高考英语一轮复习精讲学案：动词的时态和语态

高考英语一轮复习精讲学案：动词的时态和语态

动词的时态和语态 时　态　‎ ‎ 一般现在时 ‎ (1)可表示客观真理、科学事实。‎ The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.‎ 太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。‎ ‎(2)可用在由if，unless引导的条件状语从句，由even/if/though引导的让步状语从句，由when，before，until/till，as soon as，the moment引导的时间状语从句，由no matter what/who/when/where/how或whatever，whoever等引导的让步状语从句中，这时主句往往表将来或主句是祈使句。‎ I’ll go with you as soon as I finish it.‎ 我一做完，就与你一同去。‎ Whatever you say，I will not change my mind.‎ 无论你说什么，我都不会改变主意。‎ 一般过去时 表示“刚才，在过去”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。‎ ‎—Your phone number again？I didn’t quite catch it.‎ ‎——再重述一下你的电话号码好吗？我没记下来。‎ ‎—It’s 9568686.‎ ‎——是9568686。‎ 一般将来时 ‎ (1)“will＋动词原形”表示事物的固有属性与必然趋势。‎ Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。‎ ‎ (2)“be going to＋动词原形”可表示根据迹象对未来进行推断。‎ Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.‎ 看那乌云，要下雨了。‎ ‎(3)“be about to＋动词原形”表示立即的将来，很少与时间状语连用。‎ The train is about to start.火车就要开了。‎ ‎ (4)位移动词如come，go，arrive等，其一般现在时表按时间表将要发生的事，现在进行时可表计划、安排要做的事。‎ I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p．m.tomorrow.‎ 明天下午三点我会到达北京。‎ He is coming.他将要来。‎ They are leaving for Tibet.他们将要去西藏。‎ ‎(5)be to ＋动词原形 ‎①表示计划，安排。‎ When are you to leave for New York?‎ 你计划什么时候去纽约？‎ ‎②表示指令，相当于should。‎ You are to report it to the police.‎ 你应该把这事报告给警察。‎ ‎③表示“打算，想要”。‎ If we are to be there before ten，we’ll have to go now.‎ 若我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。‎ 现在/过去进行时 ‎ (1)表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。‎ I first met Lisa three years ago，she was working at a shop then.‎ 我第一次遇见莉莎是在3年前，那时她正在一家商店工作。‎ ‎—Hey，look where you are going!‎ ‎——嘿，看看你往哪儿走！‎ ‎—Oh，I’m terribly sorry.I wasn’t noticing.‎ ‎——噢！非常抱歉！我没注意。‎ ‎(2)表示反复出现的或习惯性动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情感，常与always，continually，constantly连用。‎ He is always thinking of others first.(表赞赏)‎ 他总是先为别人着想。‎ He is always making the same mistake. (表厌烦)‎ 他总是犯同样的错误。‎ ‎(3)表示动作的未完性、暂时性。‎ I don’t really work here；I am just helping out until the new secretary ‎ arrives.我不是在此工作，我只是在帮忙，新秘书来了我就走。 (暂时性)‎ Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.选手机供个人使用不是一件容易事因为技术变化太快。 (“变化”尚未完成)‎ ‎(4)表示按计划、安排要做的事。‎ I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida.I am taking my mum.‎ 我获得了一次去佛罗里达度两天假的机会。我计划带着我妈妈去。 (计划)‎ ‎(5)表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。‎ ‎—Is this raincoat yours？——这是你的雨衣吗？‎ ‎—No，mine is hanging there behind the door.‎ ‎——不是，我的在门后挂着呢。‎ 现在完成时 ‎ (1)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。‎ I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.‎ 除非我亲眼看到，我是不会相信你的。‎ Please don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.‎ 车未停，请不要下车。‎ ‎(2)It/This is/will be the first(last，second，third...)time that...和It/This is the best(worst，most interesting)＋n.＋that...结构的从句要求用现在完成时。‎ This is the first time that I’ve heard her sing.‎ 这是我第一次听她唱歌。‎ It’s the best film I’ve ever seen.‎ 这是我所看过的最好的一部电影。‎ 过去完成时 ‎(1)Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had...done...when；No sooner had...done...than...中从句用一般过去时。‎ Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.‎ 我刚到家，天就下起了倾盆大雨。‎ No sooner had we started than the car got a flat tyre.‎ 我们刚出发，轮胎就爆了。‎ ‎(2)表示愿望、打算类的词，如hope，expect，mean，intend，want，think等，用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。‎ I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.‎ 我本打算帮助你，但当时我太忙了。