高考语法复习 动词不定式学案

高考语法复习 动词不定式学案

动词不定式 一、不定式的基本形式 不定式 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done ‎ 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing ‎ 完成进行式 to have been doing ‎1）不定式的一般式 ‎ 表示的动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（状态）同时（几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。‎ ‎ 例如：We rejoiced to see her back.我们看到他回来了很高兴。‎ ‎ They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。‎ ‎2）不定式的进行式 ‎ 如果在主要谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式的动作也正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。‎ ‎ 例如：Her uncle seemed to be acting strangely towards her.‎ 她叔父对待她的所作所为看上去很怪。‎ ‎ They pretended to be working very hard.他们假装在努力工作。‎ ‎ We happened to be talking about it 我们恰好正谈到件事。‎ ‎ We did not expect you to be sleeping here.我们没想到你在这睡觉。‎ ‎3）不定式的完成式 ‎ 不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式用完成式，即to have done 例如：It is not like her to have missed two days of classed.‎ 误了两天的课，这不像她的行为。‎ ‎ I am sorry to have done that.我那样做很抱歉。‎ ‎ You are said to have got some tickets for the concert.‎ 据说你有几张这场音乐会的票。‎ ‎ She seems to have read the book before.她好像看过这本书。‎ ‎4）不定式的完成进行式。‎ ‎ 如果不定式的表示不是正在进行的动作，而是在谓语所表示时间前一直进行的动作，就要用完成进行式 。‎ 例如：They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.(=It is said that they have been collecting...)据说他们一直在云南收集民歌。‎ ‎ They suspected us to having been puarreling. 他们还疑心我们刚刚吵过架呢。‎ ‎ We are happy to have been working with you. ‎ 我们很高兴这段时间和你们 在一起工作。‎ ‎5）不定式的被动式 ‎ （1）如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式 to be done 例如：These clothes are to be washed as soon as possible. 这些衣服要尽早洗。‎ ‎ It takes 80 years for Mediteranean Water to be changed with Atlantic water.‎ ‎ 地中海的水需要员80年才能同大西洋的水交换一次。‎ ‎ The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting. ‎ 今晚要上演的新剧将十分有趣。 ‎ ‎ To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule never to be broken. ‎ 早钣前去打水对我来说是永远不能打破的惯例。（98年上海高考）‎ ‎ （2）有些结构中不定式虽然表示被动意思，但用的却是主动形式，这是因为在句子中能找到不定式这个动作的发出者。‎ ‎ 例如：Give her some books to read. 给她些书看。‎ 有时候用不定式的主动式或被子动式表达的意义是不一样的。‎ 例如：I have some letters to write. 我有许多信要写。‎ ‎ I have some letters to be writen . 我有许多信要让人写。‎ ‎ Do you have anything to take to the library? ‎ 你有什么东西需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由你亲自拿去）‎ Do you have anything to be taken to the library? ‎ 你有什么东西需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由别人带去）‎ ‎（3）在There be 句型中作定语修饰主语的不定式用主动式和被子动形式都有可以。（多用主动形式）‎ ‎ 例如：There are a lot of letters to write (to be written) 有许多信要写。‎ ‎ There is no chance to lose (to be lost ) 机会失去不能再有。‎ 另外有些词用主动形式表示被子动意义：‎ 例如：He is to blame for not driving carefully 他粗心驾驶应受到责备。‎ ‎6）不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式是在to符号前加 not，有时用never ,即not to do sth , never to do sth.‎ 例如：He is disappointed not to go swimming this afternoon.‎ 今天下午不能去游泳他很失望。‎ ‎ I warn them not to go out alone.我告诫他们不要独自出去。‎ ‎ You must promise never to smoke.你必答应再也不抽烟。‎ ‎ I advised people not to have hamburgers.我劝人们不要吃汉堡包。‎ ‎ 动词不定式可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等， 但不能作谓语，不定式可有自己的逻辑主语，即for sb to do sth, of sb to do sth 一、 作主语 To do that sort of thing is foolish.‎ To learn English well is very important.‎ ‎ 注：常用形式主语it 代替不定式置于主语位置，不定式移至句末。‎ ‎ It would be better for you to go there. ‎ 一、 作表语 To see is to believe.‎ To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die .‎ ‎ 注：1、主语是不定式时，表语必须用不定式，而不用Ving形式。‎ ‎ 2．不定式用表语时常用来表示预定要发生的动作， 或表示未来的可能性或假设。‎ ‎ 3．当主语部分有do 的某种形式时，to 可省略。‎ ‎ All you have to do is (to )finish the job quickly.‎ 二、 作宾语 Fred didn’t have any money , so he decided to look for a job .