高考新课标英语二轮复习动词时态和语态

高考新课标英语二轮复习动词时态和语态

‎2010高考二轮复习 专题六 动词时态和语态 ‎【考纲展现】对于动词时态和语态考纲要求要重点掌握如下几点：‎ ‎1、通过上下文或所设定的语境，正确判断和运用各种时态 ‎2、在书面表达中能根据动作发生的时间关系，正确使用动词时态 ‎3、根据主语与谓语的逻辑关系，正确判断和运用主动语态和被动语态 ‎【真题评析】（以高考题为例）‎ ‎1.-Why does the Lake smell terrible?‎ ‎-Because large quantities of water ____________. （09福建）‎ A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted ‎【答案】D 考查动词时态，语态和主谓语一致。根据前一分句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是large quantities of water，其中心词是quantities，是复数，谓语动词用复数，选D。‎ ‎2. According to the literary review, Shakespeare ___________ his charities live through their language in his plays. （09福建）‎ A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes ‎【答案】D 动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时，选D。‎ ‎3．Would you please keep silent? The weather report and _________I want to listen. （09湖南）‎ A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast ‎【答案】B 时态和语态。句意为：请保持安静行吗? 我想听正在广播的天气报告。说话间正在发生的动作，应用进行时同时表示被动含义。故选B。‎ ‎4.— The food here is nice enough.‎ ‎— My friend ______ me a right place. （09湖南）‎ A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing ‎【答案】B 时态的用法。句意为：——这里的食物不错。——我的朋友介绍给我一个正确的地方。表示过去的行为。‎ ‎5. At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport ________ that it will going a lot jobs to the area. （09江西）‎ A. is B. are C. will be D. were ‎【答案】A 考查时态的用法。根据at present =now 可知，应用一般现在时。‎ ‎6. ------- What is the price of petrol these days ‎-------Oh, it ______ sharply since last month. （09江西）‎ A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased ‎【答案】B 考查时态的用法。 根据since last month 可知应用现在完成时。‎ ‎7. ---Do you want a lift home?‎ ‎---It’s very kind of you, but I have a much late in the office. I overslept this morning because my morning clock _______.（09江西）‎ A. doesn’t go off B. won’t gone ‎ C. wasn’t going off D. didn’t go on ‎【答案】D 考查时态的用法。根据I overslept this morning 可知应用一般过去时。‎ ‎【专题预测】时态和语态永远是高考英语的重点，平均每年三个题目，分值都占单项选择题的一半左右。2010年高考要求考生注意：‎ ‎1．一般现在时的用法 ‎2．一般过去时的用法 ‎3．一般将来时的用法 ‎4．现在进行时的用法 ‎5．过去进行时的用法 ‎6．现在完成时的用法 ‎7．过去完成时的用法 ‎8．过去将来时的用法 ‎9．主动和被动语态的用法；尤其要注意主动形式表被动意义的情况。‎ ‎10. 动词的时态和语态经常综合考查，这种情况下使用动词既要注意时态同时也要考虑语态。‎ 另外，从近几年高考语法所考试题来看，高考命题中语法呈现出以下特点：淡化语法，注重交际语境化与生活化，不再单独地去考察某一个语法，而是把考点放到一个生活化的语言环境中，突出语用能力。‎ ‎【知识梳理】 动词时态和语态 英语的动词不同时间里发生的行为或存在的状态，要用不同的形式来表示，这种不同的形式叫做动词的时态。‎ 英语常用的时态有八种，分别是：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。‎ 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。‎ 动词的时态 一、一般现在时的用法 ‎1．经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。‎ 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.‎ ‎2．客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。‎ The earth moves around the sun.‎ Shanghai lies in the east of China.‎ ‎3．表示格言或警句中。‎ Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。‎ ‎【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。‎ 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.‎ ‎4．现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。‎ I don’t want so much.‎ Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.‎ 比较：Now I put the ball in the glass.‎ ‎　　　I am doing my homework now.‎ 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back. 第二句中的now 是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后一句用现在进行时。‎ 二、一般过去时的用法 ‎1．在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。‎ 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。‎ Where did you go just now?‎ ‎2．表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。‎ When I was a child, I often played football in the street.‎ Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.‎ ‎3．句型：‎ ‎【注意区分】‎ It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了 It is time (that) sb. did sth. 时间已迟了；早该……了 e.g.It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。‎ It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。‎ would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事(注意此处would rather 后接的是从句)I’d rather you came tomorrow.‎ ‎4．wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。‎ I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。‎ 比较：‎ 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。‎ Christine was a good English learner. ‎ ‎(含义：她以前是个好的英语学习者)‎ Christine has been a good English learner.‎ ‎(含义：她现在是个好的英语学习者)‎ Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. ‎ ‎(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)‎ Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.‎ ‎(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)‎ 注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。‎ ‎（1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。‎ Did you want anything else?‎ I wondered if you could help me.‎ ‎（2）情态动词 could, would.‎ Could you lend me your bike?‎ 三、一般将来时 ‎1．shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。‎ will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。