‎ 现在完成进行时 ‎ (1)表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。‎ I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.‎ 我已等了一个小时，但她还没有来。‎ ‎(2)表示动作刚刚结束 (有时指出结果)。‎ My clothes are wet.I’ve been walking in the rain.‎ 我的衣服湿了，我一直走在雨中。‎ ‎(3)表示重复 (指断断续续，而非一直不停)。‎ She has been phoning Jim every night for the past two weeks.‎ 两个星期以来她每天晚上都给吉姆打电话。‎ 语　态　‎ 被动语态使用要点 ‎ 不及物动词不能用于被动语态 如appear，rise，die，happen，belong to，break out，take place等。‎ Great changes have been taken place in my hometown.(误)‎ Great changes have taken place in my hometown. (正)‎ 我们家乡发生了巨大的变化。‎ 表示状态的动词不用于被动语态 如lack，fit，mean，hold，have，cost，contain，become，last，possess，consist of，look like等。‎ The book costs 10 yuan.这本书花了10元钱。‎ What’s become of her？她怎么了？‎ 主动形式表被动的几种情况 ‎ (1)某些感官动词和系动词后加形容词可以表示被动意义，如look，smell，taste，feel，prove，wear，sound等。‎ The flower smells sweet.花闻起来很香。‎ The dish tastes delicious.菜吃起来非常可口。‎ ‎(2)在主语是物的句子里，有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义，这些词后常有副词修饰。常用的这类动词有 sell，read，write，wear，wash，open，clean，cook，keep，cut，fill，blow，measure，lock，run，record，begin，shut等。‎ This type of recorder sells well.‎ 这种型号的录音机销路很好。‎ He doesn’t photograph well.他不太上相。‎ This kind of shirt cleans easily.这种衬衫容易洗干净。‎ ‎(3)动名词主动形式表示被动意义 通常是事物 (也可以是人)作want，need, require，deserve等动词的主语时，表示事物 (或人)客观上“需要……”，用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。若动名词是不及物的，后面还应有相应的介词。‎ The children need looking after.孩子们需要照看。‎ 这种用法还可把动名词改为动词不定式的被动形式来表被动。‎ The children need to be looked after.‎ ‎(4)在作表语的某些形容词 (easy，difficult，light，heavy，fit，good，safe，comfortable，dangerous，pleasant等)后作状语用的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。‎ She is easy to approach.她平易近人。‎ The rock is hard to break.这块岩石很难打碎。‎ 不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省略 在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不用to，但在被动语态中要带to。‎ I saw her pass by the window.我看见她从窗边经过。‎ She was seen to pass by the window.她被看见从窗边经过。‎ get (got)＋过去分词也可构成被动语态 get常同marry，beat，break，damage，tear，strike，hurt，paint，invite，repair，dress等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。‎ John and Jane got married last month.‎ 上个月，约翰和简结婚了。‎ They got caught in the storm.他们碰上暴风雨了。‎ ‎1. (2009年安徽卷)Daniel’s family________their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.‎ ‎ A．are enjoying　　　　 B．are to enjoy C．will enjoy D．will be enjoying ‎【解析】　句意为：丹尼尔一家人下个星期的这个时候肯定正在黄山度假。根据this time next week判断，选用将来进行时will be doing。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎2. (2009年辽宁卷)My parents have promised to come to see me before I________for Africa.‎ ‎ A．have left B．leave C．left D．will leave ‎【解析】　句意为：我父母已经答应在我去非洲之前来看我。不定式to come to see me表示的是将来动作，before引导的时间状语从句需用一般现在时。‎ ‎【答案】　B ‎3．(2009年上海卷 )During the period of recent terrorist activities，people________not to touch any unattended bag.‎ A．had always been warned B．were always being warned C．are always warning D．always warned ‎【解析】　句意为：在最近恐怖活动期间，人们总是在被警告不要碰任何无人照看的包。be always doing sth.总是做某事，表达某种抱怨、不满或赞许的情绪。人们是“被警告”，要用被动语态。‎ ‎【答案】　B ‎4．(2009年山东卷)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities________rising steadily since 1997.‎ A．is B．are C．has been D．have been ‎【解析】　句意为：在中国上大学的外国留学生的数量自1997年以来稳步上升。“the number of＋n.”作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式；由since 1997可知句子的时态应用现在完成时。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎5. (2009年江苏卷)—Ann is in hospital.‎ ‎—Oh，really？I________know.I________go and visit her.