【英语】2019届二轮复习短文改错解题技法指导（12页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习短文改错解题技法指导（12页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习短文改错解题技法指导 ‎　　　　　　 During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.‎ 答案：第一句：countryside前加the 第二句：find→found 第三句：another→other 第四句：here→there; chicken→chickens 第五句：which→where或which前加in 第六句：sell→selling 第七句：happily→happy 第八句：去掉for; but→and ‎　　　　　　 When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.‎ 答案：第一句：Friday's→Friday 第二句：sort→sorts 第三句：the→a; watching→watch; ‎ 去掉第三个to 第四句：us→me 第五句：I后加was; for→with 第六句：are→were 第七句：where→when 全国卷3年考情分析(“频次”中的数字为2016～2018全国卷9套试题的考查题量累计)‎ 宏观考向 词　法 句法 行文逻辑 微观考法 考点 频次 设误角度 考点 频次 考点 频次 动词 ‎24‎ 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气 并列连词 ‎6‎ 时态一致 ‎2‎ 名词 ‎7‎ 可数与不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格 代词 ‎6‎ 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词 从属关联词 ‎7‎ 指代一致 ‎4‎ 形容词、副词 ‎10‎ 原级、比较级、最高级 冠词 ‎9‎ 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词 主谓一致 ‎1‎ ‎0‎ 逻辑一致 ‎0‎ 介词 ‎6‎ 基本用法、固定搭配 数词 ‎1‎ 基数词与序数词 there be句型与特殊句式 词性误用 ‎7‎ 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词 一、规范解题“4原则”‎ 改动处以最少为原则 实词以改变词形为原则 虚词以添加或删除为原则 以保持句子原意不变为原则 短文改错题通常要求每句最多有两处错误(2018全国卷Ⅱ中有一句有三处错误)。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，都只能是围绕一个词进行。‎ 在短文改错题中，实词(如名词、动词、代词、形容词和副词等)一般是改词形，不能随意增删，也不能将其改换成另一个实词。围绕实词设题一般在7至8处。‎ 历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。‎ 做短文改错题时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。‎ 二、稳准解题“3步骤”‎ 解题3步骤 想什么 怎么想 第一步 从语篇入手，理解大意，着眼时态和语态 ‎1‎ 时态误用：主要是一般现在时与一般过去时 有些句子中谓语动词的时态和语态本身并没有错误，只有立足于上下文才能发现其中的错误。因此，在理解短文大意之后就应该逐句排查每句的时态和语态 ‎2‎ 看主动语态与被动语态是否误用 第二步 从句子入手，逐句分析，推敲语法 ‎1‎ 动词类错误：(1)混用过去式、过去分词；(2)主谓一致错误；(3)非谓语动词错误 短文改错中，动词类错误一般有三个左右，第一步已从时态、语态角度进行排查，这时就需要考虑非谓语动词、主谓一致甚至虚拟语气等；另外，名词的数、形容词与副词的误用、冠词的用法、介词搭配等问题几乎每年都要考到 ‎2‎ 名词类错误：(1)单复数错用；(2)所有格的错用 ‎3‎ 形容词、副词类错误：(1)混淆形容词、副词；(2)误用原级、比较级和最高级；(3)错用分词形容词 ‎4‎ 冠词类错误：(1)a与an的错用；(2)不定冠词与定冠词的错用；(3)冠词的缺失与多余 ‎5‎ 介词类错误：(1)及物动词后多用了介词；(2)不及物动词后少用了介词；(3)搭配中介词的错用 ‎6‎ 从句引导词类错误：(1)三大从句连接词的误用、多余；‎ ‎(2)连词与介词错用(如when与during；although与despite)‎ 第三步 从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连代 ‎1‎ 连词类错误：(1)连词的错用，如and与but等；(2)连词的多余，如前有although，不能再用but 通过前两步仍然有做不出来的，就应该重读短文，从上下文逻辑关系上进行排查，放眼全篇去思考 ‎2‎ 代词类错误：(1)人称是否一致；(2)单复数是否一致；‎ ‎(3)前后指代是否一致 ‎3‎ 逻辑词错误：besides，however，therefore的误用 ‎[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself homework, but I was shy. I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people. At that ‎ moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.” Immediate, I raised my hand.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 第一步：从语篇入手，理解大意，着眼时态和语态。‎ 根据文章第一句句意“写作课刚刚开始”，结合前面的had可知这里应是过去完成时，故begin→begun；第六句中根据主语that可判定谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式，故include→includes。‎ 第二步：从句子入手，逐句分析，推敲语法。‎ 注意几乎每年都考查的动词、名词、形容词、副词、冠词和介词类错误，同时注意其他语法类错误。第二句中的wait与主语Everyone之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语，故wait→waiting；第三句中be eager to do sth.“渴望做某事”，为固定搭配，故eager后加to；第五句中be afraid to do sth.“害怕做某事”，为固定表达，故去掉that；第五句表示“作者害怕在一群人面前讲话”，这里没有比较的含义，故larger→large；第六句中可数名词mistake与前面的textbooks并列，故mistake→mistakes；第七句中immediate修饰整个句子，应改为副词形式作状语，故Immediate→Immediately。‎ 第三步：从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连代。‎ 通过前两步仍有两处错误没能找出，这时要重读短文，从上下文逻辑关系进行排查，放眼全篇去思考。第二句表示“他的或者她的”文章，因此属于一种选择关系，而不是并列关系，故and→or；第四句中考查了人称代词，修饰名词homework应用形容词性物主代词my，或者把myself改为定冠词the。‎ ‎ A ‎(2019届高三·济南模拟)“A true friend is a source of strength and hope” is a saying tells us that everyone needs friends, especially those who challenge us to be excellent and confidence.‎ I can well remember the time when I failed in several exam, that upset me so much that I couldn't focus on study any more.Fortunate, my friend Kris came to cheer her up.She said, “In no way should you give up.Keep doing or you will succeed.” Day by day, she stays with me, helping my study.Now I'm excited to find I have made a great progress.