秘笈01+冠词、名词、代词-备战2019年高考英语抢分秘籍

秘笈01+冠词、名词、代词-备战2019年高考英语抢分秘籍

‎ ‎ 考点 1 冠词 ‎ 冠词是历年高考的必考点，对于冠词的考查主要集中在冠词的基本用法和习惯用法，高考中常见的考点如下：‎ ‎① 冠词的泛指、特指 ‎② 在形容词和副词比较等级前的用法 ‎③ 固定搭配 ‎④ a 和an的区别（2017新增）‎ 预计2019年的高考仍然会以考查冠词在具体语境中的正确使用为主，以语篇型语法填空和短文改错的形式出现，它可能把冠词的各种用法结合名词一起进行考查。‎ 考向1 不定冠词 ‎1. 与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别，泛指一类人或事物。 ‎ ‎ ☞—I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.‎ ‎ —You shouldn’t put drinks near a computer. ‎ ‎2. 用来表示不确定的某一个, 相当于 a certain。 ‎ ‎ ☞—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? ‎ ‎ —Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.‎ ‎3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示＂每一（单位）的……＂。 ‎ ‎ ☞I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays. ‎ ‎4. 在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词，使之意义具体化，表示＂一种＂、‎ ‎ ＂一件＂、＂一份＂等。‎ ‎ ☞It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(honour是抽象名词，an ‎ ‎ honour指一件荣誉的事)‎ ‎5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示＂再一，又一＂。‎ ‎ ☞She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.‎ ‎ 她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。 ‎ ‎1. （2018·新课标II卷·短文改错）As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.‎ ‎【答案】the改为a ‎ ‎【解析】考查冠词。这里表示＂作为一个孩子＂，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。‎ ‎2.（2017·新课标1卷语法填空）As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.‎ ‎【答案】a ‎ ‎【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示＂结果＂。句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。‎ ‎3.（2017新课标3卷语法填空）But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting (rest). Instead, she is earning £6500 a day as 62 model in New York.‎ ‎【答案】a ‎【解析】考查冠词。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指 ＂一个＂，故填a。‎ ‎4. I wonder what it feels to be one of _________really rich. The Browns already have two Rolls Royce and now ‎ ‎ they are buying ________ third.‎ ‎ A. the; a B. the ;the ‎ ‎ C./;a D./;the ‎【答案】A ‎5.（2016·全国新课标卷II·语法填空）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48 while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy. ‎ ‎【答案】a ‎【解析】介词短语for a while意为＂一会儿＂，本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和大脑休息一会儿。‎ ‎1. 用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所修饰。 ‎ ‎ ☞Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was the most ‎ ‎ important one.‎ ‎2. 指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。 ‎ ‎ ☞Don’t worry if you can’t come to the party. I’ll save some cake for you. ‎ ‎3. 复述上文中提到的事物。 ‎ ‎ ☞There is a shelf in my father’s room. The shelf is new.‎ ‎4. 用于单数可数名词之前, 表示该类事物, 相当于 a。 ‎ ‎ ☞When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat. ‎ ‎5. 序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the。 ‎ ‎ ☞The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small. ‎ ‎6. 用于复数姓氏之前, 表示＂夫妇＂或＂全家＂。 ‎ ‎ ☞The Whites settled down in Canada last year.‎ ‎ 去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。‎ ‎7. 表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。 ‎ ‎ ☞the sun, the moon, the earth, the world ‎8. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及些建筑物等 ‎ 名称前。 ‎ ‎ ☞According to the World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the ‎ ‎ spread of AIDS. ‎ ‎9. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。‎ ‎ ☞Many of the injured are still in danger.‎ ‎ 许多受伤者仍处于危险中。‎ ‎ ☞the rich the poor, the old ‎ the wounded the living the dead ‎10. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。‎ ‎ ☞the east 东部　 play the piano 弹钢琴 ‎1. （2017年新课标3卷短文改错）Around me in picture are the things which were very important in my life at that ‎ ‎ time: car magazines and musical instruments.‎ ‎【答案】 picture前加the或this ‎ ‎【解析】考查限定词的用法。单数可数名词前应该有限定词，根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this。‎ ‎2. Xi Jinping met with Hung Hsiu-chu, chairwoman of Kuomintang (KMT) Party, and called for ‎ ‎ officials on both sides of the Taiwan Straits to remain committed to one-China consensus(共识).‎ ‎ A. the; the B.不填; the ‎ ‎ C.不填; a D. the; 不填 ‎【答案】B ‎3. This type of machine is on way out, so what on earth shall I buy it for?