【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题名词学案（10页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题名词学案（10页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题名词学案　‎ 一、名词词义辨析 ‎1．形近词的词义辨析 ‎①command (命令)　　　　　 comparison (比较)‎ compliment (称赞) contribution (贡献)‎ ‎②symptom (症状) similarity (类似)‎ sample (样本) sympathy (同情)‎ symbol (象征，符号) system (系统)‎ She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last year's election.(江苏高考单选改编)‎ 两年前她被软禁在家，但是在去年的选举中她仍是一位具有影响力的代表性人物。‎ ‎2．相同词缀的名词辨析 ‎①expression (表达；表情) attention (注意)‎ satisfaction (满意) impression (印象)‎ ‎②expectation (期望) reputation (声誉)‎ contribution (贡献) civilization (文明)‎ ‎③accommodation (住宿) occupation (职业)‎ adaptation (适应，改编) appreciation (欣赏)‎ ‎④equipment (设备) arrangement (安排)‎ assessment (评估，估算) entertainment (娱乐)‎ ‎⑤addiction (入迷) application (申请，应用)‎ devotion (奉献) appreciation (欣赏，感激)‎ ‎①From my first job at the restaurant, I learned teamwork and devotion.‎ 从我在餐馆的第一份工作中，我学会了合作与奉献。‎ ‎②He unfortunately passed away last year due to his cancer, but he ‎ left a deep impression on me and gave me the inspiration to pick up my pen again.‎ 不幸的是，由于身患癌症他去年去世了，但是他给我留下了很深的印象并鼓励我重新拿起笔。‎ ‎3．意义相近词的辨析 ‎①motivation (动机，目的) qualification (资历)‎ talent (天赋) technique (技能)‎ ‎②anger (生气) rudeness (粗鲁)‎ regret (后悔) panic (惊慌)‎ ‎③advice (建议) question (问题)‎ offer (提议) idea (主意)‎ Her motivation for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.(湖北高考多项选择)‎ 她写作的动机是为妇女争取到接受高等教育权利的渴望。‎ ‎4．无一定关联性的名词词义辨析 ‎①source (源泉) sense (感觉)‎ result (结果) root (根源)‎ ‎②curiosity (好奇) satisfaction (满意)‎ envy (羡慕) patience (耐心)‎ ‎③difference (不同，区别) strength (长处)‎ connection (关联) barrier (屏障，障碍)‎ Only if we know what we do in our daily life and live a lowcarbon life can we make a difference.‎ 只有我们知道日常生活做什么，过一种低碳生活，我们才能产生一定的影响。‎ 二、名词的固定搭配 ‎1．动词have, take, make, pay, play, put, get等加名词构成的短语 have a good reputation 有个好名声 have a feeling of 有……感觉 have access to 可以获得 take advantage of 利用，趁……之机 take a turn 转变 get relief 得到缓解 The Internet is the biggest source of information in the world, and you can have access to it through a computer.‎ 互联网是世界上最大的信息资源库，只要通过一台电脑就可以访问。‎ ‎2．介词加名词构成的短语 in great demand 需求量很大 in progress 在进行中 out of touch 与……无联系 beyond recognition 辨认不出来 The city has been built up so fast that it's changed beyond recognition.‎ 这座城市建设得如此之快，以至于看不出它原来的面貌了。‎ 三、抽象名词具体化 ‎1．表示具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：‎ 抽象名词 抽象名词具体化 comfort安慰；慰藉 a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事 pity 惋惜，同情 a pity 一件憾事 success 成功 a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事 failure 失败 a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事 surprise 惊奇 a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事 difficulty 困难 a difficulty 一件难事 I think this sports meeting was a huge success.‎ 我认为这次运动会是一个巨大的成功。‎ ‎2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词 物质名词 可数名词 物质名词 可数名词 drink 饮料 two drinks两杯饮料 sugar糖 a sugar一块糖 coffee 咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 paper纸 a paper 一张报纸；一篇论文 tea 茶 two teas 两杯茶 hair头发 a hair 一根头发 ‎—I knocked over the tea cup and it fell on the mobile phone.‎ ‎—You should never put drinks near a phone.‎ ‎——我把茶杯碰倒了，它落在了那部手机上。‎ ‎——你永远都不应该把饮料放到手机旁边。‎ 常考点一：名词词义辨析，包括形近、同缀、意近和无关联词 ‎1．