【英语】2019届二轮语法复习专题十三非谓语动词（16页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮语法复习专题十三非谓语动词（16页word版）

‎2019届二轮语法复习专题十三非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词已经成为语法填空、短文改错的必考点。‎ 考生做题时应做到以下几点：‎ ‎1．正确分析句子结构。如果句中已有谓语动词，那么另外一个给出动词提示词的多为考查非谓语动词。‎ ‎2．根据非谓语动词在句中所作成分、句式的特殊要求，决定用非谓语动词的哪种形式。‎ ‎3．确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主谓关系还是动宾关系。‎ 非谓语动词的基本用法 一．动词不定式 ‎1．基本形式为“to＋动词原形”，否定形式为“not to＋动词原形”，时态和语态变化(以build为例)如下：‎ 语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to build to be built 进行式 to be building ‎/‎ 完成式 to have built to have been built ‎2.不定式的用法：‎ ‎(1)作主语：不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作。常用it作形式主语， 而不定式作真正主语。此外，不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎(2)作表语：不定式作表语常表示将来的具体的动作或状态。‎ ‎(3)作宾语：常用不定式作宾语的动词有afford，agree，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，want，wish，offer，pretend，promise，choose，demand，fail，long等。如：‎ When our visit to the farm was over，we expected to start back on foot.‎ ‎(4)作宾语补足语：常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有want，advise，allow，appoint，cause，challenge，command，drive，enable，encourage，forbid，force，hire，instruct，invite，order，permit等。如：‎ He wants you to be his assistant.‎ ‎(5)作定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。如：‎ I have an email to send.‎ ‎(6)作状语 功能 用法 原因状语 多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有：happy，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，pleased等。‎ 目的状语 可与so as to/in order to 替换，但so as to 一般不可置于句首 结果状态 常表示意想不到的结果，常用only to do 如：I was happy to hear the news.(原因状语)‎ To meet the movie star I got up very early.(目的状语)‎ I rushed to school，only to find nobody was there.(结果状语)‎ 注意：不定式表结果的固定结构：only/just to do；too... to...；so/such as to...；...enough(for sb.) to do...‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused ________(stop) until ‎ we reached the next stop.‎ 解析：to stop　句意：我听见身后的乘客冲着司机大喊，但是司机拒绝停车，直到到达下一个车站。refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某事”。此处不定式作宾语。‎ ‎2．There are many different ways ________ (kill) their spare time.‎ 解析：to kill/of killing　句意：他们有很多不同的消磨业余时间的方式。此处动词不定式在句中作定语。此处也可以用of killing来修饰ways。‎ ‎3．I offered give her a ride and she accepted.‎ 解析：在offered后加to　句意：我主动提出捎她一程，她接受了。offer to do sth. “主动提出要做某事”。此处不定式作宾语。‎ ‎4．But I was very happy have a second chance to do it.‎ 解析：在happy后加to　句意：但是我很开心又有一次机会做这件事情。be happy to do sth.“高兴做某事”。‎ ‎5．Exposed to such bad weather，what should we do protect our environment?‎ 解析：在do后加to　句意：处于这样糟糕的天气中，我们应该做些什么来保护我们的环境呢？动词不定式在句中作目的状语。‎ 二．动名词 ‎1．基本形式为v.ing，时态、语态变化(以build为例)如下：‎ 语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 building being built 完成式 having built having been built ‎2.动名词的基本用法 ‎(1)作主语：动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的动作。考生要注意掌握it作形式主语，动名词是真正的主语的常见句型：It is no good/use/useless/fun/a waste of sth.＋doing sth.。如：‎ Playing with others helps them learn how to get along with all kinds of people.‎ ‎(2)作宾语：动名词可以作及物动词、某些动词短语以及介词的宾语。下列动词(短语)常接动名词作宾语：advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，excuse，enjoy，escape，finish，imagine，keep(on)，mind，practice，suggest，miss，give up，insist on，think of，dream of，hear of，depend on，feel like，get used to，can’t stand，prevent/stop/keep... from...，look forward to等。如：‎ I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.‎ You must give up smoking，for it does too much harm to your health.‎ ‎(3)作表语。表示经常性的，习惯性的行为。如：‎ Her job is washing and cooking.‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎6．He got wellprepared for the job interview，for he couldn’t risk ________ (lose) the good opportunity.