高考英语语法专题复习动词时态和语态

高考英语语法专题复习动词时态和语态

‎ 高考英语语法复习专题：动词时态和语态 ‎ 一、考点聚焦 ‎ 1、动词时态考查要点简述 ‎ （1）一般现在时考点分析 ‎ ①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）‎ The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.‎ Water boils at 100oC.‎ ‎②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。‎ Ice feels cold.‎ We always care for each other and help each other.‎ ‎③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：‎ I know what you mean.‎ Smith owns a car and a house.‎ All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.‎ ‎④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。‎ If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。‎ ‎⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。‎ The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.‎ Tomorrow is Wednesday.‎ ‎（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。‎ ‎①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：‎ I met her in the street yesterday.‎ I once saw the famous star here.‎ They never drank wine.‎ I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.‎ ‎②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：‎ He told me he read an interesting novel last night. ‎ ‎③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。‎ The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.‎ He bought a watch but lost it.‎ ‎④常用一般过去时的句型：‎ Why didn’t you / I think of that?‎ I didn’t notice it.‎ I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.‎ I didn’t recognize him.‎ ‎（3）一般将来时考点分析。‎ ‎①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。‎ ‎②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。‎ We’ll die without air or water.‎ ‎③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。‎ ‎④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：‎ be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。‎ be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：‎ If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)‎ If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)‎ be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。‎ A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.‎ be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。‎ Autumn harvest is about to start.‎ ‎（4）现在进行时考点分析。‎ ‎①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：‎ It is raining now.‎ He is teaching English and learning Chinese.‎ I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.‎ We are leaving on Friday.‎ At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)‎ The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)‎ ‎②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。‎ ‎（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。‎ ‎①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/‎ though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：‎ Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.‎ ‎②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。‎ After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.‎ We arrived home before it snowed.‎ ‎（6）过去将来时考点分析。‎ 参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。‎ ‎（7）过去进行时考点分析。‎ ‎①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。‎ ‎②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。‎ ‎（8）现在完成时考点分析。‎ ‎①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。‎ ‎②下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句 This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时 This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时 This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时 ‎③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：‎ I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.‎ If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.‎ Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.‎ ‎（9）注意几组时态的区别：‎ ‎①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。‎ 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。‎ ‎②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。‎ ‎2、被动语态考查要点简述 被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。‎ ‎（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。‎ ‎①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。‎ My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.‎ An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.‎ I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.‎ ‎②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。‎ The boss made him work all day long.‎ He was made to work all day long(by the boss)‎ ‎③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。‎ The children were taken good care of (by her).‎ Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.‎ ‎④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。‎ ‎⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：‎ People say he is a smart boy.‎ It is said that he is a smart boy.‎ He is said to be a smart boy.‎ People know paper was made in China first.‎ It is known that paper was made in China first.‎ Paper was known to be made in China first.‎ 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …‎ ‎（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。‎ ‎①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。‎ ‎③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。‎ ‎④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。‎ ‎⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。‎ ‎⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。‎ ‎⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。‎ ‎（3）主动形式表被动意义。‎ ‎①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。‎ This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。‎ These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。‎ My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。‎ The door won’t lock.门锁不上。‎ The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。‎ ‎②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。‎ The plan worked out successfully.‎ The lamps on the wall turn off.‎ ‎③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。‎ ‎④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。‎ This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.‎ The girl isn’t easy to get along with.‎ 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。‎ ‎（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。‎ ‎①be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。‎ ‎②be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。‎ ‎③be lost迷路 ‎④be drunk喝醉 ‎⑤be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.‎ ‎（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：‎ The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)‎ The book is well sold.(系表结构)‎ Z二、精典名题导解 选择填空 ‎1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)‎ A.will request B.are requested ‎ C.are requesting D.request 解析：答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而visitor与request之间是动宾关系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。‎ ‎2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)‎ A.is changing B.has changed ‎ C.will have changed D.will change 解析：答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。‎ ‎3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（2000年春季高考）‎ A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed 解析：答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关系；②结合语境选择正确时态。‎ ‎4.My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I half of it.‎ A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed 解析：答案为D。本句考时态和语境。全句意思是；我的心没在他说的话上，所以恐怕他说的话我有一半没听到。整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，所以选一般过去时D。‎ ‎5.The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in. ‎ A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came 解析：答案为D。come alive“变得活跃”。照顾时间状语从句时态一致时。‎ ‎6.—I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.‎ ‎—Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ?‎ A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left 解析：答案为D。考查动词时态，由现完成时的用法，可知动作发生在过去，故选D。‎ ‎ ‎