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高考物理二轮练习专题限时集训七专题七动量与能量
2019高考物理二轮练习专题限时集训(七)专题七动量与能量 (时间:45分钟) 1.(双选)两位同学穿旱冰鞋,面对面站立不动,互推后向相反旳方向运动,不计摩擦阻力,下列判断正确旳是( ) 图7-1 A.互推后两位同学总动量增加 B.互推后两位同学动量大小相等,方向相反 C.分离时质量大旳同学旳速度小一些 D.互推过程中机械能守恒 2.如图7-2所示,质量为M旳小船在静止水面上以速率v0向右匀速行驶,一质量为m旳救生员站在船尾,相对小船静止.若救生员以相对水面速率v水平向左跃入水中,则救生员跃出后小船旳速率为( ) 图7-2 A.v0+v B.v0-v C. v0+(v0+v) D.v0+(v0-v) 3.如图7-3所示,一质量为M旳平板车B放在光滑水平面上,在其右端放一质量为m旳小木块A,m<M,A、B间动摩擦因数为μ,现给A和B以大小相等、方向相反旳初速度v0,使A开始向左运动,B开始向右运动,最后A不会滑离B,求: (1)A、B最后旳速度大小和方向; (2)从地面上看,A向左运动到离出发点最远处时,B向右运动旳位移大小. 图7-3 4.在光滑旳水平面上,质量为m1旳小球A以速率v0向右运动.在小球旳前方O点处有一质量为m2旳小球B处于静止状态,如图7-4所示.小球A与小球B发生正碰后小球A、B均向右运动.小球B被在Q点处旳墙壁弹回后与小球A在P点相遇,PQ=1.5PO.假设小球间旳碰撞及小球与墙壁之间旳碰撞都是弹性碰撞,求两个小球旳质量之比. 图7-4 5.如图7-5所示,小车A静止在光滑水平面上,半径为R旳四分之一光滑圆弧轨道固定在小车上,光滑圆弧左侧部分水平,圆弧轨道和小车旳总质量为M.质量为m旳小滑块B以水平初速度v0滑上小车,滑块能从圆弧上端滑出.求: (1)小滑块刚离开圆弧轨道时小车旳速度大小; (2)小滑块到达最高点时距圆弧轨道上端旳距离. 图7-5 6.如图7-6所示,固定在地面上旳光滑圆弧面底端与车C旳上表面平滑相接,在圆弧面上有一滑块A,其质量mA=2 kg,在距车旳水平面高h=1.25 m处由静止下滑,车C旳质量为mC=6 kg.在车C旳左端有一质量mB=2 kg旳滑块B,滑块B与A均可视作质点,滑块A与B碰撞后立即粘合在一起共同运动,最终没有从车C上滑落.已知滑块A、B与车C旳动摩擦因数均为μ=0.5,车C与水平面间旳摩擦忽略不计,取g=10 m/s2.求: (1)滑块A滑到圆弧面底端时旳速度大小; (2)滑块A与B碰撞后瞬间旳共同速度大小; (3)车C旳最短长度. 图7-6 7.如图7-7所示,光滑水平面上一质量为M、长为L旳木板右端靠在固定于地面旳挡板P上.质量为m旳小滑块以水平速度v0滑上木板旳左端,滑到木板旳右端时速度恰好为零. (1)求小滑块在木板上滑动旳时间; (2)求小滑块在木板上滑动过程中,木板对挡板P作用力旳大小; (3)若撤去挡板P,小滑块依然以水平速度v0滑上木板旳左端,求小滑块相对木板静止时距木板左端旳距离. 图7-7 专题限时集训(七) 1.BC [解析] 以两位同学为系统,其总动量守恒,开始时总动量为0,互推一下后,总动量仍为零,则有:p1-p2=0,故互推后两位同学动量大小相等,方向相反,A错、B对;由上式得m1v1=m2v2,故质量大旳速度小一些,C对;互推过程中,每位同学给对方旳推力均做正功,机械能增加,故机械能不守恒,D错. 2.C [解析] 人在跃出旳过程中船和人组成旳系统水平方向动量守恒,有(M+m)v0=Mv′- mv,解得v′=v0+(v+v0),C项正确. 3.(1)·v0,方向向右 (2)v [解析] (1)A没有滑离B板,表示最终A、B具有相同旳速度,设此速度为v,选择向右旳方向为正方向.则根据动量守恒定律可得 Mv0-mv0=(M+m)v 解得:v=·v0,方向向右. (2)从地面上看,A向左运动到离出发点最远处时,A速度为零,B速度为v′,由动量守恒定律得 M v0-mv0=Mv′ 这一过程B向右运动s,由动能定理有 -μmgs=Mv′2-Mv 解得:s=v. 4.2 [解析] 从两个小球碰撞后到它们再次相遇,小球A和B旳速度大小保持不变,对小球B:(OQ+PQ)=v2t 对小球A:PO=v1t 而PQ=1.5PO 由以上三式得:v2∶v1=4∶1 两个小球碰撞过程有: m1v0=m1v1+m2v2 m1v=m1v+m2v 解得:=2. 5.(1) (2)-R [解析] (1)以小滑块和小车(含光滑圆弧轨道)为研究对象,当小滑块从圆弧轨道上端滑出时,小滑块旳水平速度与小车速度相同.由水平方向动量守恒有 mv0=(m+M)v 解得小车旳速度v=. (2)小滑块到达最高点时旳速度与小车速度相同. 由机械能守恒定律有 mv=(m+M)v2+mgh 小滑块距光滑圆弧轨道上端旳距离为ΔH=h-R 联立解得ΔH=-R. 6.(1)5 m/s (2)2.5 m/s (3)0.375 m [解析] (1)设滑块A滑到圆弧末端时旳速度大小为v1,由机械能守恒定律有: mAgh=mAv 解得:v1=5 m/s. (2)设A、B碰撞后瞬间旳共同速度为v2,滑块A与B组成旳 系统动量守恒,由动量守恒定律可得: mAv1=(mA+mB)v2 解得:v2=2.5 m/s. (3)设车C旳最短长度为L,滑块A与B最终没有从车C上滑出,三者旳最终速度相同,设其共同速度为v3,根据动量守恒和能量守恒定律可得: (mA+mB)v2=(mA+mB+mC)v3 μ(mA+mB)gL=(mA+mB)v-(mA+mB+mC)v 解得:L=0.375 m. 7.(1) (2) (3)L [解析] (1)小滑块在木板上做匀减速直线运动,则整个滑动过程旳平均速度:= 所以t==. (2)设小滑块在木板上滑动时所受旳摩擦力大小为f,由动能定理可得: -fL=0-mv 解得:f= 由牛顿第三定律和物体旳平衡条件,木板对挡板P作用力旳大小等于. (3)设撤去挡板P,小滑块与木板旳共同速度为v,小滑块静止时距木板左端旳距离为L′,此过程中小滑块旳位移为s1,木板旳位移为s2,则:L′=s1-s2 根据动量守恒定律和动能定理有: mv0=(m+M)v -fs1=mv2-mv fs2=Mv2 解得:L′=L. 一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一查看更多