‎ Kris is really a true friend.As the old saying goes, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Let's be true friends to each other.‎ 答案：第一句：tells→telling; confidence→confident 第二句：exam→exams; 第一个that→which 第三句：Fortunate→Fortunately; her→me 第五句：or→and 第六句：stays→stayed; helping后加with 第七句：去掉a B ‎(2019届高三·武汉模拟)Sixyearold Ismail Zulfic was born without arms and used to be scary of going into the water after a incident in a pool.So that changed when the little boy met Amel Kapo.He sets up a local swimming club after noticing how disabled kids struggled to swim in pools for lack of special equipments for them.‎ Kapo taught Zulfic swim.Zulfic was able to swim well after a little months of practice.He even won a gold medal in a local swimming competition for disabled people, finish well ahead of other swimmers.‎ This butterfly without wings shows up that desire, will and perseverance are things that real pay off.‎ 答案：第一句：scary→scared; 第一个a→an 第二句：So→But 第三句：sets→set; equipments→equipment 第四句：swim前加to 第五句：little→few 第六句：finish→finishing 第七句：去掉up; real→really C ‎(2018·合肥质检)It was in a hot summer holiday which I visited Qingdao, port city in Shandong Province. My favourite sport is swimming, so I decide to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend, Wang Fei and Li Lei.‎ It was the first time that I had swum in the sea, with waves come one after another to the shore and making great noises. Facing the rough sea, I felt a bit worrying and nearly gave up at first. And when I saw many people enjoying myself in the water, my fear was reducing. At last I joined in the swimmers. Now I still remember how wonderful I was swimming in the sea.‎ 答案：第一句：which→that; port前加a 第二句：decide→decided; friend→friends 第三句：come→coming 第四句：worrying→worried 第五句：And→But; myself→themselves 第六句：去掉in 第七句：wonderful→wonderfully D ‎(2018·沈阳质检)The approach of the College Entrance Examination announce the end of my stressful high school life. Actually, I'm planning for a relaxed and meaningful summer vacation.‎ The first thing coming to my mind is to get a driving license, what I think is a must for most college student in China. Apart from a completely relaxation, I also plan to take an English course to improve my speaking English. In addition to, I want to take active part in different social activities to better myself.‎ I believe the vacation must be fascinating before I finish the exam. I can't wait to enjoy them!‎ 答案：第一句：announce→announces 第二句：relaxed→relaxing 第三句：what→which; student→students 第四句：completely→complete; speaking→spoken 第五句：去掉第一个to; active前加an 第六句：before→after 第七句：them→it 必过题点 第一讲谓语动词和非谓语动词 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long to_see (see) the benefit.‎ ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying (die) early by running.‎ ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Since 2011, the country has_grown (grow) more corn than rice.‎ ‎4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to_improve (improve) water quality.‎ ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started (start) a soiltesting program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.‎ ‎6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.‎ ‎ China's approach to protecting its environment while feeding (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.‎ ‎7．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.‎ ‎8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant (mean) me no real harm.‎ ‎9．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me to_stay (stay) and watch.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.find→found ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.sell→selling ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Still I unwilling to play the games with them sometimes. I后加was ‎4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.watching→watch ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.are→were ‎6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.begin→begun ‎7．