‎ 解析：losing　risk doing sth. “冒险做某事”，为固定搭配，所以此处应用动名词。‎ ‎7．Others are addicted to play computer games.‎ 解析：play→playing　be addicted to doing sth.“沉迷于……”，to 为介词，故此处应用动名词。‎ ‎8．What I hate most is laughed at.‎ 解析：在is后加being　分析句子结构可知，is后是表语，且此处表被动，因此要用being done。‎ 注意：有些动词后既可以加to do又可以加doing，要注意其区别。如try to do尽力做某事/try doing尝试做某事，remember to do记得去做/remember doing记得做过，forget to do忘记去做/forget doing忘记做过，regret to do很遗憾……/regret doing后悔做过某事，mean to do打算做某事/mean doing意味着做某事，can’t help to do不能帮助做某事/can’t help doing情不自禁做某事等。‎ 三．分词：现在分词和过去分词 分词的基本用法：‎ ‎1．作定语：现在分词作定语表示动词与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系，常表示正在进行的主动动作；过去分词作定语表示动词与其逻辑主语之间为动宾关系，常表示已完成的被动动作。如：‎ The sleeping child is only five years old.‎ The stolen car was found by the police last week.‎ ‎2．作补语：能用分词作宾语补足语的动词有see，hear，watch，feel，make，keep，leave，find，have，get等。如：‎ We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.‎ When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.‎ ‎3．作状语：作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。‎ 形式 意义 doing 与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与谓语动词表示的动作(或状态)同时发生或几乎同时发生，表示主动、进行 having done 与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词表示的动作发生，表示主动、完成 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成；用作形容词的过去分词表状态 being done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，表示被动、进行，意为“正在被……”‎ having been done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，先于句中谓语动词表示的动作发生，表示被动、完成 分词作状语，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与while，when，once，if，unless等连词连用。‎ When offered help，one often says“Thank you”or “it’s kind of you”．(时间)‎ Having smoked too much，he has suffered from lung cancer.(原因)‎ Generally speaking，if taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.(条件)‎ He glanced at her，noting that though she was tiny，she seemed very well.(结果)‎ Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)‎ The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴随)‎ Seen from the hill，the city looks beautiful.(时间)‎ Seeing from the hill，we find the city beautiful.(时间)‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎9．________ (inspire) by the spirit of the spider，the general gathered his soldiers and trained them carefully.‎ 解析：Inspired　句意：将军受到蜘蛛的勇气的鼓舞，他把士兵们集合起来认真操练。分析句子结构可知，空格处作状语，又因为the general与inspire构成动宾关系，因此用过去分词inspired。‎ ‎10．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)．‎ 解析：disappointed　分析句子结构可知，and连接两个并列成分，此处应用分词作表语。disappointing“令人失望的，令人沮丧的”；disappointed“失望，沮丧”。故填过去分词形式。‎ ‎11．I have a good command of English，and it is an advantage when apply for a job like this.‎ 解析：apply→applying　分析句子结构可知，此处是“when＋分词”结构，又因为apply与主句主语I构成主谓关系，因此要用现在分词applying。‎ ‎12．Since I participated in various activities organizing by the club，I have achieved a lot.‎ 解析：organizing→organized　句意：自从我参加了这个俱乐部组织的各种各样的活动，我收获很多。分析句子结构可知，organize与activities构成动宾关系，因此用过去分词organized作后置定语。‎ 四．with的复合结构 ‎1．with复合结构的构成：with＋宾语＋宾语补足语，其中宾语可以是名词或是代词，宾语补足语可以是过去分词、现在分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词。‎ ‎2．with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。如：‎ He went to Shenzhen with his wife pregnant with her second child.‎ 他在老婆怀第二个孩子的时候去了深圳。‎ Do you know the person on the stage with a guitar in his right hand?‎ 你认识舞台上那个右手拿着吉他的人吗？‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎13．Keep the injured with his/her head ________ (hold) straight while someone calls for emergency.‎ 解析：held　句意：当其他人叫救护车的时候，你要把伤者的头扶直。head和hold构成动宾关系，因此应该用过去分词held。‎ ‎14．With her health broken down，she had to quit the job she loved.