‎ ‎ A. /; / B. a; the ‎ ‎ C. the; / D. the; the ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查冠词。句意：这种机器即将过时，所以我到底为什么买它呢？on the way out＂即将过时；即将被淘汰＂是固定搭配，on earth＂究竟；到底＂是固定搭配。故选C。‎ ‎【巧学妙记】‎ 定冠词的用法口诀：‎ 特指双知上文提，独一无二普遍专；‎ 方位顺序最高级；赛项乐器影剧院；‎ 姓氏复数一家人，形容词前可数单；‎ 群岛河山江湖海，沙漠海峡和海湾。‎ 阶级党派国全名，组织团体与机关。‎ 连续应用比较级，朝代年代按天算。‎ 考向3 零冠词 ‎1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。‎ ‎ ☞Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts. ‎ ‎ 偏远地区非常需要教师。‎ ‎2. 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。‎ ‎ ☞Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and ‎ ‎ Cambridge.＂‎ ‎ 这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。‎ ‎3. 月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前； ‎ ‎②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手 ‎ 里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves， ‎ ‎ wolves，halves。‎ 但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。‎ ‎③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors ‎(2)不规则变化 ‎①自身有特殊变化的名词 ‎ child孩子→children　 man男人→men　 tooth牙→teeth ‎　 foot脚，英尺→feet　 mouse老鼠→mice　 phenomenon现象→phenomena　‎ ‎ medium传播媒介→media ‎②常见单复数同形的名词：‎ ‎ Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。 其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。‎ ‎ ☞Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill. ‎ ‎ ☞Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked. ‎ ‎③合成名词的复数形式：‎ ‎ son-in-law → sons-in-law passer-by → passers-by story-teller → story-tellers ‎【名师点睛】‎ 名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：‎ woman singer → women singers ‎1.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).‎ ‎【答案】causes ‎ ‎【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。‎ ‎2.（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为there） again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.‎ ‎【答案】chicken改为chickens ‎【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。‎ ‎3.（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ ‎【答案】effects ‎ ‎4.（2017新课标卷Ⅱ·语法填空）In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ ‎【答案】crowds ‎【解析】此处表示复数概念，crowd前没有冠词，且它是可数名词，故填crowds.‎ ‎5.（2017新课标卷Ⅲ·语法填空）She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.‎ ‎【答案】invitations ‎ ‎【解析】考查名词单复数。several修饰可数名词复数形式，故填invitations。‎ ‎6.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract)... The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ ‎2. 不可数名词 ‎(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。‎ ‎(2)不可数名词具体化 ‎①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：‎ 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success ‎ 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 ‎ failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 ‎ shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。‎ ‎②物质名词具体化 ‎ drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料　 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡　‎ ‎ chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔　 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发 ‎③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：‎ ‎ ☞Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.‎ ‎ 在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。‎ ‎（3）＂of+抽象名词＂相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significance, help 等。‎ ‎ ☞It’s of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。‎ ‎ ☞The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。‎ ‎1. Your advice is of little _________. It doesn’t help to improve our English. ‎ ‎ A. useful      B. uselessness  ‎ ‎ C. importance   D. helpless ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】 此题考查的是＂be of +(形容词)＋抽象名词＂的用法。useful和helpless为形容词，故排除A和D, 根据后半句知＂建议不能帮助我们提高英语成绩＂，前半句也应该表示否定意义，　little 本来就表否定意义，而uselessness又是否定意义，故排除B。‎ ‎2. She has gained many unforgettable _________ about animals when _________ in the forest doing research.