【英语】2018届二轮复习短文语法填空解题之一：纯空格填空题学案（11页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习短文语法填空解题之一：纯空格填空题学案（11页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 短文语法填空解题之一：纯空格填空题 语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考查学生对语法和词汇的运用能力，语法填空分两种形式：纯空格填空题和提示性填空题。这里先讲第一种情况：纯空格填空题。‎ 做此类题时，首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词，然后根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词，具体分析方法有：‎ 一、限定词 若名词前是空格，且没有限定词，很可能是填冠词、形容词性物主代词或some、any、other、another等限定词；有的名词前有限定词，比如：序数词，形容词的最高级等，其前用定冠词。‎ 例1：【2015课标II】 The adobe dwellings built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ______ most modern of architects and engineers.‎ 答案与分析：the。这里名词由形容词的最高级修饰，因此用定冠词。‎ 例2：【2015广东】He owned ______ farm, which looked almost abandoned.‎ 答案与分析：a。名词farm前应该有冠词，因为在文章中第一次出现，所以用不定冠词。‎ 例3：【2010广东】 After the student left, the teacher let ______ student taste the water.‎ 答案与分析：another。上文谈到一个学生让老师品尝他从沙漠里带了来的泉水，当那个学生离开后，老师让另一个学生品尝这泉水的味道。根据语境这里填写限定词another。‎ 二、代词 如果句子中缺少主语或宾语，一定是填写代词。代词可以代替人和事物的名称。如果上文出现过某人或某事物，下文中再次提起时，可以不重复，用代词代替人和事物的名称。‎ 例1：【2014广东】 Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said ______ was a wonderful holiday destination.‎ 答案与分析：it。第二个句子中的宾语从句缺主语，这里it代替前文提到过的Miami。‎ 例2：【2010广东】He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like ______?”‎ 答案与分析：it。这个句子缺宾语，用it代替前文提到过的物water。‎ 三、介词 如果名词或代词前是空格，而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语、或动词的宾语，很可能是填介词。‎ 例1：【2015课标I】 For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ______ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.‎ 答案与分析：by。这里的car不作主语、表语或动词的宾语，可以看出其前面应该填写介词，这里的介词短语作状语。‎ 例2：【2015课标II】 When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ______ the same time, they warm up again for the night.‎ 答案与分析：at。at the same time是固定搭配。‎ 四、并列连词 若两个或几个单词、短语或句子之间没有连词，并且是并列的关系，可能填写并列连词。‎ 例1：【2014课标II】 There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ______ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.‎ 答案与分析：and。“There were many people waiting at the bus stop”是个完整的句子，“some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.”也是个完整的句子，两句之间是并列关系。‎ 例2：【2014课标I】 But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ______ even a few months.‎ 答案与分析：or。a few days和a few months是两个并列的短语。‎ 五、状语从句的连词 如果两个句子出现（一套主谓关系算一个句子），其中一个句子前有空格，就要考虑两个句子之间的关系。如果两个句子之间没有分号，也没有句号，很可能前面带空格的句子就是一个从句。根据句意判断其是什么样的从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。‎ 例1：【2012广东】 ______he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.‎ 答案与分析：Although/Though。这里有两个句子，“______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back”和“he was wrong.”，且两个句子之间没有分号或句号，根据句意可知，第一个句子是让步状语从句。‎ 例2：【2011广东】 My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me ______ the bus arrived.‎ 答案与分析：until/till。这里有两个句子“My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me”和“______ the bus arrived.”第二个句子前有空，根据句意可知，第二个句子是时间状语从句。‎ 六、名词性从句的连词 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，名词性从句无论作什么成分，其前必须有连接词，连接词that有时候可以省略。‎ 例1：【2015课标II】As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ______ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.‎ 答案与分析：how。因为“...the Pueblo Indians figured out”和“...the adobe walls needed to be...”是两套主谓关系，即两个句子，它们之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词；根据句意，确定填写连词how。‎ 例2：【2014广东】 I didn’t understand ______ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.‎ 答案与分析：why。“I didn’t understand”和“this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.”是两套主谓关系，即两个句子，它们之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词；根据句意，确定填写连词why。‎ 七、定语从句的关系词 定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。因此当所填空前有一个名词时，且空指代的是名词，那么名词后的从句前应该填写关系词。‎ 例：【2015课标I】 I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.‎ 答案与分析：that/which。这里有两套主谓关系，“I’d skipped nearby Guilin...”和“are pictured...”， 两句之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词或关系词；根据句子结构，第二个句子少主语，先行词是Guilin，根据定语从句中关系词的使用规则，这里填写that/which。‎ 八、疑问代词、疑问副词等 判断句子是否用特殊疑问词时，根据语境来确定，并考虑用什么样的疑问词。‎ 例：‎ ‎【2013广东】 His son looked surprised, “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, not save a bit of money?”‎ 答案与分析：why。上文谈到父亲让儿子去买盐，告诉儿子付钱的时候不可以多付。也不可以少付。儿子不解地问：“如果我能少付钱的话，为什么我不省点钱呢？”‎ 九、it的用法 It可以作形式主语、形式宾语；虚义it。‎ 例：‎ ‎【2009广东】 She remembered how difficult was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.‎ 答案与分析：it。这里it在宾语从句中作形式主语，从句中真正的主语是动词不定式“to choose...”。‎ 十、强调结构、倒装句的功能词等 注意考查强调结构中的that、who的一些固定结构，倒装结构的功能词等。若句子结构完整，空格后的动词是原形，很可能是填写情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词。