2020届二轮复习阅读七选五常用解题技法一：“二步”解题法

2020届二轮复习阅读七选五常用解题技法一：“二步”解题法

‎2020届二轮复习阅读七选五常用解题技法——“二步”解题法 句子在段中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段中和段尾三种挖空方式，正是利用挖空位置的暗示作用和挖空上下文的提示作用，来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。段首、段中、段尾题在文中所起的作用可归纳为下表：‎ 挖空位置 逻辑关系 具体解读 段首题 主旨句 常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现。‎ 承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。‎ 段 中 题 例证 关系 前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词语有：for example, for instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is to say等。‎ 转折 关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转， 则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标志词语有： but, however, yet, while/though/although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless(然而), still, in contrast/comparison, by comparison等。‎ 因果 关系 表示因果关系的标志词语有：so, therefore, thus, consequently(结果), as a result (of), so/such ...that ..., so that ...等。‎ 递进 关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个表示递进的句子。表示递进关系的标志词语有：too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, likewise, similarly, what's more, what's worse, in addition, as well, to make matters worse, not ... but ..., not only ... but also ...等。‎ 并列 关系 表示并列关系的标志词语有：and, first(ly), second(ly); first, then/next; to begin with, some ... others ...; for one thing, ... for another thing ...;‎ ‎ finally/last等。‎ 段尾题,‎ 总结句 用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。‎ 承上启 下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。‎ ‎ [例1]　(2019·全国卷Ⅱ节选) __37__More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal？First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.‎ A．This can affect your work.‎ B．So how should you motivate yourself?‎ C．However, this should not discourage you.‎ D．So why should we try to set specific goals?‎ E．They can change according to circumstances.‎ ‎[分析]　设空处位于段首，应是该段落的小标题。根据空格后的“更进一步说，你如何保持动力达到目标？”再结合下文内容可知，该段的主旨是“你应如何激励自己”， 故选B。‎ ‎[例2]　(2019·北京高考节选)Much of the work in today's world is accomplished (完成) in teams.Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals.__46__‎ ‎ Companies spend millions hiring top business people.Is their money well spent?‎ A．It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.‎ B．Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.‎ C．The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.‎ D．Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.‎ E．Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.‎ F．Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.‎ G．This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.‎ ‎[分析]　设空处位于段中，属于段中题。空格前说“大多数人认为建一个好的团队的最好方法是聚集一群最有天赋(talented)的个人”，空格后说“公司花数百万(millions)雇用顶级商业人士”，由此可知空格处选B项“体育队的老板花数百万(millions)美元吸引体育天才(talent)”，其中的millions和talent与上下文对应，故应选B项。‎ ‎[例3]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ节选)The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you're looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are ‎ significant. __40__．‎ A．While all of them are useful B．Whatever you're looking for C．If you're experimenting with a color D．Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with E．It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F．So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time G．Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways ‎[分析]　该空位于段尾，应属于总结句。根据空前的“the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant”可知，大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很大，这恰与F项构成因果关系。故选F。‎ 主旨概括题　　‎ 主旨概括题主要考查考生对文章或段落进行概括的能力，它要求考生在阅读文章时，能够提炼其中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用概括能力提取文章的主题、观点以及作者的情感态度。这类题常以考查段落标题为主，设题位置一般在段首，有时总结性的语句也会出现在段中或段尾。这类题有时也会考查整篇文章的主旨大意，即文章的主题句，一般会在首段设空。概括起来讲，命题人通常从两个方面设题：①概括文章或段落的主题句或结论性语句；②段落标题。‎ 解答主旨概括题通常采用浏览的方式，即重点搜索本段的主题线索词并快速理清主旨大意，然后浏览选项，准确判定出与主旨大意匹配的选项。‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅲ节选)·__37__Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design，read the syllabus(教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't hiding in plain sight.‎ E．Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners.‎ F．Everyone has taken a notsogreat class at one time or another.‎ G．Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.‎ ‎[分析]　段落主题句类。空格后说，与主题内容相关的问题通常会受欢迎。在询问有关课程设计的问题之前，阅读教学大纲和学习管理系统信息，以确保答案不会隐藏在眼皮底下。由此可推知，此段表达要提出好的有水平的问题，故选G项“问问题，但要确保这些问题是好的、深思熟虑的问题。”。‎ 语段过渡题　　‎ 语段过渡题所涉及的句子是过渡句，具有承上启下的作用，该题型主要考查考生对篇章的理解能力和对上下文之间逻辑关系的分析能力。其设空位置比较灵活，可位于段尾、段首或段中。解这类题通常可采用位置判断法。‎ 如果设空位于段首，要前瞻后望找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合本段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。‎ 如果设空位于段中，重点阅读该空的前一句和后一句，找出它们之间的逻辑关系或根据意义的连贯性得出答案；如果还没有把握，再分析该段的中心句。‎ 如果设空位于段尾，在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联时，可考虑与下一段开头之间的衔接。仔细阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与所选选项紧密连接起来。‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅱ节选)Your personal circumstances are equally important.For example, you may want to be a pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough.__40__ You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.‎ A．This can affect your work.‎ B．So how should you motivate yourself?‎ C．However, this should not discourage you.‎ D．So why should we try to set specific goals?‎ E．They can change according to circumstances.‎ F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.‎ G．Without motivation，you can neither set a goal nor reach it.‎ ‎[分析]　设空处在段中，所填句子应是过渡句。根据空格前举的例子，想当飞行员，但视力不够好，你不能因为视力不够好就泄气了，你得把自己当飞行员的目标换一下，重新设定一个目标，选项C“然而，这不应该使你气馁”与之对应。故选C。‎ 细节线索题　　‎ 细节线索类的试题要求考生更加注重文章中的细节，比如某个关键的单词或数字等。解答这类试题经常用到的方法有：词汇复现法、词汇同现法、代词线索法、逻辑关系线索法等。‎ ‎1．词汇复现法 复现法是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即在文章中不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现。复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同(近)义词复现、反义词复现等。考生可利用文章的这一特点，在解题时注意选项中出现的与正文意思相同、相近或相反的词。‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ节选)Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈)．__38__ In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood (情绪)．