‎ ‎ A. experiences; stayed B. experiences; staying ‎ C. experience; stayed D. experience; staying ‎【答案】B ‎3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配 ‎◆修饰可数的量词： a number of, the number of, many, a great/good many few , a few, several ‎ ‎◆修饰不可数的量词： a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little ◆两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , quantity of 考向2 名词的格 ‎1. －’s所有格 ‎①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。 ‎ ‎ ☞Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。‎ ‎ ☞Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。‎ ‎②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。‎ ‎ at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室 ‎2. of所有格 ‎ 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。‎ ‎ the content of the novel小说的内容 ‎ the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字 ‎3. 双重所有格 ‎ 指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。‎ ‎ a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)‎ ‎ a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)‎ ‎1. （2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.‎ ‎【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。‎ ‎2. 　 　　 mother was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.‎ ‎ A. John and Mary B. John’s and Mary’s ‎ C. John’s and Mary D. John and Mary’s ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：约翰和玛丽的妈妈被接收入院后五个小时都不省人事。此处主语是单数名词，‎ 表示"约翰和玛丽共有的妈妈"，所以只在最后一个名词词尾加-’s。如表示"他们各自的母亲",则用John’s and Mary’s mothers。‎ 考向3 名词作定语 ‎1. 直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。‎ ‎ college students大学生 girl friend女友 ‎ ‎ vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛 ‎ ☞Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！‎ ‎ ☞He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。‎ ‎2. 名词所有格作定语。‎ ‎ students’ books学生用书 China’s capital中国的首都 ‎ ‎ the world’s population世界人口 ‎3. man，woman，gentleman作定语 ‎ man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。‎ ‎ ☞He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. ‎ ‎ 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。‎ ‎ ☞There are many men teachers in our school. ‎ ‎ 我们学校有很多男教师。‎ ‎4. 某些常用复数的名词用作定语 ‎ 某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。‎ ‎ arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 ‎ sales department营业部 a goods train货车 ‎ ‎ savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系 ‎5. 单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。‎ ‎ ☞Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部 ‎6. 表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。‎ ‎ a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) ‎ ‎ a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)‎ ‎7. 两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。‎ ‎ women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机 ‎ girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友 ‎ mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头 ‎8. 名词与其同根形容词都可以作定语，但意思上往往有差别：用名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的质地 ‎ 或性质；用名词的同根形容词作定语，则说明被修饰的名词的特征。‎ ‎ gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) ‎ ‎ golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)‎ 考向4 主谓一致 高考主谓一致的知识结构 一致原则 考点详解 例句 语法一致 ‎1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ His father is working on the farm.‎ To study English well is not easy.‎ What he said is very important for us all.‎ The children were in the classroom two hours ago. ‎ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.‎ ‎2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。‎ Lucy and Lily are twins. ‎ She and I are classmates.‎ The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. ‎ Both she and he are Young Pioneers.‎ ‎3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。‎ Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China. ‎ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.‎ She，like you and Tom，is very tall. ‎ ‎4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。‎ Each of us has a new book.‎ Everything around us is matter.‎ ‎5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。‎ He is one of my friends who are working hard. ‎ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. ‎ ‎6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。