‎ A．didn’t；am going to B．don’t；would C．don’t；will D．didn’t；will ‎【解析】　句意为：——Ann在住院。——哦，真的吗？我还不知道呢。我要去看望她。这里讲的I didn’t know指的是在对方还没告知Ann在住院这件事之前，我不知道，所以用一般过去时；第二个空用will指的是事先未经计划或安排的“意愿，打算”。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎6. (2009年江苏卷)—Hi，Torry，can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?‎ ‎—Sorry.________.‎ A．It’s repaired ‎ B．It has been repaired C．It’s being repaired ‎ D．It had been repaired ‎【解析】　句意为：——嗨，Torry，今天下午我能用一会儿你的电脑吗？——真抱歉，电脑正在修理。该句强调的是此时电脑正被维修，需用现在进行时的被动语态。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎7．(2009年浙江卷)—What do you think of the movie?‎ ‎—It’s fantastic.The only pity is that I________the beginning of it.‎ A．missed B．had missed C．miss D．would miss ‎【解析】　句意为：——你觉得这部电影怎么样？——太棒了。唯一可惜的是，我错过了开头部分。错过开头部分对于现在而言是发生在过去的事情，故选A。‎ ‎【答案】　A ‎8. (2009年全国卷Ⅰ)His sister left home in 1998，and________since.‎ A．had not been heard of ‎ B．has not been heard of C．had not heard of ‎ D．has not heard of ‎【解析】　句意为：他妹妹在1998年离开家，从那以后就没了音讯。根据句意，指的是过去离开以后，到现在一直没音讯，故用现在完成时；hear of与his sister在本句中为被动关系，故用被动语态，所以选B。‎ ‎【答案】　B ‎9. (2009年福建卷)According to the literary review，Shakespeare________his characters live through their language in his plays.‎ A．will make B．had made C．was making D．makes ‎【解析】　句意为：这篇文学评论说，莎士比亚使他剧中的人物通过语言鲜活起来。本句考查时态，当介绍一种理论时，常用一般现在时。 ‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎10．(2009年辽宁卷)Excuse me，Marcia，a reporter from Vanity Fair________all day.Could you speak to her now?‎ A．phones B．has phoned C．has been phoning D．phoned ‎【解析】　句意为：打扰了，Marcia，一名Vanity Fair的记者打了一整天的电话。你现在可以接她的电话吗？根据句意和时间状语all day可知，此句需用现在完成进行时表示说话人的一种情感，如：不满，抱怨，责备等。注意，现在完成时表示到目前为止动作可能已经结束，侧重对现在产生的影响或结果。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎1．(2010届浙江嘉兴一中摸底测验)—Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?‎ ‎—Terry？Never！She________tents and fresh air!‎ A．has hated B．hated C．will hate D．hates ‎【解析】　结合题意可知此处应用一般现在时表示她的习惯，她讨厌帐篷和新鲜的空气。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎2．(2010届安徽芜湖一中一模)—Got your driving license?‎ ‎—No.I________too busy to have enough practice，so I didn’t take the driving test last week.‎ A．was B．am C．have been D．had been ‎【解析】　考查时态。根据句中so I didn’t take the driving test last week可知说话人过去一直很忙而没有进行足够的练习，以至于没有参加上周的驾照考试。发生在过去的动作“take”之前，因此应该用过去完成时。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎3．(2010届成都玉林中学月考)He will have learned English for eight years by the time he________from the university next year.‎ A．will graduate B．will have graduated C．graduates D．is to graduate ‎【解析】　考查时态。by the time引导的是时间状语从句，而本句的主句是将来时，所以从句用一般现在时表示将来。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎4．(2010届甘肃天水一中段考)I________in London for many years，but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.‎ A．lived B．have lived C．had lived D．was living ‎【解析】　“我在伦敦生活了很多年”只是对过去的一般叙述，过去的动作并没有对现在造成影响，故用一般过去时。‎ ‎【答案】　A ‎5．(2010届苏州调研)—What’s your opinion about my suggestion?‎ ‎—Sorry，I________.Would you please say it again?‎ A．hadn’t listened B．wouldn’t listen C．wasn’t listening D．didn’t listen ‎【解析】　考查时态。从本题的语境来看，说话人刚才没有在听对方的建议，因此，使用过去进行时，表示“听”的动作刚才没有在发生。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎6．(2010届合肥检测)Although many measures________，the world’s economy is still going down.‎ A．were taken B．have been taken C．will be taken D．are taken ‎【解析】　考查动词的时态与语态。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成影响，所以用现在完成时；take与measures之间构成动宾关系，所以要用被动语态。