ‎5. the case 替换 true I don’t think it is the case (true). ‎ ‎6. on 替换 as soon as As soon as he arrived, he began his research. → On his arrival, he began his research.. ‎ ‎7. due to 替换 because of He arrived late due to ( because of ) the storm. ‎ ‎8. round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby ① The summer vacation is round the corner (coming). Do you have any plans? ② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 1 ‎ ‎9. come to light 替换 discover The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. ‎ ‎10. come up with 替换 think of Jack is very clever. He often comes up with ( thinks of ) new ideas. ‎ ‎11. set aside 替换 save Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. ‎ ‎12. be of + n. 替换 adj. The products are of high quality (very good ) and are sold everywhere in China. ‎ ‎13. refer to 替换 talk about/of, mention The professor you referred to (talked about ) is very famous. ‎ ‎14. can not but / can not help but 替换 have to do I could not but (had to) go home.‎ ‎15. long for sth. / long to do sth. 替换 want to do sth./wish for I want to see you very much. → I long to see you. ‎ ‎16. be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to 替换 be interested in He is caught up in ( very interested in ) collecting stamps. ‎ ‎17. more than 替换 very ① I’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. → I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. ② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. ‎ ‎18. perfect (ly) 替换 good/ very well He speaks perfect ( good ) English./ He speaks English perfectly ( very well ).‎ ‎ 19. do sb a/the favor 替换 help Would you please do me the favor ( help me ) to turn down the radio?‎ ‎ 20. the other day 替换 a few days ago The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. ( NMET 1997 ) ‎ ‎21. in the course of 替换 during In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention to your safety. ‎ ‎22. the majority of 替换 most The majority of (Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. ‎ ‎23. consist of 替换 be made up of Our class consists of ( is made up of ) 50 students. ‎ ‎24. be worn out 替换 be tired / broken ① After five hours’ non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). ② My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair. ‎ ‎25. become of 替换 happen What do think has become of ( happened to ) him ? ‎ ‎26. attend to 替换 look after ‎ ‎27. on condition that 替换 as long as ‎ ‎28. nevertheless 替换 however ‎ ‎29. express one’s satisfaction with 替换 be satisfied with 2 ‎ ‎30. spare no efforts to do 替换 try one’s best to do ‎ ‎31. many a 替换 many ‎ ‎32. meanwhile 替换 at the same time ‎ ‎33. get to one’s feet 替换 stand up ‎ ‎34. occasionally 替换 sometimes /once in while ‎ ‎35. for instance 替换 for example ‎ ‎36. seldom 替换 not often ‎ ‎37. wealthy 替换 rich ‎ ‎38. amazing 替换 surprising ‎ ‎39. as a matter of fact 替换 in fact ‎ 二 句式提升 ‎ 一 )从简单句起步，把句子写对 ‎ 从结构上看，英语的句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都是由简 单句组成的，可见简单句是写作中基础的基础。以下为简单句的五个基本句型： 句型 例句 1.主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P) I am a student. 我是一名学生 2.主语+不及物动词(S+Vi) The students are listening． 学生们正在听。 3.主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O) We love China. 我们喜欢中国。 4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+V+I O+D O) Zhou Nan lent me a book. 周楠借给了我一本书。 5. 主 语 + 及物动词 + 宾 语 + 宾语补足语 (S+V+O+C) The news ‎ made him happy. 这个消息使他很高兴。 在英语千变万化的句式中，除去起修饰、描述或限定作用的定语、同位语、状语后，几乎都可以归纳或简化为这五个基本句式。