‎ Class Four is on the third floor. ‎ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.‎ 注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.‎ ‎7. 由＂a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词＂构成的短语以及由＂分数或百分数+名词＂构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。‎ There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. ‎ ‎50% of the students in our class are girls.‎ 注：a number of 与the number of的区别 ‎8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。‎ There comes the bus. ‎ On the wall are many pictures. ‎ Such is the result. Such are the facts.‎ 逻辑一致 ‎1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。‎ Which is your bag？Which are your bags？‎ All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.‎ ‎2.‎ Thirty minutes is enough for the work.‎ Ten miles is too long.‎ ‎ 表示＂时间、重量、长度、价值＂等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。‎ ‎3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。‎ ‎＂The Arabian Nights＂ is an interesting story-book.‎ ‎4. 表数量的短语＂one and a half＂后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。‎ One and a half apples is left on the table.‎ 一致原则 考点详解 例句 逻辑一致 ‎5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。‎ Twelve plus eight is twenty.‎ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.‎ ‎6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ The paper works was built in 1990.‎ I think physics isn’t easy to study. ‎ ‎7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。‎ My glasses are broken. ‎ The pair of shoes under the bed is his. ‎ ‎8. ＂定冠词the + 形容词或分词＂，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。‎ The old are taken good care of.‎ ‎9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。‎ A large quantity of people is needed here.‎ 注意：quantities一般用复数。‎ Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.‎ ‎10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词,‎ A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.‎ Large amounts of money were spent on the ‎ 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。‎ ‎ bridge.‎ 就近一致 ‎1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。‎ Either the teacher or the students are our friends.‎ Neither they nor he is wholly right. ‎ ‎2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。‎ There are two chairs and a desk in the room.‎ Here引导的句子用法同上。‎ 如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.‎ ‎（2018·新课标卷I·语法填空）While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 than walking, cycling or swimming.‎ ‎【答案】is 考点 3 代词 代词在近年高考试题中出现频率很高，每年至少测试一道题。一般常见的考点分布在：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词等，尤其是不定代词的考查更是重中之重。‎ 一、it作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 ‎1. it作形式主语的句型 ‎（1）It + be + 形容词+主语从句 It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny’s birthday party or not. 他是否会来詹妮的生日聚会还不确定。‎ ‎（2）It + be + 名词词组 + 主语从句，这类名词有：a fact, a pity, a shame, an honour, a question等 It’s a pity that you missed the exciting football match. 很遗憾你错过了这场精彩的足球比赛。‎ ‎（3）It + be + 过去分词 + 主语从句，这类过去分词有：announced, believed, expected, hoped, decided, reported, said, shown等 It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake. 据报道有16人在这次地震中丧生。 ‎ ‎（4）It + 不及物动词(seem, appear, happen等) + 主语从句，这类不及物动词有：appear, happen, seem等 It seemed that he didn’t tell the truth. 似乎他没有说实话。 ‎ ‎（5）It + be + 形容词 (+ for sb）+ 动词不定式，这类句型常用形容词easy, difficult, hard, important,‎ ‎ possible, wise等作表语，有时候为了强调不定式动作的执行者，常在不定式前加for sb.‎ It is unwise to give the children whatever they want. 给孩子们任何他们想要的东西是不明智的。‎ ‎（6）It + be + 形容词 + of sb + 动词不定式，这类形容词常是表示心理品质、性格特征的形容词，如：kind, nice, stupid, clever, foolish, polite, impolite, silly, selfish等。某人和这些形容词可以构成主系表结构。‎ It’s very kind of you to help me with the work. =You are kind to help me with the work. 你太好了，帮我做这个工作。 ‎ ‎（7）It + be +名词词组 + 动词不定式 It is not a good habit to stay up too late. 熬夜不是一个好习惯。 ‎ ‎（8）It + be + 名词或形容词 + 动名词，这类名词和形容词常常是：good, no good, no use, a waste of, useless, senseless等 It is no use arguing about the matter with him. 和他争论这件事是没有用的。 ‎ ‎（9）It + take ( sb )+ 时间（金钱）+ 动词不定式 It will take a whole day to get to the top of the mountain on foot. 步行爬上这座山的顶峰需要一整天。‎ ‎2. 形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、v-ing形式或宾语从句时，往往把真正的宾语放在补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。it作形式宾语时，需具备两个条件： ①真正的宾语是不定式、动名词或从句；② 有宾语补足语。‎ ‎（1）动词+ it + that-从句 You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。 ‎ 说明：能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有 have, take, put等。 ‎ ‎（2）动词 + it + when (if)-从句。某些表示＂喜、怒、哀、乐＂的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate, dislike, appreciate, prefer等，往往不能直接接宾语从句 I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作，就太好了。 ‎ ‎（3）动词 + prep. + it + that-从句。that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语 See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。 ‎ You may depend on it that we shall always help you. 尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。 ‎ ‎（4）动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，要借用it I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it. 我让你自己判断这事是否该做。‎ We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident. 多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。 ‎ 说明：能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb, keep it in mind that...等。 ‎ ‎（5）动词+it + as + 名词/形容词/从句，能用于此句型中的动词有：accept，regard，take，see，view等 I regard it as a great honor to be designated to attend this meeting. 我被选派参加这次会议，感到十分荣幸。‎ 二、it构成的几个易混淆的句型 ‎1. It+be+时间+since引导的状语从句 ‎ 这个句型表示从since 从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为＂自从……以来已多久了＂。表示现在的情况时，主句多用一般现在时，从句多用一般过去时；表示过去的情况时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。‎ It is three years since his father passed away. 自从他父亲去世已经三年了。 ‎ ‎2. It+be+时间+before引导的状语从句 ‎ 这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语，如some time, long, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes等。主句中的谓语动词用肯定式时，意为＂过多长时间才……＂；用否定式时，意为＂没过多长时间就……＂。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be/be going to be：用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。‎ It was some time before I realized the truth. 过了一段时间我才了解到真相。 ‎ It wasn’t long before he told us about this affair. 没过多久他就告诉了我们这件事情。 ‎ It will be many years before the situation improves. 这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。 ‎ ‎3. It+be+时间+when引导的状语从句 ‎ 这个句型中，it 指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，但是当主句是will be时，when从句一般用一般现在时代替将来时。‎ It was already 8 o’clock when we got home. 我们到家时已经8点了。‎ ‎4. It is time+ that引导的从句 ‎ 这个句型属虚拟语气结构，that引导的定语从句常用虚拟过去式。在time之前有时可加上high或about 以加强语气。‎ It is high time (that) she wrote a letter to her boyfriend. 她早该写一封信给她男朋友了。 ‎ ‎5. It/This/That+be+the first(second, third ...) time+that引导的从句 ‎ 这个句型表示截至说话时某人的一种经历，关键是注意time前有序数词。主句是is 时，从句要用现在完成时；主句是was时，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。‎ It is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall. 这是这些欧洲人第一次参观长城。‎ 冠词用法难点及误区 一、序数词前冠词的使用问题 ‎ ‎ 强调顺序时用定冠词；当不强调顺序，而是表示＂又，还，再＂时用不定冠词。如： ‎ ‎ The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have ________ third one because ________ second one is rather too small. ‎ ‎ A. a; a B. the; the ‎ ‎ C. a; the D. the; a ‎ ‎【答案】C 二、school, bed等前面冠词的使用问题 ‎ ‎ 像bed, table, class, school, college, church, hospital, prison等名词，在指这些家具、建筑或场所本身时用冠词，但若抽象地指它们所具有的作用或功能时，则不用冠词，此时多用于go to或者be in / at之后。如： 1. —Where is Jack? ‎ ‎ —I think he is still in ________ bed, but he might just be in ________ bathroom. (全国卷) ‎ ‎ A. 不填；不填 B. the；the ‎ ‎ C. the; 不填 D.不填；the ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】题中bed是指其用途，即：be in bed在睡觉。第二空指双方都知道的洗手间。 ‎ ‎2. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my ‎ ‎ flat. ‎ ‎ A. the; a B. the; 不填 ‎ ‎ C. a; the D. a; 不填 ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】题中bed不是指其用途，而是泛指＂床＂这类事物中的一个。hotel是特指这次住的那个旅馆。句意是：你下次来这里度假，就不要住那个旅馆了，我在我的公寓里帮你弄一张床。 ‎ ‎3. When he left ________ college, he got a job as ________ reporter in a newspaper office. ‎ ‎ A.不填；a B.不填；the ‎ ‎ C. a; the D. the; the ‎ ‎【答案】A 三、专有名词前的冠词使用问题 ‎ ‎ 一般不用冠词，如John, China等。