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.wait→waiting ‎[盲点锁定⇒二轮主攻]‎ ‎1‎ 考生因不能判定是填谓语动词还是非谓语动词而失分 ‎2‎ 动词的时态和语态是考查谓语动词时的必考点，考生在答题时如果分析不到位或相关知识欠缺，则容易误填答案 ‎3‎ 非谓语动词因其蕴含形式多变、用法繁杂等特征，考生容易出现理解失误而造成失分 方向定准——是填谓语动词还是非谓语动词 ‎1．找谓语。若句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语。‎ 一个句子无论是主句还是从句，必须要有谓语。一般来讲，若空格所在的句子中无其他动词，那么这个空就应填谓语动词。谓语动词需考虑时态、语态、主谓一致等。‎ ‎[典例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers __68__ (manage) to construct railways in a ‎ system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，该句中的主语为engineers，故所给动词作谓语，且根据which became known as the Tube可知时态为一般过去时。故填managed。‎ ‎[典例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt __64__ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，句子中没有谓语，故空格处应作谓语。本文讲述的是现状，用一般现在时。主语是fat and salt，是复数概念，和remove之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。‎ ‎2．若句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到关联词(并列连词或从句关联词)时，则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。‎ 非谓语动词需确定是v.ing形式、v.ed形式还是不定式。‎ ‎[典例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required __63__ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.‎ 分析：require sth.to do sth.“需要某物做某事”，此处用了被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式to process作主语补足语。‎ ‎[典例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, __63__ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.‎ 分析：句中已有谓语动词included, include为及物动词，其后加名词或动名词作宾语，结合digging和and then building可知，此处应用动名词作宾语。故填laying。‎ ‎3．排除干扰，切忌“只见树木不见森林”‎ ‎[典例1]　(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and __69__ (be) too violent for use at the table.‎ 分析：看到此题，考生可能会根据and认为应与前面的某个成分并列，是与believed并列、与would remind并列还是与killings并列？分析句子结构可知，believed后接宾语从句，宾语从句由and连接两个并列谓语。此处描述的是过去的事实，应用一般过去时，又因主语是knives，故填were。 ‎ ‎[典例2]　(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)A study of travelers __68__ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.‎ 分析：本题存在一题多义、一词多性的特征，考生易误填was conducted或were conducted。因为考生容易把names误作名词而认为空格处应填动词。实际上，分析句子结构可知，空格所在句已有谓语动词names，且不与names作并列谓语，故填非谓语动词。study和conduct之间为被动关系，所以应用过去分词作定语。故填conducted。‎ ‎4．通过6组易混示例，理清谓语动词和非谓语动词 ‎[题组1]‎ 示例 ‎①He volunteered to help control traffic, ________ (donate) an hour of his time every week.‎ ‎②He volunteered to help control traffic, and ______ (donate) an hour of his time every week.‎ 分析 两句的差别是连词and。分析句子结构可知，①中空格处为现在分词作伴随状语；②中空格处与volunteered并列作谓语。故①填donating；②填donated。‎ ‎[题组2]‎ 示例 ‎①________ (call) me tomorrow and I'll let you know the lab result.‎ ‎②________ (call) me tomorrow, I'll let you know the lab result.‎ 分析 两句的差别是连词and。分析句子结构可知，①句为句式“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”；②句为分词短语作条件状语。故①填Call；②填Calling。‎ ‎[题组3]‎ 示例 ‎①The guide ________ (lead) the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.‎ ‎②The guide ________ (lead) the way, so we had no trouble getting out of the forest.‎ 分析 两句的差别是连词so。分析句子结构可知，①句为独立主格结构作原因状语；②句so连接两个并列句，空格处所填词应与第二个并列分句的谓语动词一致。故①填leading；②填led。‎ ‎[题组4]‎ 示例 ‎①The party will be held in the garden, weather __________ (permit)．‎ ‎②The party will be held in the garden, if weather ________ (permit)．‎ 分析 两句的差别是连词if。分析句子结构可知，①句为独立主格结构作条件状语；②句为if引导的条件状语从句。故①填permitting；②填permits。‎ ‎[题组5]‎ 示例 ‎①Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, and all his attention ________ (fix) on it.‎ ‎②Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, (with) all his attention ________ (fix) on it.‎ ‎③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, ______ (fix) all his attention on it.‎ 分析 三句的差别是逗号后面的部分。分析句子结构可知，①句为and连接两个并列句，通过时态、语态的分析，应用一般过去时的被动语态；②句为独立主格结构(with复合结构)；③句为现在分词短语作伴随状语。故①填was fixed；②‎ 填fixed；③填fixing。‎ ‎[题组6]‎ 示例 ‎①He went into the room, ________ (sit) at the table and began to read newspapers.‎ ‎②They walked along the stream together, ________ (talk) and laughing.‎ 分析 两句看似结构一致，但仔细分析却是大相径庭。①句为and连接三个并列谓语；②句为and连接两个伴随状语。故①填sat；②填talking。