‎ He promised not to tell anyone about it .‎ ‎ 注：只跟不定式作宾语的动词有：‎ afford ,agree, ask , decide , demand , expect, fail , help , hope , manage , offer , plan , prepare , pretend , promise , refuse , seem , wish , learn 等。‎ 三、 作定语 Do you have anything to say ?‎ There are a lot of TV sets to choose from .‎ We found a house to live in .‎ 注；1、不定式作定语时， 通常与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词为不及物时， 应当加上适当的介词。‎ ‎ 2、当谓语是一些特定的动词时， 如：give , find , have , need, want 等，后面的名词（宾语或表语）可以用不定式修饰。‎ ‎ He gave us a week to think the problem over .‎ ‎ 3、当名词有特定的定语，如：first , last , next , only等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时， 其后用不定式。‎ ‎ He is the only person to know the truth . ‎ ‎ 4. 一些要求不定式作宾语的动词转化为名词后，仍可带一个不定式作定语。如： agreement , attempt , decision ,promise wish , plan 等。‎ ‎ She has a great wish to travel around the world .‎ 四、 作状语 ‎ （一）、目的状语 I must leave now to get there on time.‎ 注：作目的状语的不定式前，常加上in order 或 so as ，但so as 不能用于句首。‎ ‎ He spoke loudly so as to be heard .‎ ‎ (二)、结果状语 常用结构：‎ 1． So +adj./adv. +as to do sth He is not so stupid as to do that .‎ ‎2.Such +adj.+ n +as to do sth I’m such a fool as to believe that .‎ ‎3.Enough + n +to do sth I have enough money to buy it ‎4.N /adj./adv. +enough + to do sth She isn’t old enough to go to school.‎ ‎5.Too + adj./adv. + to do sth I’m too tired to walk any further tonight .‎ 注：不定式表示结果时， 常与only 连用，暗示“意外的结果”。‎ ‎ He went to the seaside only to be drowned ‎ In 1935, he left home never to return .‎ ‎ What have I done to offend you ?‎ ‎ He lived to be a very old man .‎ ‎ (三)、原因状语 They jumped with joy to hear the news .‎ The children felt happy to be with their parents.‎ ‎(四)、方式状语（常与as if , as though 连用）‎ He raised his hand as if to take off his hat .‎ ‎（五）、不定式修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词 I’m very glad to see you again .‎ 注：有时不定式可与主语构成动宾关系。‎ ‎ She is easy to get on with.‎ ‎ English is not so difficult to learn .‎ 六、作宾语补足语 1． 动词 + 宾语 + to do sth ‎ 主要动词有：advise, ask , want , beg , order, cause, challenge, drive, encourage, expect , forbid , force, hire , intend , invite, order permit ,persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, warn等 ‎ Allow me to introduce Mr White to you .‎ ‎ 2. 表示见解、看法的动词 + 宾语 + to do sth ‎ 主要动词有：believe, consider, declare, discover, feel , find, imagine, judge, suppose, think , understand等。‎ I found the news to be true .‎ I consider him to have done wrong .‎ 注： 这类动词后作补语的不定式通常是to be 或to have done 3. 知觉动词 + 宾语 + 不带领to 的不定式 ‎ 主要有： see, notice, watch , look at , listen to , observe , hear , feel ‎ The policeman observed the thief walk into the shop .‎ ‎ 注：在被动句中不定式要带to .‎ 4. 役使动词 + 宾语 + 不带to 的不定式 ‎ 主要动词有：make, have, let ‎ ‎ Don’t make the children do such heavy work .‎ ‎ 注：在被动句中不定式要带to . 但是， have一般不用被动；let用于被动，不定式带to 与否均可。‎ ‎5．表示好恶的动词 + 宾语 + to do sth ‎ ‎ 主要动词 有：dislike , like , prefer, hate , love , want 等 ‎ I like people to tell the truth .‎ 注：此类动词不用被动。‎ ‎6． 动词短语 + 宾语+ to do sth ‎ ‎ 主要动词有： arrange for（安排） , ask for , call on , count on（依赖） , depend on ,long for （渴望）, rely on ,wait for 等 ‎ I’m waiting for you to reply .‎ 七、 插入语式的独立结构。‎ To tell you the truth , I don’t like maths .‎ 八、 作同位语 Our wish , to build China into powerful socialist country , will surely be realized.‎ He gave me the order to start the attack.‎ He followed the instruction to walk along the street .‎ 动词不定式不带to 的用法 ‎1、在see , look at , watch , notice , observe , hear, listen to , feel 等感觉动词后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to .‎ e.g Mary saw John cross the street .‎ 但在被动语态中，不定式要带to .‎ ‎2、在make , let , have 等役使动词后，不定式不带to .