‎ ‎【答案】　B ‎7. (2010届福建检测)Since the beginning of the vacation，I______across the country，and my ‎ next stop is the Wuyi Mountains.‎ A．had traveled B．will travel C．have been traveling D．was traveling ‎【解析】　考查动词的时态。该题的时间状语为since＋过去的时间点，结合后面的“my next stop is the Wuyi Mountains”可以看出这里应该用现在完成进行时，表示从过去开始的动作一直持续到现在，并可能持续下去。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎8．(2010年东城检测)Right now the government is trying to control the number of people who________by H1N1 flu.‎ A．have been affected B．have affected C．are affected D．affect ‎【解析】　考查动词的时态语态。句意为：政府正在试图控制感染H1N1流感的人的数量。人们被感染流感，用sb.be affected by sth.结构，这里说的是现在的一般情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎9．(2010年长春第一次调研)—I saw Lucy and her boyfriend in the park at nine yesterday evening.‎ ‎—Impossible.She________the Internet with me in my home then.‎ A．surfed B．had surfed C．would surf D．was surfing ‎【解析】　考查时态。根据对话内容可知，昨天晚上九点时Lucy正在和我一起上网，因此用过去进行时。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎10．(2010年上海春招)The employees________that they should renew their contracts within a week.‎ A．advise B．have advised C．are advised D．had been advised ‎【解析】　考查动词的语态。语意：(公司)建议员工在一周内续签合同。根据语意，The employees与advise为动宾关系，所以应该用被动结构，故选C项。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎11．(2010届抚顺一中第一次同步考试)With the help of high technologh，more and more new substances________in the past years.‎ A．discovered ‎ B．have discovered C．had been discovered ‎ D．have been discovered ‎【解析】　考查时态和语态。由句中的时间状语in the past years可知，这里应用现在完成时；句子的主语new substances与discover之间为动宾关系，故选D项。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎12．(2010届成都联考)—Look！Everything here is under construction.‎ ‎—What’s the pretty small house that________for?‎ A．is being built B．has been built C．is built D．is building ‎【解析】　考查时态和语态。语意表明从句中用现在进行时，名词house是动词build的承受者，所以谓语用现在进行时的被动语态。第二句语意为：正在修建的那座漂亮的小房子是用来做什么的？‎ ‎【答案】　A ‎13．(2010届江西高安中学月考)—Did you have any trouble finding your way in Shanghai?‎ ‎—Yes，I tried to find my way to the airport but________.‎ A．has been lost B．get lost C．lost D．got lost ‎【解析】　前面的问句以及tried暗示时态应为一般过去时，因此选got lost。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎14．(2010届皖南八校联考)We’ve been told the good news，but when and where to go for the exciting paid vacation________yet.‎ A．are not discussed ‎ B．have not been discussed C．is not being discussed ‎ D．has not been discussed ‎【解析】　后一分句的主语为when and where to go for the exciting paid ‎ vacation，表示的是一件事，谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除A、B两项。根据句末的yet可知应该用完成时，即这件事还没有被讨论。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎15．(2010年西安质量检测)We haven’t moved into the new office building—it________right now.‎ A．is decorating B．has been decorated C．is being decorated D．has been decorating ‎【解析】　考查动词时态、语态。根据题干中前面一句话的时态及后一句话中的时间状语right now可知，应用现在进行时；又依据语意可知，房子正在(被)装修，因此选C。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎1．(2011·东北三省四市联考)—What’s that terrible noise，David?‎ ‎—Oh，I forgot to tell you.The new machines in the nearby plant________.‎ A．were tested　　　 B．will be tested C．are being tested　　　 D．have been tested 解析：　考查动词的时态。根据问句中的What’s that terrible noise 可知，这里应该用进行时态，噪音是机器正在被检测时发出的，所以用现在进行时的被动语态。‎ 答案：　C ‎2．(2011·北京西城模拟)The attackers were arrested and didn’t know where they________.‎ A．would take　　　 B．are taken C．were being taken　　　 D．will be taken 解析：　句意为：袭击者被捕了，他们不知道正被带往何处。根据didn’t know 可知，空格处也应该用过去的某种时态，所以B、D不正确；根据句意可知此处用被动语态，故选C。