下面我们就来具体学习一下。‎ ‎1．主语+系动词+表语 ‎ 这是英语中一个最基本的句型。例如： English is very useful. 除了系动词 be 外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词： 1)表感官的动词 feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。 2)表转变或变化的动词 become, get, grow, turn, go 等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay 等。 4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur 等。 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang 等。 在这个句型中，表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式、动名词、介词短语或 个别副词等。例如： He is a boy. (表语为名词) This is mine. (表语为代词) She is beautiful. (表语为形容词) 3 Class is over. (表语为副词) He is in good health. (表语为介词短语) This food looks inviting. (表语为分词) My dream is to study abroad. (表语为不定式) ‎ ‎2. 主语+不及物动词 在这一句型中，谓语是不及物动词，所以，其后不接宾语。例如： The horse stopped． 虽然不及物动词后不接宾语，但可以接副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等作状语。 例如： Birds sing happily. 鸟儿欢快地歌唱。 He went on holiday. 它去度假了。 We stopped to have a rest. 我们停下来休息。 I’11 go swimming. 我要去游泳。 ‎ ‎3. 主语+及物动词+宾语 在这一句型中，谓语是及物动词，其后接宾语。例如：We like English. 作宾语的可以为：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。例如： I like music. (宾语为名词) I like her. (宾语为代词) I want to help him. (宾语为不定式) I enjoy living here. (宾语为动名词) I don't think (that) he is right. (宾语为从句) 1) 常用不定式作宾语的动词有 attempt, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 等。例如：I decided to visit my uncle next week. 2) 常用动名词作宾语的动词有 admit, advise, avoid, consider, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss，practise, risk, suggest, propose, give up, can't help 等。例如： We should practise speaking English every day. ‎ ‎4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 在这一句型中，谓语动词(或由动词构成的短语)不仅是及物的，而且还要接两个宾语，即 一个指人的间接宾语，一个指物的直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，例如： Jack gave me her telephone number. 1) 一些动词，如 allow，bring，deny，give，grant，hand，leave，lend，offer，owe，pass， pay，permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write 等, 所接 的间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，前面加介词 to。例如： Can you lend your car to me? 2)一些动词，如 bring，buy，cash，choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare 等, 所接的间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，前面加介词 for。例如： She sang a song for us.‎ ‎ 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 宾语与宾语补足语构成复合宾语。能够作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语、带 to 和不带 to 的不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。例如： We named our baby Tom. (名词作宾补) He painted the wall white. (形容词作宾补) I won’t let you down. (副词作宾补) She always keeps everything in good order. (介词短语作宾补) 4 I wish you to stay. (不定式作宾补) I made him work.(不带 to 的不定式作宾补) I heard my name called. (过去分词作宾补) I heard her crying. (现在分词作宾补)‎ ‎ 二)从改写句奠基，让句式多变起来 ‎ 汉语里同一句话，英语中可以用多种方式表达。例如：“他英语学得好。”可译为： He is good / expert at English. He is at home in English. He does well in English. He knows English well. He has a good knowledge / command of English. 同样的句式具有不同的功能。例如; Do sth., will ‎ you? (用以征询意见) Do sth., won’t you? (用以表达邀请) Do sth., can you? (用以表达不满) Do sth., can’t you? (用以表达建议) 由此可见，丰富多变的句式能够有效避免单 呆板的句式，从而增添语言表达的多样 性和灵活性。是高考高分作文必不可少的条件。中学阶段，常见的句型改写或转换主要有以下几个类型： ‎ ‎1. 不定式短语与从句间的改写。例如： Now the question is how to raise enough money． → Now the question is how we can raise enough money． Do you expect her to stay after that? → Do you expect she will stay after that? ‎ ‎2．动名词短语与从句间的改写。例如： Our chief worry was her lacking in experience. →Our chief worry Was that she lacked experience. She insisted on my staying a bit longer. → She insisted that I stay a bit longer. ‎ ‎3．