(2016·浙江高考)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your ________.‎ A．condition　　　　　　　　 B．income ‎ C．credit D．status 解析：选C　句意：准时付电费很重要，因为付晚了会影响你的信用。condition“条件”；income“收入”；credit“学分，信用(卡)”。根据句意选C。‎ ‎2．(2016·天津高考)The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight ________ of rain later tonight.‎ A．effect B．sense C．change D．chance ‎ 解析： 选D　句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。chance“可能性”，符合句意。effect“影响”；sense“感觉”；change“改变”。‎ ‎3．(2015·江苏高考)—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.‎ ‎—I'd like to, but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my________.‎ A．requests B．excuses C．apologies D．regrets 解析：选C　句意：“去向你妈妈道歉，戴夫。”“我想去，但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。”apology“道歉，致歉”，符合语境。故选C项。‎ ‎4．(2018·苏州模拟)The ________ of cultures between Europeans and the Romany led to many nations taking action against them. ‎ A．cooperation B．similarity C．convention D．collision 解析：选D　句意：欧洲和吉普赛人之间的文化冲突，导致许多国家采取措施对付他们。collision“碰撞，冲突”，符合句意。cooperation“合作，协作”；similarity“类似，相似性”；convention“惯例，习俗”。‎ 常考点二：名词构成的固定搭配，尤其是高频的“动词＋名词”与“介词＋名词”的短语搭配 ‎5．(2015·江苏高考)Some schools will have to make ________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.‎ A．judgments B．adjustments C．comments D．achievements 解析：选B　句意：一些学校将不得不做出调整，以便和国家足球改革保持一致。既然要和国家足球改革保持一致(in agreement with the national soccer reform)，那么就应该做出调整(make adjustments)，故选B项。‎ ‎6．(2015·湖北高考)When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ________ and had a bad fall.‎ A．balance B．chance C．memory D．place 解析：选A　句意：当这个男孩追赶弟弟的时候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的“had a bad fall”可知这个男孩摔倒了，故前一分句应为失去了平衡(lose one's balance)。‎ ‎7. (2018·南京、盐城模拟)Beijing has set the city's population ________ at 23 million by 2020 due to water scarcity and big city diseases such as traffic jam. ‎ A．budget B．ceiling C．explosion D．standard 解析：选B　句意：由于水资源的缺乏和交通堵塞等城市问题，北京已经确定到2020年为止，人口上限为两千三百万。 set the ceiling at为固定短语，意思为“设置上限(为)”。‎ 常考点三：名词的一词多义与熟词新义 ‎8．(2016·江苏高考)—Can you tell us your ________ for happiness and a long life?‎ ‎—Living every day to the full, definitely.‎ A．recipe B．record C．range D．receipt 解析：选A　句意：“你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗？”“确切地说，要充实过好每一天。”此处recipe意为“秘诀”。record“记录”；range“范围”；receipt“收据，收条”。‎ ‎9．(福建高考)—Could you tell me the ________ of making such tasty cakes?‎ ‎—Well, I just follow the directions in the cookbook.‎ A．feature B．plan C．cost D．trick 解析：选D　句意：“你能告诉我制作这样美味的蛋糕的技巧吗？”“哦，我就是照着烹饪书上的说明做的。”feature“特点，特征”；plan“计划”；cost“成本，费用”；trick“窍门，技巧，诡计，恶作剧”。根据句中“making such tasty cakes”(制作这样美味的蛋糕)可知，上句说话人询问的是制作蛋糕的技巧(trick)。‎ ‎10．(福建高考)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?‎ ‎—Well, you know, English is my ________. So it is my best choice.‎ A．strength B．talent C．ability D．skill 解析：选A　句意：“你为什么选择在国际旅行社工作？”“噢，你知道，英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。”strength“强项；长处”；‎ talent“天资；才能”；ability“能力；力量”；skill“技能；技巧”。‎ ‎11．(江西高考)What's the________， in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn't make an effort to help himself? ‎ A．sympathy B．theme C．object D．point 解析：选D　句意：依你看，如果他都不努力帮他自己，那我们帮他还有什么意义呢？what's the point of ...表示“……的意义是什么？”。sympathy“同情”；theme“主题”； object“物体”，均与句意不符。‎ 常考点四：抽象名词具体化 ‎12．