‎ 解析：broken→breaking　句意：当她的身体垮掉的时候，她不得不离开自己喜爱的岗位。break down与health构成主谓关系，因此用现在分词breaking。‎ 非谓语动词作定语 定语形式 功能 现在分词一般式doing 表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中 现在分词一般式的被动结构being done 表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中 过去分词一般式done 表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成 动词不定式to do 表示将要发生的动作 动词不定式一般式的被动结构to be done 表示将要被做的动作 The boy sitting by the window is Tom.(主动)‎ The houses being_built are for the teachers.(被动，正在进行)‎ The houses built last year are for the teachers.(被动)‎ The houses to_be_built next year are for the teachers.(被动，将来)‎ 注意①准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系；②准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间，即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。‎ 非谓语动词的特殊用法 一．动词不定式省略to的情况 ‎1．在感官动词(feel，hear，see，watch，notice等)和使役动词(let，make，have等)之后应用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。如：‎ Please watch me draw the picture，and then try to learn.‎ 请看我画这幅画，然后试着画。‎ He made his workers work twelve hours a day.‎ 他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句改错 ‎15．He showed his mother the beautiful snake and begged her to let him keeping it.‎ 解析：keeping→keep　句意：他给妈妈看那条漂亮的蛇，并央求她让他养着那条蛇。let sb.do sth.“让某人做某事”。此处使役动词let后应跟省to的不定式作宾语补足语。‎ ‎16．I saw him entering the office，but I didn’t notice when he left.‎ 解析：entering→enter　句意：我看见他进了办公室但我不知道他什么时候离开的。see sb.doing sth.“看见某人正在做某事”；see sb.do sth.“看见某人做某事”，强调过程，故此处应改entering为enter。‎ ‎2．有两个或两个以上的不定式并列(尤其是用连词and或or连接)时，第二个不定式的to可省略。如：‎ I hardly know whether to laugh or cry.‎ 我几乎不知道是哭还是笑。‎ I want to call on my teacher and ask him some questions.‎ 我想去看望老师顺便问他一些问题。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句改错 ‎17．He promised to teach me how to use the computer and lent me some money.‎ 解析：lent→lend　句意：他答应教我怎么使用电脑，还答应借给我点钱。此处lend和teach为并列关系，lend前省略了不定式符号to。‎ ‎18．He agreed to go back to school and studied hard to go to a good university.‎ 解析：studied→study　句意：他同意重返校园，并且努力学习争取考上好大学。study和go是并列关系，study前省略了不定式符号to。‎ ‎3．下列固定词组或短语后要用省to的不定式：can’t choose but do sth./can’t help but do sth.不得不做某事；had better do sth.最好做某事；would rather do sth.than do sth./would do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿做某事也不……；may/might as well do sth.还是……的好；do nothing but do sth. 只好做某事；have nothing to do but do sth.只能做某事；Why do sth.？为什么做某事？Why not do sth.为什么不做某事？如：‎ We can’t choose but wait.‎ 我们只能等待。‎ I would rather stay than go to town with her.‎ 我宁愿留下来也不愿跟她去城里。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句改错 ‎19．I can’t help but to look after my little sister because my parents are not in.‎ 解析：去掉to　句意：我爸爸妈妈都不在家，因此我不得不照顾我的小妹妹。can’t help but do sth.“不得不做某事”。‎ ‎20．I did nothing but cried when I heard the bad news.‎ 解析：cried→cry　句意：当我听到那个坏消息时，我只是哭。do nothing but do sth.“除了做……别无选择”，所以此处应该用动词原形。‎ ‎4．当动词不定式在系动词be后作表语时，如果主语部分有实义动词do或do的其他形式，可以省略to。如：‎ The only thing I want to do now is (to) lie in bed.‎ 我唯一想做的事情就是躺在床上。‎ 二．非谓语动词的几种固定形式 ‎1．动词不定式用在how，when，where，what，which，who，whether等后面，构成“疑问词＋to do”结构，相当于名词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：‎ I don’t know what to do next.‎ 我不知道下一步该做什么。‎ Who to go there first has not been decided.‎ 谁第一个去那里还没有定下来。‎ For a fresh man of society，the question is how to start work.‎ 对于一个刚涉世的人来说，问题是如何开始工作。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎21．In society，I really don’t know who ________ (compete) fairly with.‎ 解析：to compete　句意：在社会上，我真不知道应该和谁公平竞争。分析句子结构可知，此处是“疑问词＋to do”结构，所以填to compete。‎ ‎22．Since stress can make us sick，we have to learn what to deal with it.‎ 解析：what→how　句意：因为压力会让我们不舒服，因此我们必须学会克服它。