‎ Which paragraph shall I read first?‎ Will you be at home at seven this evening?‎ ‎2．be going to +v.，表示将来。‎ ‎（1）主语的意图，即将做某事。‎ What are you going to do tomorrow?‎ ‎（2）计划、安排要发生的事。‎ The play is going to be produced next month.‎ ‎（3）有迹象要发生的事。‎ Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.‎ ‎3．be +to+v.表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。‎ We are to discuss the report next Saturday.‎ ‎4．be about to +v.，意为马上做某事。‎ He is about to leave for Beijing.‎ 注意：‎ ‎（1）be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week，几点钟等表示明确的时间状语连用。‎ 例：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 该句就是错误的。但我们可以这么讲：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back.‎ ‎（2）be going to / will的区别：用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。‎ If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.‎ Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.‎ ‎（3）be to和be going to的区别：‎ be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。‎ be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。‎ I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)‎ I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)‎ ‎（4）一般现在时表将来 ‎①下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。‎ The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.‎ When does the bus stars? It stars in ten minutes.‎ ‎②倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：‎ Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.‎ There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.‎ ‎③在时间或条件句中。‎ When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.‎ I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.‎ ‎④在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。‎ I hope they have a nice time next week.‎ Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.‎ ‎（5）用现在进行时表示将来 常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。‎ I’m leaving tomorrow.‎ Are you staying here till next week?‎ 四、现在完成时 ‎　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单地讲现在完成时就是表示：“结果、影响和持续”。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。‎ 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 ‎1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。‎ ‎2‎ ‎．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。‎ 一般过去时常用的时间状语：‎ yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 现在完成时的时间状语或副词：‎ for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately ‎3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.‎ 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。‎ 例：I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)‎ I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。) ‎ Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)‎ Who hasn’t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，但没有交卷的结果。)‎ She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。‎ She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。‎ He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)‎ He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)‎ I have finished my homework now.‎ ‎—Will somebody go and get Dr. White?‎ ‎—He’s already been sent for.‎ 句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。‎ Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)‎ Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)‎ 用于现在完成时的句型 ‎1．It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。‎ It is the first time that I have visited the city.‎ It was the third time that the boy had been late.‎ ‎2．This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.‎ This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.‎ 这是我看过的最好的电影。‎ This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.‎ 这是我第一次听他唱歌。‎ ‎【典型例题】‎ ‎1．—Do you know our town at all?‎ ‎—No, this is the first time I __________ here.‎ A．was　　　　　　　　　　B．have been C．came　　　　　　　　　 D．am coming 答案：B。This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。‎ ‎2．—Have you ____ been to our town before?‎ ‎—No, it’s the first time I ___ here.‎ A．even, come　　　　　　B．even, have come C．ever, come　　　　　　D．ever, have come 答案：D。ever意为“曾经或无论何时”，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the ‎ largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。‎ ‎【注意】‎ ‎1．非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。‎ ‎(错)I have received his letter for a month.‎ ‎(对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.‎ ‎2．比较since和for since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。‎ I have lived here for more than twenty years.‎ I have lived here since I was born.‎ 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。‎ I worked here for more than twenty years.‎ ‎(我现在已不在这里工作。)‎ I have worked here for many years.‎ ‎(现在我仍在这里工作。)‎ 小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。