但以下几种情况用冠词： ‎ ‎ ①＂the＋姓氏复数＂表示＂某某夫妇＂或＂姓某的一家人＂。如： ‎ ‎ ________ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. ‎ ‎ A. The Evens B. The Evens’ ‎ ‎ C. The Evenses D. Evenses’ ‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎ 【解析】＂the＋姓氏复数＂表示＂某某夫妇＂或＂姓某的一家人＂。 ‎ ‎ ②＂a(n)+人名＂表示＂……式的人物＂或＂有一个名叫……的人＂，如：‎ ‎ ☞He is a Lei Feng. 他是一个雷锋式的人物。‎ ‎ ☞A Smith is waiting for you at the school gate. 有一个叫史密斯的人在门口等你。 ‎ ‎ ③由普通名词构成的专有名词前通常要加the，如the Summer Palace, the United Nations。但若是在＂专 有名词(人名或地名)＋普通名词＂构成的专有名词前不用冠词，如Beijing University, Yale University。 如： ‎ ‎ The most important thing about cotton in history is ________ part that it played in ________ Industrial Revolution. ‎ ‎ A. 不填；不填 B. the；不填 ‎ ‎ C. the; the D. a; the ‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎ 【解析】因为part后面有一定语从句修饰，是特指，用the；又因为工业革命是由普通名词构成的专有 名词，所以前面也要用the。 ‎ ‎ ④表示特指时专有名词前也可能用the，如：‎ ‎ the Gorge of China (中国的高尔基)‎ ‎ the China of the 1960s(20世纪60年代的中国)‎ ‎ the Smith you’re looking for(你在找的那个史密斯) ‎ 四、物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用问题 ‎ ‎ 一般不用冠词，如We all need water. (我们都需要水。) 但是下列情况要用冠词： ‎ ‎①特指时要加the，如： ‎ ‎ In Hangzhou Mr Green was so struck by ________ beauty of ________ nature that he stayed for another night. A. /, / B. /, the ‎ ‎ C. the, / D. the, the ‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎②有的抽象名词具体化后，前面要加不定冠词，如：‎ ‎ a surprise一件预料之外的事 a pity / shame (一件令人遗憾的事)‎ ‎ a success(一件成功的事或一个成功的人) a pleasure(一件快乐的事)，a time(一段时间)‎ ‎③不定冠词可在coffee, tea, beer, drink等物质名词前表示＂一杯 / 罐 / 瓶＂。如：‎ ‎ I’d like a tea(=a cup of tea), please. 我要来杯茶。 ‎ 五、表示三餐的名词前的冠词使用问题 ‎ ‎ breakfast, lunch, supper等前一般不用冠词，但若受形容词修饰时用a / an；特指时要用the。如：‎ ‎ a good lunch(丰盛的午餐)‎ ‎ How do you like the lunch?(你觉得这顿午餐怎么样？) ‎ 六、play后的乐器和球类名词的冠词使用问题 ‎ ‎ play后接西洋乐器名词时，要加定冠词。但象erhu(二胡)之类的汉语拼音的中国民乐名称前就不用冠词；play后面接球、棋、牌等之类的名词前也不用冠词，如play football / chess / bridge踢足球 / 下棋 / 打桥牌。 After watching ________ TV, she played ________ violin for an hour. ‎ ‎ A. 不填, 不填 B. the, the ‎ ‎ C. the, 不填 D. 不填, the ‎ 七、表示季节、月份、星期的名词前的冠词使用问题 ‎ ‎ 一般不用冠词，但特指时用the；受形容词修饰表示具有某种特点时可用a / an。如：‎ ‎ the spring of 1998 1998年的春天 a hard winter 一个严寒的冬天 ‎ 八、表示节日的名词前的冠词使用问题 ‎ ‎ 含有day的节日前一般不用冠词，如May Day, New Year’s day, Christmas Day, April Fool’s Day, ‎ Mother’s Day等；但仅中国才有的传习统节日名称前常用the，如the Spring Festival(春节), the Mid-autumn Festival(中秋节)。 ‎ 九、有后置定语的名词前的冠词使作问题 ‎ ‎ 特指某人或某物时用the；但若指一类事物时用a / an。如： ‎ ‎ I’d like to buy a present that is useful but not expensive. ‎ ‎ 我想买一件价格不贵但又有用的那样一类礼物。(from www.nmet168.com) ‎ 十、两个并列名词前冠词的使用问题 ‎ ‎ 指同一人、同一物或同一概念时，第二个名词前不用冠词，如a teacher and writer(一位教师兼作家)，a horse and cart(一辆马车)，a knife and fork(一付刀叉)；但若是指两个人时，第二个名词前一般也要加冠词，如a man and a woman(一个男人和一个女人)。 ‎ 十一、冠词的非前位用法 ‎1. 不定冠词用在quite，rather，many，half，what，much等词之后。如：‎ ‎ ☞He is rather a fool.‎ ‎ ☞—What did you think of the concert？‎ ‎ —Oh，it was quite a success.‎ ‎2. 不定冠词用在so（as，too，how）+形容词之后。如：‎ ‎ ☞She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.‎ ‎ ☞It’s too difficult a book for us to read.‎ 注意：以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用＂an＂。例如：an apple。‎ ‎ 即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头，但该词的读音是元音音素开头，加不定冠词时也要用＂an＂，例如：an hour，an honest boy；反之，拼写以元音字母开头，但读音是辅音，加不定冠词时要用＂a＂，例如：a university。‎ ‎3. so…that与such…that:‎ ‎①so…that和such…that都作＂如此……以至于＂解，that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下：‎ so ‎②‎ such…that和so…that有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下：such a/an+形容词+名词→so+形容词+a/an+名词。如：‎ ‎ ☞He is such a good student that we all like him.→He is so good a student that we all like him。‎ 但是，如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such，不能用so修饰。如：‎ ‎ ☞It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home。 ‎ ‎③如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，应该用so而不用such。如：‎ ‎ ☞I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.‎ ‎ ☞Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together（维持生活）。‎ 但little不表示数量而表示＂小＂的意思时，仍用such。如：‎ ‎ ☞They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves.‎ 名词用法难点及误区 一、名词类别间的互换 ‎ 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例   句 意  义 名词性质 ‎①She held some flowers in her hand.‎ ‎②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ‎①Youth is beautiful.‎ ‎②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ‎①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.‎ ‎②—How about the Christmas evening party?‎ 成功 抽象名词 ‎ —I should say it was a success.‎ 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例   句 意  义 名词性质 ‎①Iron is a kind of metal.‎ ‎②Please lend me your iron.‎ 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ‎①He broke a piece of glass.‎ ‎②He broke a glass.‎ 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ‎①I bought a chicken this morning ‎②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ‎①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.‎ ‎—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a      B.an,some      C.some,some     D.an,a ‎②They sent us        word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）‎ A.a           B.an           C./             D.the ‎③Could we have         word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）‎ A.a           B.an           C./             D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath  make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)‎ ‎/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ‎①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.‎ A.a,  /          B.the, an         C.the, the         D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)‎ give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)‎ have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)‎ ‎②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.‎ A. the happiest time      B. a more happier time  ‎ C. much happiest time   D. a much happier time ‎③         is money.‎ A. The time          B. A time        C. Time       D. Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示＂一次、一阵、一种＂具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ‎①Oh, John. _____ you gave me!‎ A. How a pleasant surprise       B. How pleasant surprise C. What a pleasant surprise      D. What pleasant surprise ‎②She looked up           when I shouted.‎ A.in a surprise      B.in the surprise      C.in surprise       D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ‎③It is _____ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.‎ A.so unusual        B. such unusual      C. such an unusual   D.so an unusual 主谓一致记忆口诀 单单复复最常见，集体名词谓用单。‎ 如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。‎ 有些名词谓常复，people、police即这般。‎ 主语单数后接介，谓语单数介无关。‎ many a作主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。‎ or、nor、but also、there be，近主原则挂嘴边。‎ 关系代词定主语，谓语根据先行词判。‎ 不定式短语、动名词，主语从句谓全单。‎ 时间、货币与距离，谓语多单复少见，‎ rest，means，following等，意义决定其复、单。‎ none，all，half of等，of之宾语定答案。‎ 还有分数、百分数，仍据of之宾定复、单。‎ 代词all指人谓复数，all指事情谓用单。‎ 量词用法请注意，谓语要随量词变。‎ and连接两名词，身兼两职一定冠。‎ no，each，every后单名，两种事物一概念。‎ 以上情况请记清，谓语动词全用单。‎ 形容词带the一类人，姓氏复数加定冠，‎ ‎-s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛，谓语用复勿用单。‎ 代词neither，either，each，用作主语谓全单。‎ ‎【巧学妙记】‎ 人称代词的用法记忆口诀 人称代词主宾格，作用不同莫用错。‎ 主格动词前作主，动词介词后宾格。‎ you和it主宾同，其他主宾须分清。‎ 人称代词并列现，尊重他人礼当先。‎ 单数人称二三一，复数人称一二三。‎ 若把错误责任担，第一人称我靠前。‎ ‎1.（2017届天津和平区高三质量调查）The foreigners here are greatly impressed by the fact that _______ people from all walks of life are working hard for ________ new Tianjin.‎ A./; a B./; the C. a; a D. the; the ‎【答案】A ‎2.（2017届天津耀华中学高三模拟）National holiday is           time for leisure. But making good use of ‎         time is not easy for most Chinese.‎ A. a; a B. a; the C. the; / D. the; a ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查冠词。句意：假期是休闲的时间，但是充分利用这段时间对于大多数中国人来说是不容易的事情。第一空是泛指＂一段休闲的时光＂；第二空填是特指假期这个时间。故选B。‎ ‎3.（2017届江苏省南通、扬州、泰州、高三下学期第三次模拟考试）The online word ＂selfie＂ is gaining ______ and more and more people tend to use it nowadays.‎ A. access B. admission C. control D. currency ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：网络词汇＂selfie＂流行起来，如今越来越多的人在使用它。A. access进入；使用权；B. admission承认；入场费；C. control控制；D. currency流行；传播。故选D。