‎ ‎[即时强化训练]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018·益阳模拟)As her mother cheered from the sideline of a soccer game last fall in Bend, 7yearold Naomi Vaughan went off to play in the nearby woods surrounding_(surround) the soccer fields.‎ ‎2．(2019届高三·名校原创预测卷八)Having_completed (complete) this work and received his pay, he went to another place for the same purpose, and then to another, until he earned enough to buy a grammar book.‎ ‎3．(2018·滁州模拟)The Northern Essex Community College (NECC) students and one of their teachers spent part of their spring break in New York City, helping repair an area destroyed (destroy) by the hurricane.‎ ‎4．(2019届高三·遵义模拟)Once upon a time, a king got a gift of two fantastic falcons (猎鹰). They were beautiful, and the king loved (love) them very much.‎ ‎5．(2018·莆田模拟)Wearing (wear) his bright red armband (红袖章) and speaking fluent Mandarin, 62yearold Gao Tianrui could have been taken for any regular Chinese man.‎ ‎6．(2019届高三·遵义模拟)He asked his servant to_find (find) the person who made the falcon fly.‎ ‎7．(2018·广州模拟)The Chinese Poetry Congress featuring (feature) classic poetry is extremely popular.‎ ‎8．(2019届高三·南阳模拟)One year has_passed (pass) since the story happened.‎ ‎9．(2018·广州模拟)For example, in The Legend of Zhenhuan, one of the drama's most moving songs was adapted from a poem written (write) by Wen Tingyun of the Tang Dynasty.‎ ‎10．(2019届高三·南阳模拟)Within five minutes, we had the situation_controlled (control) and the fire was put out.‎ ‎11．(2018·柳州模拟)The first volume has been translated by Anna Holmwood, an English publishing agent working (work) together with many famous Chinese writers, such as Yu Hua, Liu Zhenyun, and Yan Ge.‎ ‎12．(2018·大庆模拟)All these different colors are used in Beijing Opera facial painting to_provide (provide) a clear picture of each character.‎ ‎13．(2018·闽侯模拟)This year's Meet_is_expected (expect) to bring an art carnival to Beijing.‎ ‎14．(2018·莆田模拟)Crossman_became (become) interested in Chinese culture as a teenager when he read Tao Te Ching by Laozi.‎ ‎15．(2019届高三·佛山模拟)Every year over 2,500 people die and 12,600_are_injured (injure) in home fires in America.‎ ‎16．(2019届高三·佛山模拟)You are even unable to find your way around home you have_lived (live) in for ages.‎ ‎17．(2018·鄂州模拟)Around a fifth of the world's population live/are_living (live) in China.‎ ‎18．(2018·鄂州模拟)The Great Wall of China is the longest wall in the world, built (build) by Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of China.‎ ‎19．(2018·沙市模拟)In general, it takes a student 10－15 minutes every morning_to_dress_(dress) up for class.‎ ‎20．(2018·抚州模拟)Wearing a seat belt does not make you completely safe. You can get killed or hurt while wearing your seat belt. But wearing them proves/has_proved (prove) to be safer than without them.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2018·合肥模拟)Alibaba founder Jack Ma, whose company has been valued at more than $ 221 billion of which Ma owned 6%, is put in the top position among China's wealthiest. owned→owns ‎2．(2018·合肥模拟)Afterwards he started a translation agency which took him to the US, where he introduced to the Internet.introduced前加was ‎3．(2019届高三·莆田模拟)See this, I offered to take him to a clinic._See→Seeing_‎ ‎4．(2019届高三·莆田模拟)When Jack tasted the medicine, he almost brings it up.brings→brought_‎ ‎5．(2018·兰州模拟)Last Friday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi.tried→trying ‎6．(2018·兰州模拟)How can we passengers' legal rights be protecting if something bad happens？protecting→protected ‎7．(2019届高三·广州模拟)Ever since middle school, I had been dreaming of working as a guide.had→have ‎8．(2019届高三·广州模拟)Learn that you are looking for a parttime guide during the summer vacation, I think I'm suitable for it._Learn→Learning ‎9．(2018·柳州模拟)In this way we can avoid suffer from the pressure of exams.‎ suffer→suffering ‎10．(2018·柳州模拟)Besides, enough sleep can make us energetic and enable us perform well in an exam.perform前加to