‎ ‎（1）Tom has studied Russian for three years. (对)‎ ‎=Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.‎ ‎（2）Harry has got married for six years.(错)‎ ‎=Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.‎ 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.‎ ‎3．since的四种用法 ‎（1）since＋过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。‎ I have been here since 1989.‎ ‎（2）since＋一段时间＋ago I have been here since five months ago.‎ ‎（3）since＋从句 Great changes have taken place since you left.‎ ‎（4）It is ＋一段时间＋since从句 It is two years since I became a college student.‎ 五、过去完成时 ‎1．概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是“had +过去分词”。我们用时间轴表示如下：‎ ‎2．用法 ‎（1）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。‎ She said (that) she had never been to Paris.‎ ‎（2）状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。‎ When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.‎ ‎（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。‎ We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.‎ ‎（4）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。‎ He said that he had learned some English before.‎ ‎【典型例题】‎ The students ________ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ______ in the office.‎ A．had written, left　　　　　B．were writing, has left C．had written, had left　　　D．were writing, had left 答案：D。“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。‎ ‎【注意】在下面结构中：had hardly … when/ scarcely…when (还没等……就……), had no sooner… than(刚……就……)‎ 我们在主句中(hardly/scarcely/no sooner 这部分)使用过去完成时，从句中使用一般过去时：‎ ‎　　He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.‎ 用一般过去时代替完成时的情况：‎ ‎1．两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。‎ When she saw the mouse, she screamed.‎ My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.‎ ‎2．两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。‎ When I heard the news, I was very excited.‎ ‎3．叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。‎ Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.‎ 六、现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法：‎ ‎1．表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。‎ We are waiting for you.‎ ‎2．习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。‎ Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)‎ She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.‎ ‎3．表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。‎ The leaves are turning red.‎ It’s getting warmer and warmer.‎ ‎4．与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩，并不表示正在进行，要注意。‎ You are always changing your mind.‎ ‎【典型例题】‎ My dictionary _________, I have looked for it everywhere but still ________ it.‎ A．has lost, don’t find B．is missing, don’t find C．has lost, haven’t found D．is missing, haven’t found 答案：D ‎。前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。‎ 不用进行时的动词：‎ ‎1．事实状态的动词：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue。‎ I have two brothers.‎ This house belongs to my sister.‎ ‎2．心理状态的动词：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate。‎ I need your help.‎ He loves her very much.‎ ‎3．瞬间动词：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.‎ I accept your advice.‎ ‎4．系动词：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired.‎ 七、过去进行时 ‎1．概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。‎ ‎2．过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景或一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。‎ ‎3．常用的时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。‎ My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.‎ It was raining when they left the station.‎ When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.‎ ‎【典型例题】‎ ‎1．Mary __________ a dress when she cut her finger.‎ A．made　　　　　　　　　　　B．is making C．was making　　　　　　　　D．makes 答案：C。割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。‎ ‎2．As she _________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep.‎ A．read; was falling B．was reading; fell C．was reading; was falling D．read; fell 答案：B。句中的as=when, while，意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为“在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。‎ 八、将来进行时 ‎1．概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。‎ She’ll be coming soon.‎ I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future.‎ ‎【注意】将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 I’ll be having a talk with her.‎ ‎2．常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.‎ 一般现在时代替将来时的情况：‎ 时间状语从句、条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时 when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. ‎ 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。‎ ‎【典型例题】‎ ‎1．He said he________ me a present unless I _______ in doing the experiment.‎ A．had not given; had not succeeded B．