(山东高考)Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times. ‎ A．the; the B．a; a C．a；不填 D．不填； a 解析：选B　句意：在那些难熬的时光中，能买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。不可数名词可以和不定冠词连用，表示名词的具体化。句中的a drink表示“一杯饮料”，后面的a comfort意为“一件安慰的事”。‎ ‎13．(福建高考)It's ________ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ________ pleasure.‎ A．/; a B．a; /‎ C．the; a D．a; the 解析：选B　句意：对人们来说，欣赏能带给他们乐趣的世博会感觉非常棒。feeling为可数名词，pleasure为不可数名词，均表示泛指，故B项正确。‎ 单项填空 ‎1．Usually in a family, parents should always watch out for their behavior. As what they do will cast a ________ for the children and help them to see what they will be and what they will do in the future.‎ A．glance B．doubt C．shadow D．vision 解析：选D　句意：通常在一个家庭里，父母应该时刻注意他们的行为，因 为他们的所作所为将给孩子们投射一个愿景，帮助他们看到他们会成为什么样的人以及将来他们会做什么。glance意为“一瞥”；doubt意为“怀疑”；shadow意为“阴影”；vision意为“视觉，愿景”。根据句意可知应选D项。‎ ‎2．Many people tend to assume that ________ just means creating something new, but actually it's more than that — it's an attitude of doing things.‎ A．imitation B．imagination C．innovation D．inspiration 解析：选C　句意：许多人认为创新就仅仅是创造出新的东西，但事实上不仅仅如此，它还是一种做事的态度。imitation意为“模仿”；imagination意为“想象”；innovation意为“创新”；inspiration意为“灵感”。根据句意可知应选C项。‎ ‎3．In Beijing opera, performers are required to paint their faces in patterns and colors to help show the ________ and depths of the characters' personalities.‎ A．dimensions B．certificates C．occupations D．consciences 解析：选A　句意：在京剧里，要求演员在脸上画多种脸谱并着色，以助于展示人物个性的深度和广度。dimension意为“广度，规模”；certificate意为“证书”；occupation意为“职业”；conscience意为“良心”。根据句意可知应选A项。‎ ‎4．My father's morning ________ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.‎ A．drill B．convention C．regulation D．practice 解析：选D　句意：我父亲早晨的惯例包括在公园里慢跑，和吃早饭的时候读报。drill意为“演习；电钻；练习”；convention意为“习俗，惯例；协定，常规”；regulation意为“规则，法规；规章制度”；practice意为“实践；惯例”。根据句意可知应选D项。‎ ‎5．(2018·江苏六校联考)As to cooperation, Chairman Xi Jinping ‎ stressed that we should replace the “winnertakeall” thought with an allwin ________.‎ A．debate B．issue C．approach D．worry 解析：选C　句意：关于合作，习近平主席强调说我们应该用共赢的方法取代“赢者通吃”的思想。approach“方法，途径”，符合句意。debate“辩论”；issue“问题”；worry“担心”。‎ ‎6．(2018·南京模拟)Combustible (可燃的) ice, which could ease our energy dependence on them, is seen as a(n) ________ to coal and oil.‎ A．advantage B．challenge C．alternative D．promotion 解析：选C　句意：可燃冰能够缓解我们对能源的依赖，它被看作是煤和石油的替代品。alternative“可供选择的事物”，符合句意。advantage“优点，有利条件”；challenge“挑战”；promotion“提升，促进”。‎ ‎7．(2018·苏、锡、常、镇高三模拟)The quiet life of the country has never had ________ to me in that I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window. ‎ A．appeal B．appetite C．affection D．application 解析：选A　句意：宁静的乡村生活从来没有吸引过我，因为我总认为乡村是透过火车车窗看到的那样。appeal“吸引力，感染力”；appetite“胃口”；affection“感情”；application“应用，运用；申请”。‎ ‎8．(2018·南京、盐城高三模拟)Teachers' ________ to education should receive great respect from everyone because it benefits the development of society.‎ A．devotion B．principle C．identity D．guidance 解析：选A　句意：教师对教育的奉献应该受到每个人的极大尊重，因为它有益于社会的发展。devotion“奉献”；principle“原则”；identity“身份”；guidance“指导”。结合句意可知，答案选A项。‎ ‎9．(2018·南通、泰州、扬州高三模拟)As is well known to all, the online word “selfie” is gaining ________ and more and more people tend to use it nowadays. ‎ A．access B．admission C．control D．currency 解析：选D　句意：众所周知，网络词汇“自拍”正被人们接受，如今越来越多的人倾向于使用它。currency “通用；流行”，符合语境。access“进入权；使用权；接触的机会”；admission“准许进入”；control“控制”。‎