分词短语与从句间的改写。例如： Hearing this，they jumped with joy． → When they heard this，they jumped with joy． Are you in favor of the suggestion Peter put forward? → Are you in favor of the suggestion put forward by Peter? ‎ ‎4．其他短语与从句间的改写。例如： Our major problem was our lack of materials． → Our major problem Was that we lacked materials． In case of fire, ring this bell. → In case there is fire，ring this bell. ‎ ‎5．同义句式间的改写。例如： He wore a mask so as not to be recognized. → He wore a mask so that no one could recognize him. I’ll write to you on hearing from her. → I’ll write to you as soon as I hear from her. 5 → I’ll write to you the moment I hear from her. ‎ 掌握以上基本句型转换方法，对于写作大有裨益，因为我们在写作文时，要根据上下文 的逻辑关系选择恰当的句式表达，从而达到语句通顺，行文连贯。 ‎ 三)巧妙利用基本句型扮靓你的句子 ‎ 高考书面表达已不只局限于把话说清楚，把意思表达完整，而是要给我们的句子润色， 让我们的语言靓起来。如何让我们的英语句子靓起来呢？我觉得通过对低级句型的改造，可 以迅速达到这一目的。 ‎ ‎1. 强调句：可以轻松地将时间、地点、原因、方式等类型的状语从句转变为强调句。例如: I didn’t realize the importance of English until then. → It wasn’t until then that I realized the importance of English. ‎ ‎2. 倒装句：只要句中有介词短语或状语从句，便可将其提前，变成倒装句。 He can escape from the big fire only by this means. → Only by this means can he escape from the big fire. 3. with 引导的伴随结构：可以将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句变成 with 结构。 With the sun lighting brightly and the birds singing clearly, I went to school in high spirits →He always likes to sleep with the windows open. ‎ ‎4. 巧妙地使用非谓语动词：可以将状语从句或并列的动词简化为非谓语动词。 Hearing that, the driver’s wife quickly added that her husband often talked nonsense after drinking. (低级形式：When he heard that …) ‎ ‎5. 恰到好处的被动句：适合应用于较简短的句子，这样显得语言简洁生动，宾语一般是 nothing, anything, everything 等不定代词。例如：He searched all my pockets, but nothing was found. ‎ ‎6. 感叹句：通常用于开头结尾活跃文章气氛，凡是“I feel ......”之类表达感情的句子皆可如 此改造。 How terrible I felt today! I failed again in the math exam. ‎ ‎7. 高级定语从句：若定语从句中的动词带有介词，只需将介词移至先行词后。 We came to a place to which they had never paid a visit before. ‎ ‎8. 进行时态：有时会含有一定情绪，尤其要使用 always 这样的富含感情色彩的副词。‎ ‎ I am always feeling terrible when I take a bus. ‎ ‎9. 婉转表达：需要使用幽默的技巧，主要用于漫画型作文题。 I could find nothing but bad luck when I returned the shop after learning that my handbag had been left on the counter. 10. what 引导的名词性从句：将动宾结构转化为此结构。 What he gave me, which I knew, were not only a Christmas present but also a heart full of love and a mind of my existence in it. From Joozone.com. ‎ ‎11.“数词+名词”变为“as many as+数词+名词”。 As many as ten years ago, my hometown used to be covered by forests. ‎ ‎12. 适当加一些不关痛痒的插入语：一些连词、副词可以放到句子中间充当语气较弱的插入语， 如 I guess, however, in a way, certainly, in my opinion, probably, briefly, generally speaking, believe it or not, besides, what’s more 等，有时可以考虑几个插入语连用，就更像英美人士的文章了。 ‎ ‎13. 独立主格：将主从句去掉连词，前句动词变为分词即可。 The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. ‎ ‎14. 把简单句改成复合句：例如： I was very tired. I couldn’t keep up with them. → I was so tired that I couldn’t keep up with them. ‎ ‎15. 使用虚拟语气。例如： 6 I wasn’t invited to the party, so I didn’t attend it. → If I had been invited to the party, I would have attended it. ‎ 四）从扩展句提高，学会向段落的过渡 ‎ ‎1. 由简单句到并列句，实现基本扩展 ‎ 在两个或多个简单句之间加上 and，or，but 等并列连词，或加上分号，把简单句变成并列句，从而使句子的连贯性更强，表达也更为贴切、自然。例如： (1) Tom is our monitor now．He came to our school last year. → Tom came to our school last year and he is our monitor now. (把意义松散的两个句子合为一 体，句意连贯性更强了) → Tom came to our school last year；he is our monitor now．