would not give; succeed C．will not give; succeed D．would not give; will succeed.‎ 答案：B。在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B．此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。‎ ‎2．表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。‎ The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)‎ 现在进行时代替一般将来时的情况：‎ ‎1．表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。‎ Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?‎ We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。‎ ‎2．渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。‎ He is dying.‎ 时态与常用的时间状语归纳如下：‎ ‎　时态　　　　　　　时间状语 一般现在时　　every …, sometimes,at …, on Sunday, ‎ 一般过去时　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时　　next…, tomorrow, in＋时间 现在完成时　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, already, recently,‎ 过去完成时　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时　　this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while 将来进行时　　soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。‎ 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。‎ ‎1．若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch, etc.‎ The teacher made me go out of the classroom.‎ ‎→I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).‎ We saw him play football on the playground.‎ ‎→He was seen to play football on the playground.‎ ‎2．情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。‎ Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.‎ ‎3．let的用法 ‎（1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。‎ They let the strange go.→The strange was let go.‎ ‎（2）若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代替。‎ The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.‎ ‎→I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.‎ ‎4．短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。‎ This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.‎ My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.‎ Such a thing has never been heard of before.‎ ‎5．表示“据说”或“相信”的词组 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that…据说……‎ It is reported that… 据报道……‎ It is believed that…　大家相信……‎ It is hoped that…　大家希望……‎ It is well known that… 众所周知……‎ It is thought that…　大家认为……‎ It is suggested that…　据建议……‎ It is taken granted that… 被视为当然……‎ It has been decided that… 大家决定……‎ It must be remember that… 务必记住的是……‎ ‎6．不用被动语态的情况 ‎（1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：‎ appear, die disappear, end (vi.结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.‎ After the fire, very little remained of my house.‎ 比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。‎ ‎(错)The price has been risen.‎ ‎(对)The price has risen.‎ ‎(错)The accident was happened last week.‎ ‎(对)The accident happened last week.‎ ‎(错)The price has raised.‎ ‎(对)The price has been raised.‎ ‎(错)Please seat.‎ ‎(对)Please be seated.‎ 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。‎ ‎（2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：‎ fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to ‎ This key just fits the lock.‎ Your story agrees with what had already been heard.‎ ‎（3）系动词无被动语态：‎ appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn ‎ It sounds good.‎ ‎（4）带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态：‎ die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night.‎ ‎（5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。‎ ‎(对)She likes to swim.‎ ‎(错)To swim is liked by her.‎ ‎7．主动形式表示被动意义 ‎（1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…‎ The book sells well. 这本书销路好。‎ This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。‎ ‎（2）blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build I was to blame for the accident.‎ Much work remains.‎ ‎（3）在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。‎ The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.‎ This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。‎ This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。‎ ‎【典型例题】‎ The library needs ________, but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.‎ A．cleaning　　　　　　　　B．be cleaned C．clean　　　　　　　　　 D．being cleaned 答案：A。need(实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，need + doing.是主动形式表被动含义，选A。如有to be cleaned则也为正确答案。‎ ‎（4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done(要某人做某事)。‎ ‎8．被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a famous university.‎ 他毕业于一所有名的大学。‎ 注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb.或get married to sb.都可。‎ He married a rich girl.‎ He got married to a rich girl.‎ ‎【专题技巧】‎ ‎1.时态和语态解题规律：见动词，排排队，分时间，选形式；见动词找主语，非主动既被动。‎ ‎2.时态和语态是英语的核心知识，在解答此类试题时，要捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，准确地把握题目所创设的语境、正确理解句子含义是解题的关键。‎ ‎3.确定正确时态的技巧：‎ ‎1）、根据时间状语确定时态。 ‎ ‎2）、根据上、下文来确定时态。‎ ‎3）、根据主从句的关系来确定时态。在主从复合句中，主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词的时态是相互照应的。‎ ‎①在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句是一般过去时，从句要用过去的相应时态。‎ ‎②在宾语从句中，主句是一般现在时，从句可用任意需要的时态。‎ ‎③在时间、条件状语从句中，若主句是一般将来时或是祈使句，从句要用一般现在时。‎ ‎4）、根据语言习惯来确定时态 ‎    在按语法规则来正确使用时态的同时，我们还必须注意时态的某些特殊用法和习惯用 法。进行时态可用来表示即将发生的动作。例如：I am coming.我就来。‎ ‎4.瞻前顾后巧搭配。如果题干构成某种固定搭配或句式,则根据规则选用需要的时态｡‎ ‎[考例] He ________ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment. A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got [解析]no sooner… than是一固定搭配,意思是“一……就……”,其时态为从句中用一般过去时,主句中用过去完成时,相同的结构还有hardly /scarcely…when…｡答案为D｡‎ ‎5. 单项选择题型解题思路点拨 通读题干，不放过半点信息，尤其要注意暗示时间的词语和句中暗示句子结构的标点。做题时首用直接法，然后用和排除法和比较法。所谓直接法，就是在读题时大脑即刻想到的并一眼能够在选项中看到的答案。这种方法既准确又快。所谓排除法，就是把比较明显的认错误选项排除掉。然后把学过的知识与老师的讲解集合起来，再用上平时做题是的经验和教训，比较余项间的差异，最后得出正确选项。‎ ‎【专题训练】‎ ‎1．----I’m sorry, but there is no smoking on this flight.‎ ‎----Oh, I _____ that. Sorry, I won’t again.‎ A.don’t know B. didn’t know C. won’t know D. haven’t known ‎2．----Could you lend me that book you ____ me about when I telephoned you?‎ ‎-----No,I am sorry, I can’t. I gave it to a friend.‎ A.were telling B.would tell C.had told D. had been telling ‎3． —The former president of Iraq was caught at last.‎ ‎ —Really? Where ______________ himself?‎ A.has he hidden B.had he hidden C.was he hidden D.has he been hidden ‎4. —We didn’t find Smith attending the lecture.‎ ‎ —No one ___ him about ___ a lecture the following day.‎ A.had told, there to be B. told, there was C.had told, there being D. told, there to be ‎5. Unluckily, when I dropped in , Dr. Smith ____, so we only had time for a few words.‎ A.was just leaving B.has just left C.had just left D.just left ‎6. —It’s a long time since we met last. Haven’t you graduated from college yet?‎ ‎ —_____. I ______ English for four years in Nanjing University.‎ A.No, study B.Yes, have studied C.No, am studying D.Yes, studied ‎7. I ____ to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but I ____ it.‎ A.hoped, hadn’t managed B.has hoped, didn’t manage C.hope, don’t manage D.had hoped, didn’t manage ‎8. Just look at the room. My roommate ____ up his clothes.‎ A.is never hanging B.will never hang C.never hangs D.never hanged ‎9. —Did you enjoy your holiday?‎ ‎—Yes, it’s the best holiday I ___________ these years. ‎ ‎ A.had B.have had C.had had D.would have ‎10. —May I remind you that a Mr. Wang is waiting outside, sir?‎ ‎ —Oh, that’s right. I __________ about it.‎ A.forget B.had forgotten C.forgot D.have forgotten ‎11. —Such a mistake could have been avoided.‎ ‎ —Unfortunately, he _______ the mistake again and again.‎ A.repeated　　　　　　　　　　 B.would repeat C.had repeated　　　　　　　　 D.would have repeated ‎12. —Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday?‎ ‎ —No, but we ________ to get in touch with them ever since.‎ A.have tried　　　　　　　　　　 B.have been trying C.had tried　　　　　　　　　　　 D.had been trying ‎13. Mike didn’t notice Alice entering his room. He ____ a phone call.‎ A.answered B.has answered C.was answering D.is answering ‎14. All of the guests ___________ by 9 o’clock , but the host _____________ until 15 minutes later .‎ A.arrived; didn’t turn up B.had arrived; didn’t turn up ‎ C.arrived; hadn’t turned up D.had arrived; hadn’t turned up ‎ ‎15. —Where is Tom ?‎ ‎ —Well , he __________ you __________ here. Otherwise he would come down right now.‎ A.didn’t know ; were B.hasn’t known ; are ‎ C.doesn’t know ; are D.hadn’t known ; were ‎ ‎16. After he left college, he was employed in an international company and __________ there ever since.‎ A.worked B.has worked C.had worked D.was working ‎ ‎17. —Well, that was really a good meal. I _______ you were a really good cook.‎ ‎ —Thank you.‎ A.didn’t know B.don’t know C.haven’t know D.hadn’t known ‎18. Yassin’s death was not _______ to stop Hamas’ ability to ________ terror attack.‎ A.hoped; go on B.decided; hold out C.intended; break out D.expected; carry out ‎19.—_______ John this week?‎ ‎—Yes.‎ ‎—Where _______ him?‎ ‎—In the library.‎ A.Did you see; did you see B.Have you seen; did you see C.Do you see; have you seen D.Have you seen; have you seen ‎20. I should very much like to have gone to the party but I _________.‎ A.am not invited B.am not being invited C.shall not be invited D.was not invited ‎21. He traveled to many mountain villages and saw many poor children out of school. This experience ___________ his life.‎ A.would change B.had changed C.was to change D.was changing ‎22. —This returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in this field.‎ ‎ —Yes , I know him very well. He ___________ in Africa with wild animals for eight years.‎ A.has worked B.had worked C.worked D.has been working ‎ ‎23.—How are things going?