‎ 答案：　C ‎3．(2011·南京模拟)People begin to know that most environmental problems exist because necessary measures for preventing them________taken in the past.‎ A．are not　　 B．were not C．hadn’t been　　　 D．wouldn’t be 解析：　句意为：人们开始了解到由于在过去没有采取必要的预防措施从而造成了大多数的环境问题。in the past暗示出用过去时态；hadn’t been ‎ 指在一个过去的动作或时间之前发生的事情；wouldn’t be 表过去将来，故B项正确。‎ 答案：　B ‎4．(2011·日照市调研考试)—Monitor?‎ ‎—I’m not monitor of our class.I________with the teacher until the monitor is elected.‎ A．will just help　　　 B．am just to help C．am just helping　　 D．have just helped 解析：　考查时态。下句意为：我只是在帮助老师，直到选出班长为止。根据上下句语意可知，此处用现在进行时，表示答话者当时所处的状态。‎ 答案：　C ‎5．(2011·南京第一次模拟)—I hear you________at Smith’s.‎ ‎—Yes，I________there for about three months.‎ A．work；had been working B．worked；was working C．are working；have been working D．worked；have worked 解析：　本题考查时态。听说你正在Smith’s 上班，因此应该使用现在进行时态；我在那里已经工作大约三个月了(可能还会持续下去)，因此需要使用现在完成进行时态。‎ 答案：　C ‎6．(2010·海淀区第二学期期中练习)—Why didn’t you come to the cinema with us last Saturday?‎ ‎—Oh，sorry.But I________the film.‎ A．see　　　 B．saw C．have seen　　　 D．had seen 解析：　考查动词的时态。由语意可知，这个电影在上周六(last Saturday)之前就已经看过了，也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”，因此应该用过去完成时。‎ 答案：　D ‎7．(2010·3月济南模拟)A big step ________to strengthen China’s health care systems since we launched an effort in 2008.‎ A．has been taken　　　 B．is being taken C．was taken　　　 D．had been taken 解析：　考查时态。since(自从)所在的从句用了一般过去时，主句一般用现在完成时。‎ 答案：　A ‎8．(2011·哈尔滨检测)I have been on diet for months and next time you see me，I ________five pounds.‎ A．will have lost　　　 B．will lose C．have lost　　　 D．am losing 解析：　本题考查动词时态。句意为：我已经减肥好几个月了，等下次再见我时，我就会轻五磅。根据语境知句子要用将来完成时，故A项正确。‎ 答案：　A ‎9．(2011·苏州一模)—Are you going to further your studies after graduation?‎ ‎—Well，I________yet.I might make some other choices.‎ A．didn’t decide　　　 B．haven’t decided C．don’t decide　　　 D．hadn’t decided 解析：　本题考查动词时态。从答语：也许还有别的打算可知，目前还没有做出决定，故用现在完成时。‎ 答案：　B ‎10．(2011·陕西宝鸡检测)Mary，I should tell you it is the third time that you________ your homework.‎ A．forgot to do　　　 B．forgot doing C．have forgotten to do　　　 D．had forgotten doing 解析：　考查时态和非谓语动词。“It is(was)the＋序数词＋time＋that从句”，表示“是某人第几次做某事”，在此句型中，若前面为it is，则that 从句用现在完成时，若前面为it was，则that 从句用过去完成时；而forget to do sth.表示忘了应去做某事，forget doing sth.表示忘了已做过某事。根据语意可知此题应选C。‎ 答案：　C ‎11．(2010·3月济南模拟)—We thought he would have won the game.‎ ‎—What a pity！He ________too nervous when playing.‎ A．had been　　　 B．has been C．was　　　 D．would have been 解析：　考查动词时态。句意为：他当时太紧张了。答语是对过去事实的陈述，用一般过去时。‎ 答案：　C ‎12．(2010·潍坊质量监测)My headache________me.I thought it was going away，but now it’s getting worse and worse.‎ A．is killing　　　 B．was killing C．kills　　　 D．killed 解析：　考查时态。从now 可知：我现在头疼得厉害。‎ 答案：　A ‎13．(2010·潍坊第一次模拟)Tom is now in our class，but he once________in Westbrook High School for a term.‎ A．has studied　　　 B．studied C．had studied　　　 D．studies 解析：　考查时态。句意为：汤姆现在在我们班，但他曾经在韦斯特布鲁克高中呆过一个学期。从once可知，用一般过去时，一般过去时也可以和一段时间连用。‎ 答案：　B ‎14．(2010·海南五校联考)—When did you move to Sanya?‎ ‎—In 2008.But I________in Tibet for 8 years.‎ A．has worked　　　 B．has been worked C．have been working　　　 D．worked 解析：　考查时态。由题干可知答话人在2008年搬到三亚之前曾在西藏工作过8年，叙述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。‎ 答案：　D ‎15．(2010·4月济南模拟)—Can you give some advice on what I said just now?‎ ‎—Sorry.My mind ________.‎ A．is wandering　　　 B．was wandering C．has wandered　　　 D．has wandered 解析：　考查动词的时态。从语境可知“刚才你说话的时候，我走神了”，此处强调“过去某个时刻正在进行”的状态，所以用过去进行时，答案选B项。‎ 答案：　B