(通过标点符号，也能达到异曲同工 之效) (2) Tom is good at English. He doesn’t do well in Chinese. → Tom is good at English, but he doesn’t do well in Chinese. → Tom is good at English；he doesn’t do well in Chinese. ‎ ‎2. 由简单句到复合句，实现过渡扩展 ‎ 只要给一个简单句任意加上一个从句(尤其是定语从句和状语从句)，复合句即可生成，表 达出更多或更复杂的意义，从而有效地避免简单句松散、单一的表达形式。 例如： The meeting came to an end． 试加一个定语从句：The meeting that they held in our classroom came to an end. 试加一个状语从句：When we arrived，the meeting came to an end． 或：The meeting came to an end though it was still early． 或：Before I could speak anything，the meeting came to an end． 如此等等，不胜枚举。只要我们善于扩充，适度添加单词、短语或从句，句子就会更富 有表现力。 ‎ ‎3. 着意添加成分，实现高级扩展 ‎ 如果我们给一个简单句着意添加一些附加成分，句子的扩展性则会更强。我们以“他上 学 来晚了”为中心句，便可尝试添加附加信息：他昨晚熬夜了；他没赶上车；他没耽误第一节 课；不然他就赶上第一节课了。这样，我们便会有以下句子： He stayed up last night，so he came to school late． →He came to school late because he stayed up late last night. →He missed the bus，so he came to schoo late. →He missed the bus，but he didn’t miss the first class. →He missed the bus，or he wouldn’t have missed the first class.‎ ‎ 4. 运用修辞手段，实现自由扩展 ‎ 只要有几个句子罗列出现，句与句之间便有一定的关系。如果我们想表达承接、转折、 ‎ 因果、递进等关系，扩展句子时，就可以根据语义自由选择恰当的关联词。例如： Tom saw a bird. The bird was wounded. He took the bird to the zoo．The workers in the zoo praised him. He arrived home late. He was happy. 以上虽然都是简单句，但 Tom 的行线索还是非常清晰的，不过，这样表达，意思不够连 贯，句子显得松散。假如我们适当地添加关联词和运用一定的修辞手段，便可把 Tom 的活动 串成一段更加连贯的文字了： Tom saw a wounded bird, so he took the bird to the zoo. The workers in the zoo praised him. Though he came home late, he was happy． ‎ 段落扩展 ‎ 一）运用叙述法和举例法来扩展段落 ‎ 确定了段落的主题后，必须用相应的扩展句来分析和说明，使作者的观点和思更具有说服力。在一个段落中，我们常用几种不同的方法来扩展主题句 ‎ ‎1．叙述法 根据所叙述对象的不同，叙述法又可分为两种形式：按时间顺序和按空间顺序。 (1) 按时间顺序进行叙述： 一般来说，叙述一件事情或进行人物传记的写作时，最常用的方法就是按照时间顺序， 也就是按照事件发生的先后顺序加以描述。比如： The Olympic Games has a long history．It originated in 776 BC in Olympia，a small town in Greece．Gradually，the event became a religious, patriotic and athletic occasion where winners were honored with wreaths and special privileges．However, it was banned in 394 AD by Emperor Theodosius，after they became professional circuses and carnivals．The modem Olympic Games began in Athens in 1896 as a result of the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin，a French educator whose desire was to promote international understanding for athletics． 上段是按照时间的先后顺序描述了奥运会发展的历史和曲折过程，使读者对奥运会的历 史有一个大致的了解。 (2) 按空间顺序进行叙述： 空间顺序法是以空间的变换次序作为叙述顺序的方法。描写事物时，通常能够依据其所 在的或所发生的地点及相互空间关系（上下、左右、前后、远近等）来叙述。在进行空间描 述时，要把握住事物的位置、方向和位移关系，参照点要清楚。常见的方法有：① 由远而近 或由近及远。 ② 以中间某一点为参照点，然后按顺时针或逆时针方向的顺序描述。 ③ 从某一点起，以一个固定的点为参照物，由此展开。如： As you enter the east gate of the school, a tall, white building will stand in front of you, with the library lying on the left and the teaching building on the right. Go ahead and at the back of the white building you will see the playground, where many students are playing football and basketball. Standing on the playground, you will notice a river to the west of the campus and a park to the north. 这一段只描写了一所中学的大概轮廓。但是由于合理的选择了参照点并按照空间顺序展 开叙述，学校的位置和轮廓用寥寥几笔就交代得非常清楚，使人看了一目了然。‎ ‎ 2. 举例法 有时候，为了说明一个问题，我们往往用具体的事例来加以说明。这种展开段落的 方法叫做举例法。一般常把主题句放在段首，用具体的事实和例子对其进行说明和阐述。比 如： People in different parts of our country have very different ideas about what is good to eat. (1) If you are a Cantonese，for example，you would consider the meat of snakes and rats your favorite dish．(2) If you were living in the northwestern provinces，you would probably enjoy the roasted meat of sheep and goats. (3)People from Sichuan province are known to prefer dishes with hot pepper．(4) Whereas people from Suzhou often prepare dishes with sugar． 