分析句子结构可知，此处是“疑问词＋to do”结构，又因为deal with后有宾语it，所以此处疑问词应用how。‎ ‎2．句型“主语It＋be said/reported/believed/announced/thought...＋to do/to have done sth.……据说/据报道/人们相信/据宣布/大家认为……”。如：‎ It is believed that the couple have left the country.‎ 据信，那对夫妇已经离开了这个国家。‎ ‎—Is Bob still performing?‎ 鲍勃还表演吗？‎ ‎—I’m afraid not.He is said to have left the stage as he has become an official.‎ 恐怕不了。据说他离开舞台了，因为他现在是一名官员。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎23．Robert is said ________ (study) abroad，but I don’t know what country he studied in.‎ 解析：to have studied　句意：据说罗伯特出国留过学，但是我不知道他在哪个国家学习的。study这一动作发生在said之前，从后面studied所用过去时态可知这一事早已发生。所以应用to have done形式。‎ ‎3．固定句型sth.need/want/require/deserve...＋doing/to be done“某事需要被做”。如：‎ The window needs/requires/wants/deserves cleaning/to be cleaned.‎ 窗户需要清理一下。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎24．The matter needs ________ (look) into.‎ 解析：to be looked/looking　句意：这件事需要调查。need doing ＝ need to be done “(某事)需要被做”。‎ 一．高考对非谓语动词的考查比较全面，主要集中在以下几点 ‎1．考查非谓语动词和谓语动词的区别。‎ ‎2．考查非谓语动词作定语。‎ ‎3．考查非谓语动词作状语。‎ ‎4．考查非谓语动词作补足语。‎ ‎5．考查非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语。‎ ‎(非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语主要适用于不定式和动名词。)‎ 二．有助于解答非谓语动词题的几点原则 ‎1．用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式。‎ ‎2．用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词。‎ ‎ing形式作伴随状语与to do作目的状语的区别：作伴随状语的ing 形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面常常带一逗号；而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生，前面不能用逗号。‎ ‎3．用作结果状语时，可用ing或不定式。‎ 一般用ing，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。‎ ‎4．凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。‎ 但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用ing的被动式。‎ ‎5．非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致。‎ ‎6．强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式。(根据情况可用不定式的完成式或ing的完成式)‎ ‎7．用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生；用ing，表示动作正在进行；用过去分词，表示动作已经发生，同时表示被动意义。‎ 三．非谓语动词解题四大步骤 ‎1．分析句子结构，辨别“谓语与非谓语”。‎ ‎2．找逻辑主语。‎ 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。一般来说，作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语；作宾语补足语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语；作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。‎ ‎3．分析语态。‎ 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。‎ ‎4．分析时态。‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fat and salt are required ________ (process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.‎ 解析：to process　be required to do sth“被要求做某事”，为固定用法。process the food“加工食物”。‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt；by ________ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.‎ 解析：eating　by为介词，故应填v.ing形式，by doing sth“通过做某事”。‎ ‎3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh ‎ vegetables!‎ 解析：pick前加to　短语invite sb. to do sth.意为：邀请某人做某事。‎ ‎4．(2017·天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train ________ (catch)．‎ 解析：to catch　句意：整个会议我都在看表，因为我要赶火车。根据I was watching the clock all through the meeting可知“我”要赶火车，同时，I与catch之间是主动关系，故用动词不定式主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎5．(2017·天津卷)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，________ (allow) more patients to be treated.‎ 解析：allowing　考查非谓语动词。句意：那所医院最近得到了新的医疗设备，从而可以使更多的病人得到治疗。此处考查非谓语动词作结果状语，v.ing形式用来表示自然而然的结果。‎ ‎6．(2017·北京卷)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ________ (save) their valuable time.‎ 解析：to save　句意：为了节省乘客宝贵的时间，许多航空公司现在允许乘客在网上打印登机卡。由句意可知，不定式短语to save their valuable time作目的状语。‎ ‎7．(2017·北京卷)The national park has a large collection of wildlife，________ (rang) from butterflies to elephants.