‎ e.g You must make him do that at once .‎ 但在被动语态中，make后不定式要带to .而have ,let 没有被动语态用法。‎ ‎3、在had better , had best , had rather , had sooner , would rather 等结构中，动词不定式不带to .‎ e.g I'd rather stop here now .‎ ‎ He said that he would rather do it right now .‎ ‎4、连接词rather …than ,rather than 之后的不定式不带to ，其常用结构为：‎ ‎1） would rather do sth than do sth = Rather than do sth ,sb would do sth else.‎ ‎2) prefer to do sth rather than do sth ‎ ‎3) insist on doing sth rather than do sth ‎4) would sooner do sth than do sth ‎ ‎5) may/ might as well do sth(A) as do sth (B) (与其说B不如说A）‎ ‎6) would just as soon do sth as do sth .‎ ‎5、在“Will you please +不定式”，“Would you please +不定式”一类表示邀请或命令的句型中，动词不定式不带to .‎ ‎6、在"Why … " "Why not …"一类表示提出忠告或建议的句型中，不定式不带to.‎ ‎7、在do nothing but, do anything but ,cannot but ,cannot choose but (只好),cannot help but (不得不)之后动词不定式不带to .但have no choice(alternative) but to do sth.‎ e.g It is raining hard . I cannot help but stay at home .‎ ‎ I have no choice but to do this work .‎ ‎8．在介词 but ,except , besides 之后，（主要用于否定句）。如果这些词前有do 的某种形式，那么不定式不带to .‎ ‎9、在let go (放开），make believe(假装）,make do (设法应付）等固定搭配中，不定式不带to ‎ e. g a. He let go the dog . b. Let us make believe we have a million dollars .‎ ‎10.当主语由一个以do 为谓语动词的定语从句修饰时；当主语是主语从句，并且句中有do 时； 当主语是to do 作定语修饰的thing时，作表语的不定式可以带to ，也可以不带to .‎ e.g All that we have to do is (to)practise speaking English every day .‎ ‎11、两个或两个以上句法功能相同的动词不定式并列使用时，第一个不定式带to ,第二个不定式常不带to .‎ 一、 动词不定式精练：‎ ‎1.I think your mother has already known all the truth. She appears ___ everything.‎ ‎ A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told ‎2. ___ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm .‎ ‎ A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept ‎3. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job .‎ ‎ A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects ‎4. Robert is said _____abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in .‎ ‎ A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying ‎5. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier , ___ it more difficult.‎ ‎ A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make ‎6. I would love ___ to the party last night , but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .‎ ‎ A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone ‎7. The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation .‎ ‎ A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 8. Paul doesn’t have to be made ___ . He always works hard .‎ A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning ‎9.We agreed ___ here but so far he hasn’t turned up yet . ‎ ‎ A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met ‎10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him____.‎ ‎ A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to ‎11.John was made ____ the truck for a week as a punishment .‎ A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing ‎12. Though he had often made his little sister ____ , today he was made ____ by his little sister . A. cry , to cry B. crying , crying C. cry , cry D. to cry , cry ‎13. How foolish the Emperor was ___ what the cheats said.‎ ‎ A. believing B. believed C. to believe D. to be believed ‎14. She pretended ____ me when I passed by .‎ ‎ A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen ‎15. In order to improve her hearing ability , ____ .‎ A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes .‎ B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes ‎ C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny ‎ D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father ‎16. ____ his English , he spent much time ___ English novels .