本段围绕着主题句“来自不同地区的人们对饮食有着不同的见解” 展开，段落的发展部分 用了四个实例阐明主题：(1) 广东人喜欢吃蛇肉。(2) 西北地区的人喜欢吃烤羊肉。(3) 四川 人喜欢吃辣味食品。(4) 苏州人做菜常放糖。 8 常见的用于举例的词语和句型：for example，for instance，such as，such … as，like，an example of …, take … for example, There are ‎ many examples to show that … ‎ 二） 运用比较分析和分类法扩展段落 ‎ ‎1. 比较分析法 在描写或叙述两个或两个以上的事物时，我们常用比较的方法进行，这就是比较分析法。 比较分析法是对两个或两个以上的事物的相同点和不同点进行比较和分析，共同为说明主题 句服务。比如： Part-time jobs have both advantages and disadvantages for students．It can provide them with a good chance to earn money to support themselves，especially some students from poor families. Being able to earn money gives them a feeling that they have become adults，and therefore make them feel more mature．However，they might become money-oriented．Part-time jobs in business can foster a sense of competition，which is very important for students in the future，but it may take a bad effect on their studies．Part-time jobs may enhance a young person’s social development，but it may distract students’attention，and some even play truant．So while we call for students to have part-time jobs after school，sound guidance should be given to these young people． 上段所说的是学生在课后做 part-time job 的问题。做兼职工作对他们自身的发展有很大的 好处，但同时可能会造成一些不良的后果。因此，作者从正反两方面入手，对它的好处和坏 处都进行了阐述，最后总结：我们提倡学生在课后做兼职工作，但要对他们进行正确的引导， 使学生能朝着健康、积极的方向发展。 ‎ ‎2. 分类法 有时候，为了说明一个事物的特征和与其他事物的差异，我们常把它分成若干个类型来 说明。这种展开段落的方法叫做分类法。如： Activities can be divided into categories (种类) according to the number of calories (卡) they use up．One kind of activity is a sedentary (坐着的) activity．A person who is reading，writing， watching TV，or playing cards uses 80 to 100 calories an hour. Another kind of activity is a light activity. A person who is doing a light activity，like‘cooking，dusting or walking slowly，uses 110 to 160 calories an hour．A third kind of activity, moderate activity，uses 70 to 240 calories an hour．A fourth group，vigorous (用力的) activities，uses 250 to 350 calories an hour. These are activities such as walking fast，bowling or golfing．Finally a person who is doing a strenuous (剧烈的) activity uses 350 or more calories an hour．These are activities such as swimming，playing tennis，or dancing． · 上段通过使用热量的多少，把人的活动分为五种，并对每一种都做了说明。‎ ‎ 三）运用因果分析和综合法扩展段落 ‎ ‎1. 因果分析法 因果分析法一般用于解释产生某种结果的原因或分析某些原因所带来的结果，常用于议 论文、说明文中。用因果分析法的段落常采用两种形式：先陈述结果，后分析原因；或是先 陈述原因，后分析其带来的结果。比如： Figures can be deceiving．For example，Times magazine recently reported that the average Yale graduate of the class of 1944 was making $35,111 a year．Well，good for him! But what exactly does that figure mean? Is it proof that if you send your child to Yale you won’t have to work in your old age and neither will he? What kind of sample is based on? You could put one Texas oilman with two hundred hungry writers and report their average income as$35,111 a year．The figure is exact，but it has no meaning. In ways similar to this，the facts and figures pour forth every day．They are used to point out the truth，when in fact they inflate, confuse and over-simplify the truth. The result is 9 “number nonsense”． 上段采用的是第一种形式，先说明 Figures can be deceiving 这个结果，然后又用具体的事 例和数据分析说明，最后得出了结论 The result is “number nonsense”。表示原因的过渡词语有： because of, as a result of, result from，because，since，due to，owing to，thanks to 等。表示结果 的过渡词语有：result in, as a result, thus, so that, therefore, consequently 等。 ‎ ‎2. 综合法 以上我们介绍了五种扩展段落的方法，但是，在实际的段落扩展中，我们会同时运用到； 几种不同的方法去扩展段落，即交叉使用两种或两种以上的段落扩展法，使文章的结构更加 严谨，表达的主题更加完整。如： The computer is a wonderful machine．It has a lot of types．Today most computers have a memory. That means information can be stored in them and can be taken out anytime needed．