‎ 例：【2014课标II】Then the driver stood up and asked, “ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop? ”‎ 答案与分析：Did。根据本句中last stop可知，句子的时态应该是过去时态，因此一般疑问句的助动词是did。‎ 总之，以上讲解了语法填空题的部分微技能，例题都来自于高考真题，具有代表性。无论试题如何变化，万变不离其宗，只要牢固掌握英语的语法和词汇知识，就一定能做好语法填空题中的纯空格填空题。‎ 典题演练 ‎ 【一】‎ What defines a healthy city? Is it a place with a lot of open spaces __1__ people can exercise and enjoy the fresh air? A place with little or no pollution? A place in which people can __2__ (free) socialize and express their ideas? Perhaps, it’s all that plus more. Other considerations are the availability of health and fitness facilities, an excellent healthcare program and sincere efforts by __3__ local government to actively promote health and wellness among its citizens. Of all the cities in the world, one of the top six __4__ (healthy) cities is Copenhagen, Denmark.‎ Copenhageners love to walk. Foot traffic accounts __5__ 80% of all traffic in the Copenhagen city center. Those who prefer can also bike. It is estimated that more than a third of all work trips in Copenhagen __6__ (carry) out on a bike. As for the climate here, the city does not have the blessing of pleasant weather all year round. __7__ everything starts to freeze, it turns several city squares into huge skating fields. The frozen parts of the city also make __8__ easier for residents to skate around. The city also has museums and art galleries for the kids and __9__ (grownup). It has the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Art and the Royal Library housed in a rather grand building __10__ (call) the Black ‎ Diamond.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了世界上最健康的六大城市之一——哥本哈根。‎ ‎1．where　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为open spaces，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。‎ ‎2．freely　修饰动词短语“socialize and express their ideas”，应用副词freely。‎ ‎3．the　根据语境可知，此处表特指。‎ ‎4．healthiest　此处表示“最健康的六大城市之一”，应用形容词最高级。‎ ‎5. for　步行占交通总量的80%。account for“占(一定数量或比例)”，是固定短语。‎ ‎6．are carried　work trips与carry out存在动宾关系，空处应用被动语态；根据文章的整体时态可知，空处应用一般现在时；由“a third of all work trips”可知，空处应填are carried。‎ ‎7．When/As　当开始上冻的时候，一些城市广场就变成了巨大的溜冰场。when/as“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎8．it　本处it为形式宾语，真正的宾语是to skate around。‎ ‎9．grownups　本处and连接两个并列的名词。由kids可知应填grownups。‎ ‎10．‎ called　call与被修饰的名词building之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词作定语。‎ ‎ 【二】‎ As you know, science plays a very important role in our __1__ (educate). Do you want to keep up __2__ the latest research and discoveries in science? There are many good websites __3__ you can visit to check out the latest in the science world.‎ One great site is Science News for Kids. This site reports science news __4__ (cover) a wide range of subjects. The articles are written with the interests and instructive experience of younger readers in mind, but adults will find this site __5__ (suit) for them as well.‎ Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day, __6__ (call) Science Daily. The site is __7__ (constant) updated with news, often about exciting findings that change how we view the world. Whether it’s newly unearthed discoveries about creatures that have been gone for millions of years __8__ the latest advances in medicine, you’ll find it at Science Daily.‎ ‎__9__ (this) sites post stories as they become news and also keep all the past articles for you to read __10__ (late). That way you can enter a search term and find articles just about anything related to science that they’ve ever published.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了科学在教育中所起的重要作用。‎ ‎1．education　根据词法知识可知，形容词性物主代词“our”后应接名词。故填education。‎ ‎2．with　keep up with为固定搭配，意为“跟上，赶上”。故填with。‎ ‎3．which/that　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“many good websites”，在从句中作动词“visit”的宾语，指物，所以用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。‎ ‎4．covering　分析句子结构可知，句子谓语为“reports”，故空格处应用非谓语动词；动词cover与被修饰词“news”之间构成主谓关系，所以用现在分词作定语。故填covering。‎ ‎5．suitable/suited　根据语境可知，成年人会觉得这个网站也适合他们。此处用形容词suitable或suited作宾语“this site”的补足语。故填suitable/suited。‎ ‎6．is called　动词call与主语“Another wonderful site”之间构成被动关系，且叙述的是现在的事实，所以应使用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is called。‎ ‎7．constantly　根据词汇知识可知，此处应用副词修饰动词“updated”。故填constantly。‎ ‎8．or　句意：不论是已消失百万年的在地下新发现的生物还是医药学的最新进展，你都可以在Science Daily上找到。whether ...or ...为固定搭配，意为“是……还是……”。故填or。‎ ‎9．These　根据空格后的“sites”可知，此处应用代词this的复数形式。故填These。注意首字母大写。‎ ‎10．later　根据词汇知识可知，此处应用副词later修饰动词“read”。later意为“后来，稍后”。‎