‎ 解析：ranging　国家公园有大批野生动物，从蝴蝶到大象都有。由句子结构可知，此处应用ing形式作伴随状语，说明谓语的情况。‎ ‎8．(2017·北京卷)Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.‎ 解析：spent　考查非谓语动词作后置定语。句意：吉姆已经退休了，可是他仍然记得与他的学生一起度过的快乐时光。spend与被修饰的名词time之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用表示被动与完成意义的过去分词形式。‎ ‎9．(2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands，________ (develop) their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.‎ 解析：having developed　句意：发展了几个世纪，许多中国品牌正在面临现代市场的新挑战。考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语为句子的主语，Chinese brands与develop构成主动关系，且非谓语动词develop与谓语动词face之间存在时间先后关系，发生于谓语动词之前，故用having developed。‎ ‎10．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road，________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.‎ 解析：laying　句意：这包括挖掘道路，铺设轨道，然后在上面搭建一个结实的顶。分析句子结构可知，digging up the road，laying the track和building a strong roof over the top 是三个动名词短语作动词included的并列宾语。此处考生容易错误判断为谓语动词，而误填laid。‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2018·河南豫南九校质量考评)In addition，attracting by interesting topics，you are free to get involved in the weekly discussion.‎ 解析：attracting→attracted　本句考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：此外，由于被有趣的话题所吸引，你可以自由地参与这项每周一次的讨论。attract与主语you为被动关系，故将attracting改为attracted。‎ ‎2．(2018·湖北荆门调研)When I was in Grade 5，I met a teacher who made me remembered her forever.‎ 解析：remembered→remember　句意：在我上五年级时，我遇到了一位老师，她使我永生难忘。宾语me与remember间为逻辑上的主动关系；使役动词make后的宾语与宾语补足语为逻辑上的主动关系时，要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，故将remembered改为remember。‎ ‎3．(2018·九江十校联考)After school，I went back home on time to help my parents do some housework while enjoy some light music.‎ 解析：enjoy→enjoying　句意：放学后，我按时回家，一边听着轻音乐一边帮我父母做家务。while后没有主语，故可判断while后需用非谓语动词作状语。主语I与enjoy为逻辑上的主动关系，故将enjoy改为enjoying。‎ ‎4．(2018·临沂模拟)You can make more friends from different parts of the country by serve them when working there.‎ 解析：serve→serving　句意：当你在那里工作时，你可以通过为他们服务结交更多来自那个国家不同地区的朋友。介词by后需加动名词作宾语，故将serve改为serving。‎ ‎5．(2018·九江一中月考)There are always lots of people in the street，and there is always something ________ (see) or do.‎ 解析：to see　句意：大街上总是有很多人，总有一些事可看或者可做。There is something to do为固定句型，其中不定式to do作something的定语。‎ ‎6．(2018·长治二中等五校联考)With a ________ (puzzle) look on my face，I pointed to myself and said，“Me？”‎ 解析：puzzled　句意：脸上带着疑惑的表情，我指着自己说：“我吗？a puzzled look疑惑的表情；a puzzling look令人疑惑的表情。‎ ‎7．(2018·葫芦岛六校协作体考试)Think about the human body as an ________ (amaze) machine.‎ 解析：amazing ‎　本题考查非谓语动词作定语。句意：把人的身体看作是一种神奇的机器。amazing神奇的；amazed感到神奇的。‎ ‎8．(2018·河南八市重点高中质检)I felt hopeless and alone，and more ________ (depress) than I knew was possible.‎ 解析：depressed　句意：我感到绝望、孤独及前所未有过的沮丧。设空处作felt的表语，故填depressed。‎ ‎9．(2018·江西红色七校联考)It is ________ (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.‎ 解析：shocking　句意：令人震惊的是：一些投资银行甚至根据他们是否穿棕色鞋子来判断应聘者。shocking令人震惊的；shocked感到震惊的。‎ ‎10．(2018·龙岩五校联考)Very often，opportunities come quietly and go by without ________ (notice)．‎ 解析：being noticed　句意：机会常常是悄无声息地来，又默默而去。介词(without)后需用动名词作宾语；主语与notice之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故用being noticed。‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空 A There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one 1.________(love) her.‎ One day，2.________ (feel) very sad and lonely，she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3.________ (catch) in a thorny bush.The young girl carefully released the butterfly.Instead of 4.________ (fly) away，the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy.‎ ‎“In return for your wonderful kindness，”the good fairy said to the girl，“I will give you any wish that you would like 5.________ (get)．”The little girl thought for a moment and then replied，“I want to be happy.”‎ ‎6．________ (lean) toward her，the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared.‎ With the little girl 7.________ (grow) up，there was no one in the land happier than she was.Everyone wanted to make themselves 8.________ (tell) the secret of happiness by her.She would only smile and answer，“The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl.”‎ When she was dying，the neighbors all gathered around her，9.________ (fear) that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her.So they begged her 10.________ (tell) them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said，“She told me that everyone，no matter how old or young，how rich or poor，had need of me.”‎ 答案：1.to love　2.feeling　3.caught　4.flying　5.to get　6.Leaning　7.growing　8.told　‎ ‎9.fearing　10.to tell B How do learning habits influence learning results？It’s useful and necessary 1.________ (discuss) learning habits.There is a famous saying“Good habits lead to good endings.”2.________ (show) the importance of habits.‎ ‎“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”also shows a healthy everyday habit helps to build up our body.Thus，good learning habits can help us 3.________ (gain) great learning results，high scores and abundant knowledge 4.________ (include)．At first，learning habits form our ways of thinking and attitudes to the content of our learning.Obviously，a good habit can help us to speed up 5.________ (reach) our destinations.As we can see，6.________ (develop) a good habit is so important that I would like 7.________ (introduce) one kind of good learning habits—keeping a learning diary every day.We can start the habit by 8.________ (write) a learning summary and remember 9.________ (record) something impressive and meaningful.Keep it in mind，and gradually we can gain this good learning habit and benefit from it.‎ What’s more，I find out that I still have some bad learning habits as well.I can only concentrate on 10.________ (read) for a short time，and I will conquer this problem by spending more efforts on concentration practice.‎ I believe that through my efforts，I can gain good learning results by having good habits.‎ 答案：1.to discuss　2.showing　3.(to) gain　4.included　5.to reach　6.developing　7.to introduce　8.writing　9.to record　10.reading Ⅲ.短文改错 Manners are important to happy relations among people.No one liked a person with bad manners.Have good manners are seen by many people as a sign of cultural understanding and good taste.Polite words are one of the example. When meet people，saying“Hello！”or“How are you？”and so on means you are very polite, which will make that easy for you to communicate with others.However，other people will hate get on with you and your life will become difficulty. Only by say polite words can you get on well with others.‎ All in all，it is polite words that will make your life becoming convenient.‎ 答案：‎ Manners are important to happy relations among people.No one a person with bad manners. good manners seen by many people as a sign of cultural understanding and good taste.Polite words are one of the . When people，saying “Hello！”or “How are you？”and so on means you are very polite, which will make easy for you to ‎ communicate with others. ，other people will hate on with you and your life will become difficult.Only by polite words can you get on well with others.‎ All in all，it is polite words that will make your life convenient.‎