So computers are used a great deal in many ways．The oldest kind of computers is the abacus, used in China long ago. It has been changed for centuries. Scientists and technicians have been making computers smaller and cheaper while at the same time they have been made easier to use．Computers have worked faster and faster now．Computers can do many kinds of work．They can be used in doing business work, in science research work, in science of medicine, in some large factories，even in our daily life. People also have been buying home computers to play computer games at home. They have become very popular indeed． 上段运用了叙述法、分类法介绍了有关计算机的基本知识以及它的发展和应用。 ‎ 衔接过渡 谋篇布局 ‎ 一）衔接过渡 传统的英语写作教学中比较重视语法结构,注重遣词造句,但忽略了语篇在写作中的作用。 因此,学生作文语篇的整体质量不高。 过渡词犹如“桥梁”，它可使句子、段落之间的衔接通顺自然，恰当地使用过渡词可避 免结构松散，层次不明，表意不清等弊端，使文章条理清楚，文字连贯流畅。常用的过渡词 有： 表举例：in reality, such as, for instance, take … for example, as far as I’m concerned. 表强调：especially, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, most importantly, particularly, the most important, undoubtedly. 表转折：however, on the other hand, whereas, nevertheless, on the contrary, anyhow, anyway 表对比：in contrast, in comparison, in relation to, likewise, similarly 表递进：besides, furthermore, in addition, also, worse still, moreover, let alone. 表因果：as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence, so, thanks to, due to, since, because (of) 表顺序：first … next … and then … finally, first … then …after that … finally 表推理：otherwise, if not, in that case 表让步：though, although, in spite of, despite, now that, considering 表目的：for this purpose, in order (to) that, so that 表解释：in other words, that is, namely 表总结：in all, in short, in brief, in conclusion, to sum up, in summary, finally 等 ‎ 二）谋篇布局 段落是篇章的缩影，两者除了在长度上不同之外，在结构上却极其相似。我们知道，段 落是由主题句、扩展句和结尾句构成的。同样，篇章也是由三部分构成：导言段 (开头段)、 发展段 (主体段) 和结尾段。 ‎ ‎1. 导言段——开门见山，点明主旨。 好的开端是成功的一半。文章的开头是能否给阅卷人留下好印象的关键一环，好的开头 就等于向成功迈进了一步，而开门见山往往是阅卷人青睐的方法之一。开头点明主题，即首 先用事实观点名言等开头吸引读者，进而直接表明文章的主旨，如：高考作文描述今昔通讯 方式的变方及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。开头段简明扼要开门见山: In the past few years, great changes have taken place in the means of communication.‎ ‎ 2. 发展段衔接自然，内容连贯 主体段是由一个或一个以上的自然段组成，主要用来陈述事实或列举事例，按照时间、 空间、逻辑、重要性的顺序，使用对比、分类、说明等手段，对主体句进行拓展，当然每个 自然段是文章的组成部分，同时本身又是一个整体，也要有自己的主体句，所以对于占文章 70%篇章的主体段落来说，这一段落的支持材料要统一筹划，合理安排。如高考英语作文： 请根据下面的英文短诗，展开适当的想象，写一篇短文。标题为：My Teacher Mr Moore There’s a teacher Mr .Moore. Who is lovely and therty-four. Always encouraging us to try. He leads us to a world of “why”. We all admire him ‎ more and more. 注意： 1. 不得照抄短诗原文。 2. 必须结合短诗的内容，发挥想象，适当展开。 英语文章阅读 3. 必须突出短诗的主题，结构完整，语意连贯。 4. 短文不能写成诗歌形式。 5. 词数：120 左右。 ‎ 某满分作文考生是这样对主体段(第二段)进行展开的：Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. He tries various ways to make his class lively and interesting. In his opinion, we should not only know “what” but also understand “why”. So instead of giving us answers immediately, he encourages us to think by ourselves whenever he puts forward questions. With his help we’ve learned how to analyze and settle problems. With a wonderful world of “why” he leads us to! 作者主要对 my teacher 的教学方法进行阐述, 围绕着 Mr. Moore is one who impresses me most. 进行展开。 ‎ ‎3. 结尾段——简洁有效，首尾呼应 好的开头，妙的结尾是最让阅卷老师动心之处。结尾部分是给评卷人留下深刻印象的最 后的机会，结尾部分是对文章的总结和思想的升华，简短有力，言简意赅，意味深长的结尾 最会打动阅卷人。 当然，这三段是相互联系统一的整体，这三部分的联系既依赖于思维结构的逻辑统一， 又依赖于恰当的衔接手段，如使用过渡词或过渡句，人称照应等手段使文章承上启下，流畅 通顺，再以以上考题为例，结尾段为：He is such a learned person that we all admire him. 首尾呼应，通顺自然。‎