‎ ‎4. （2017届江苏省四校高三月联考）In the deaf culture of North America, many listeners show _________ not by clapping their hands but by waving them in the air.‎ A. disapproval B. applause C. affection D. direction ‎【答案】B ‎5. (2017届天津市耀华中学高三校模拟)I got a chance to work in a supermarket during my summer vacation, which has many ___________throughout the world.‎ A. branches B. groups C. companies D. organizations ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在暑假期间我得到了一个在超市工作的机会，它在全球有许多分店。A. branches分支；分部；分店；B. groups集体；组；C. companies公司；D. organizations组织；机构；团体。故选A。‎ ‎6. (2017届天津市耀华中学第一次校模拟)The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than _________ in the newspaper.‎ A. it B those C.one D. that ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查代词。句意：网上的信息比报纸上的信息传播得要快得多。根据句意可知，前后比较的内容都是＂information＂但指代不同的内容。代词it指代上文出现的同一事物；those指代可数名词复数；one指代可数名词单数，指＂某一个＂；that指代不可数名词或可数名词单数形式，后面要有定语修饰表示特指。本句中that指代不可数名词information后面有介词短语修饰，表示特指。故选D。 ‎ ‎7. (2017届北京市朝阳区高三二模)If you go to buy the top best-selling CD, please get ______ for me.‎ A.one B.it C. this D. that ‎【答案】A ‎8. (2017届北京市海淀区高三二模)—Do you ________ ready for the spring outing?‎ ‎—No, I still have to buy some fruit.‎ A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查动词。——关于外出春游，你都准备好了吗？——没有，我还需要买些水果。everything，something，anything和nothing均为指物的复合不定代词，它们作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。everything意为＂每件事；一切事＂可用于肯定句、疑问句或否定句中；something意为＂某事；某物＂常用于肯定句中，也可用于征求对方意见的疑问句中；anything意为＂某事，任何事＂一般用于否定句或疑问句中；nothing意为＂没有什么，没有东西＂。句中问的就是＂把每样东西都准备好了吗＂。故选A。‎ ‎9. （2018·新课标卷III·语法填空）When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____68____(they) alive.‎ ‎【答案】them ‎【解析】此处做find 的宾语，所以用宾格them。‎ ‎10. （2018· 天津卷·单项填空）The __________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.‎ A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。‎ ‎1.All the staff members are surprised by 　　　　 news that Jerry was even appointed ________president of the ‎ Board.‎ A. a; the B. the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; 不填 ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】第一空，根据后面that引导的同位语从句可知此处表特指，故填定冠词the；第二空，president在此表示独一无二的称谓，故前面不用冠词。‎ ‎2. We will work together to realize our dream to build _________world that will be safer, cleaner and healthier than 　　　　one we now live in.‎ A. the; the B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. the; 不填 ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】第一空表示"一，一个"的泛指概念，故用不定冠词；第二空后有省略引导词的定语从句，表特指，故用定冠词。所以选C项。‎ ‎3.We saw an unknown movie just _________while ago, which later turned out to be ________box-office success.‎ A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; 不填 ‎【答案】A ‎4. Your child isn’t satisfied with what you have done to him. Maybe you should encourage him to reach a ________between what he wants and what you want.‎ A. standard B. destination C. level D. compromise ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：你的孩子对你对他的所作所为不满意。也许你应该鼓励他在他想要的和你想要的之间找到一个折中方案。reach a compromise between...and...意为"找到……和……之间的折中方案"。‎ ‎5. You have been such an _________ to all of us that we want to repay you for what you give us.‎ A. alternative B. assistant C. attraction D. inspiration ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：你对我们所有人来说是一个如此鼓舞人心的存在以至于我们想回报你所给予我们的。根据句意可知选D项。alternative"可供选择的事物"；assistant"助手"；inspiration"鼓舞人心的人(或事物)"。‎ ‎6. Though spending much time on events out of their control, they felt some_______to be at an advantage finally.‎ A. amazement B. relief C. curiosity D. nervousness ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管在不受他们控制的事情上花了大量时间，但最终能够处于优势让他们略感宽慰。amazement"惊讶"；relief"宽慰，轻松"；curiosity"好奇心"；nervousness"紧张不安"。‎ ‎7.Mary is looking for a new apartment for rent and she wants to find 　　　　with a garage.‎ A.it B. that C.one D. the one ‎【答案】C ‎8.I set two goals for my study this year. While the second one is even more urgent than the first, _________of them is easy for me.‎ A. none B.one C. either D. neither ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查不定代词。句意：今年我为我的学习设定了两个目标，尽管第二个比第一个更加紧迫，但是两个目标对我来说都不容易。两者的否定用neither，故选D项。‎