‎ E．But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?‎ F．Just as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.‎ G．All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.‎ ‎[分析]　本题可利用词汇复现法解题。空格后的“these places”与G项中的“recovery centers”相呼应，因此G项“全国各地的康复中心已经开始建造康复花园”符合语境。‎ ‎2．词汇同现法 词汇同现是指属于同一词汇范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语意衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。‎ ‎[例]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ节选)I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness.__38__Instead, we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My natureloving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.‎ A．This time there was no tent.‎ B．Things are going to be improved.‎ C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.‎ D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.‎ E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.‎ F．After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.‎ G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.‎ ‎[分析]　‎ 解此题可运用词汇同现法。该空前面的部分说明了作者被说服参加另一次野营活动，而空后则说这次野营活动有舒服的床和空调，因此空处的论述应该是在“住宿”这一范畴内，几个选项中只有A项合适。‎ ‎3．代词线索法 英语文章中代词出现的频率极高，代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词，考生如果能巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数就可以准确而快速地解题。‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅲ节选)Participate in discussion forums (论坛), blogs and other openended forums for dialogue.__38__Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information.Make a point, and make it safe for others to do the same.‎ A．That's what they are for.‎ B．Turn to an online instructor for help.‎ C．If more information is needed, they will ask.‎ D．Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.‎ ‎[分析]　利用代词线索法解题。由设空处前面的句子“Participate in discussion forums (论坛)，blogs and other openended forums for dialogue.”中的信息可知，A项中的That代指“dialogue”， they代指“discussion forums, blogs and other openended forums”。故选A。‎ ‎4．逻辑关系线索法 一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并列、顺承、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系，有时甚至包含不止一种这样的关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文中或选项中出现了逻辑关系词，考生就可以利用其来进行推理判断；如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词，这就需要考生全面理解文章大意，根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系，做出正确的判断。‎ ‎[例1]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ节选)__40__ While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D．To make sure you get enough Vitamin D — but still protect your skin — put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.‎ A．Fresh air cleans our lungs.‎ B．So what are you waiting for?‎ C．Being in nature refreshes us.‎ D．Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.‎ ‎[分析]　空格后一句说，虽然阳光会使我们的皮肤衰老并受到伤害，但阳光也能带来有益的维生素D，这应该与上一句之间是转折关系，故空格处应填呼吸新鲜空气附带的好处，因此D项“呼吸新鲜空气的另一个附带好处是阳光。”符合语境，D项中的sunlight与空格后的“the sun's rays”相呼应。‎ ‎[例2]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ节选)But good news is that there're really ‎ only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.‎ ‎__38__. They're the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.‎ Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. 39.Color_choices_in_this_range_are_a_step_up_from_the_small_ones_in_two_major_ways. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.‎ The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you're looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40.So_it_pays_to_be_sure,_because_you_want_to_get_it_right_the_first_time.‎ A．While all of them are useful B．Whatever you're looking for C．If you're experimenting with a color D．Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with E．It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces ‎[分析]　根据空处上一段中的“the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones”，和空处后两段中的“Medium color”和“The large color”可知这四段之间构成总分关系，38题应该是分论点the small ones。故选D。‎ ‎[课堂应用体验]‎ 运用“二步解题法”解答下题 ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question：“Should I jump？” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. __36__Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.‎ ‎__37__More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal？First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.‎ You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation.This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment.There are times when your heart is not in your work.__38__So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment.Clarity (清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward.‎ Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and ‎ strengths.Remember that goals are flexible.__39__ They also need to be measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.‎ Your personal circumstances are equally important.For example, you may want to be a pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough.__40__ You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.‎ You will surely need to overcome some difficulties，some planned，but most unplanned.You cannot overcome them without ample motivation.Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.‎ A．This can affect your work.‎ B．So how should you motivate yourself?‎ C．However, this should not discourage you.‎ D．So why should we try to set specific goals?‎ E．They can change according to circumstances.‎ F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.‎ G．Without motivation，you can neither set a goal nor reach it.‎ ‎[方法运用]‎ ‎36．选G　本空位于段中，空格前后都是句号，空处应为承上启下句。空格前有“motivation and goal setting”，而且说它们是同一枚硬币的两面，缺一不可，由此可知此处讲动力与设定目标的关系，故G项“没有动力，你既不能设定目标也不能实现它。”符合语境。‎ ‎37．选B　本空位于段首，空处应该是一个主题句。根据空格后的“更进一步说，你如何保持动力达到目标？”可知，空格处为比此句层次稍浅的提问，B项“那么你应如何激励自己？”符合语境。‎ ‎38．选A　本空位于段中，空格前后都是句号，应该是承上启下句。空前说，有时候你的心思不在工作上，这样会导致“影响你的工作”的结果，故选A。‎ ‎39．选E　本空位于段中，空格前后都是句号，应该是承上启下句。根据空格前的“goals are flexible”可知，目标是灵活的，故E项“它们可以根据情况而改变。”与之对应。‎ ‎40．选C　本空位于段中，空格前后都是句号，应该是承上启下句。根据空格前举的例子，想当飞行员，但视力不够好，你不能因为视力不够好就泄气了，你得把自己当飞行员的目标换一下，重新设定一个目标，选项C“然而，这不应该使你气馁。”与之对应。‎