‎ ‎—The disabled ________ no relatives in Guangzhou ________ by the volunteers, who will graduate from Zhongshan University next year.‎ A.with, are taking care of B.have, will be taken care of C.with, are being taken care of D.have, are being taken care of ‎24. As time _______ on, Sally began to wonder if Bruce ________ Bilk’s new poem called Tabled’ Hute.‎ A.has gone; had read B.went; has read C.goes; has read D.went; had read ‎25. ---- Hi , Randall,Come on in .‎ ‎----Uh, yeah, I __________ by to see if you ___________ for a roommate to share your house.‎ A.stopped; were still looking B.will stop ;are still looking C.have stopped ; were still looking D.stop ; will have looked ‎26.—Don’t you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting ?‎ ‎ —No. I really didn’t think _____________ here .‎ A.he has been B.he had been C.he would be D.he would have ‎ ‎27. I can guess you were in a hurry. You _____________ your sweater inside out .‎ A.had worn B.are wearing C.were having on D.were dressing ‎28. The article suggests that when a person ____________ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet.‎ A.be B.is C.were D.was ‎29. US president George Bush ____ the war in Iraq on March 20,2003. But internationally, the US war in Iraq _____ as one country misusing its power over a weaker nation.‎ A.started, has been criticized B.has started, had been criticized C.started, has criticized D.had started, was criticized ‎30. I don’t understand how you got a ticket. I always _____ you _____ a careful driver.‎ A.think;are B.am thinking, are C.thought, were D.think, were ‎31.--- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.‎ ‎　--- You ______ something.‎ A.have left B.are always leaving C.are leaving D.always left ‎32.--- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math.‎ ‎　--- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.‎ A.have been working; have B.have worked; had C.am working; will have D.had been working; had had ‎33. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.‎ A.are writing B.will write C.has written D.write ‎34. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.‎ A.will speak B.is going to speak C.had to speak D.was going to speak ‎35.--- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.‎ ‎　--- Oh, I ______ myself.‎ A.am talking to B.talked about C.have talked to D.was talking to ‎36.--- Have you finished the report?‎ ‎　--- No. I ______ it all this week.‎ A.will do B.had done C.have done D.have been doing ‎37. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.‎ A.had worn B.wore C.were wearing D.are wearing ‎38. --- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.‎ ‎　 --- I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.‎ A.had expected; had intended B.are expecting; had intended C.expect; intend D.expected; intend ‎39. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.‎ A.gets B.got C.has got D.is getting ‎40. --- I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.‎ ‎　 --- I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I ______ my guests in my office.‎ A.is being met B.will meet C.will be meeting D.will have met ‎41. --- Alice came back home the day before yesterday.‎ ‎　 --- Really? Where ______?‎ A.has she been B.had she been C.has she gone D.had she gone ‎42. --- Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?‎ ‎　 --- Sorry. I have no idea.‎ A.has; bought B.不填; bought C.did; buy D.不填; buys ‎43. --- Did he notice you enter the room?‎ ‎　 --- I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.‎ A.listened B.was listening C.has listened D.had listened ‎44. The plane ______ at 7:00 pm, so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.‎ A.has left B.would leave C.will have left D.leaves ‎45. The train ______ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o’clock tonight.‎ A.went B.is going C.goes D.will be going ‎46. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ______ coffee.‎ A.prefer B.preferred C.had preferred D.am preferring ‎47. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ______ the cloth ______ well.‎ A. have told; washes B. have been told; washes C. was told; washed D. have been told; is washed ‎48. --- Is Tom still smoking?‎ ‎　 --- No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.‎ A. will be B. will have gone C. will have been D. has been going ‎49. --- ______ Betty this morning?‎ ‎　 --- Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.‎ A. Have you seen B. Will you see C. Do you see D. Did you see?‎ ‎50. --- Look at the black clouds. It ______ soon.‎ ‎　 --- Sure. If only we ______ out.‎ A. is raining; didn’t come B. is to rain; won’t start C. will rain; haven’t started D. is going to rain; hadn’t come