‎ ‎ A. Improve , to read B. To improve , reading ‎ C. To improve, read D. Improved , reading ‎17. I felt it an honor ____ to speak here .‎ ‎ A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked ‎18. Would you mind___ me ten cents ? I would like ____ a telephone call .‎ A. to lend , to make B. lending , making C. to lend, making, D. lending , to make ‎19. Tom happened ___ in the room when the stranger came in .‎ ‎ A. working B. to be working C. to work D. to be worked ‎ ‎20. ___ the little boy , he kicked off his shoes and jumped into the river .‎ ‎ A. To save B. Saved C. Saving D. Having saved ‎21. Since you find it difficult ____ a decision , you’d better ___ a discussion with your parents. A. reach , have B. reaching, having C. reach, having D. to reach , have ‎22. The boy pretended ___ a book when his father came into his room with his teacher.‎ ‎ A. to be reading B. to read C. reading D. read ‎23. ---Do you have any clothes ____ ,sir ?‎ ‎ ---No, thanks. I had my son ___ them this morning .‎ A. to wash , washed B. to be washed , wash C. washing, wash D. to wash , washing ‎24. Did you notice the little boy ___ away ?‎ ‎ A. took the candy and ran B. taking the candy and run ‎ C. take the candy and run D. taking the candy and ran ‎25. I’m sorry I can’t help ___ the radio .‎ ‎ A. fixing B. you fixing C. in fixing D. you fix ‎26. He loves parties . He is always the first ___ and the last ____ .‎ A. coming, leaving B. to come , to leave C. come , leave D. comes , leaves ‎27. These are the materials ___ to the countryside next week .‎ ‎ A. sent B. to send C. to be sent D. sending ‎28.We are very anxious ___ the stories ____ in English. ‎ A. reading , writing B. to read, writing C. reading , written D. to read, written ‎29.I came ____ as well as ___ the truth about the accident.‎ ‎ A. seeing you, to learn of B. seeing you , learning of ‎ C. to see you , learn of D. to see you, to learn of ‎30.Mrs Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking .‎ ‎ A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive ‎31. She can’t help ___ the house because she’s busy making a cake .(2019)‎ ‎ A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned ‎32. ---Mum , why do you always make me eat egg every day?‎ ‎ ---___ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up .‎ ‎ A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting ‎33. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , ___it more difficult .‎ ‎ A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make ‎ ‎34. Paul doesn’t have to be made ___ . He always works hard .‎ ‎ A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning ‎35. We agreed ___ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet .‎ ‎ A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met ‎36. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ____ .‎ ‎ A. by B. on C. up D. with ‎37. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer .‎ ‎ A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented ‎38. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation . ‎ ‎ A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating ‎39. In Australia he made a lot of friends ___ a very practical knowledge of the English language . A. get B. getting C. got D. to get ‎ ‎40. ---What did you mean by saying that ?‎ ‎ ---I meant no harm . I only ___ .‎ A. meant helping B. want helping C. want to help D. meant to help Key : ‎ ‎ 1---30 DABAB BCBCA AACAB BCDBA DABCD BCDDA ‎ 31-40 ACBBC BCCDD ((中学教材全解))高二(上) P36‎