高考必考语法精讲精练专题十名词性从句含解析

高考必考语法精讲精练专题十名词性从句含解析

高考必考语法精讲精练 语法专题十：名词性从句 ‎ 名词性从句是比较重要的语法项目。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对名词性从句列了四项：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。全国卷新课标Ⅰ对名词性从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查从句引导词的用法。‎ ‎ 2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ没有考查名词性从句。‎ ‎ 2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第71题（短文改错）考查了宾语从句的引导词，My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.本句中须将that改为where。‎ ‎2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ没有考查了名词性从句。‎ 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词可以充当句子的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此，名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。‎ ①What was most important to her was her family.(主语从句)‎ ②I don’t know what you want to say.(宾语从句)‎ ③The good news is that we have won the game.(表语从句)‎ ④The news that we have won the game is true.(同位语从句)‎ ‎ 引导名词性从句的关联词：‎ 从属连词 ‎ that, because 疑问代词 ‎ who, whom, whose, which, what,whether,if 疑问副词 ‎ when, where ,why,how,‎ 缩合连接词 whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,however, whenever,wherever 关联短语 ‎ as if ,as though 注意：连词that在引导名词性从句时无词义，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用，在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不能省略，在引导宾语从句时，口语或非正式的文体中常被省去；疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接词以及关联短语在句中既保留自己的含义又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。名词性从句一般都用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。例如： ‎ ①The problem is what he has done to the little boy. ‎ ②We all don’t know when he will come.‎ ‎1. 主语从句 在复合句中作主语的句子叫主语从句 主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether 和连接代词what, who,which,whatever, whoever以及连接副词how,when,where, why等词引导。例如： ‎ ①That he stole a bike was true. ‎ ②What he wants to tell us is not clear. ‎ ③Who will win the match is still unknown. ‎ ④Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. ‎ ⑤Whether he can pass the exam depends on whether he study hard or not.‎ ⑥Whatever you do is none of my business.‎ ⑦Whoever comes to our library will be welcome.‎ 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：‎ ①Where and when he was born has not been found. ‎ ②When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. ‎ 主语从句比较长的时候，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：‎ ‎（1）It + be + 名词 + 主语从句。例如：‎ ①It is a fact that he has gone abroad. ‎ ②It is a pity that you missed the sports meeting last week.‎ ‎（2）It + be + 形容词 + 主语从句。例如：‎ ①It is obvious that he told a lie.‎ ②It is certain that he will win the game.‎ ‎（3）It + be + 过去分词 + 主语从句。例如：‎ ①It is said that she will come to the party tomorrow.‎ ②It has not been announced when the plane are to take off. ‎ ‎（4）It + 不及物动词 + 主语从句。例如：‎ ①It happened that the meeting was canceled that day.‎ ②It occurred to me that I had forgotten to bring my wallet.‎ 注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 (should) +do，常用的句型是：‎ It is necessary/important/natural/strange/essential, etc.) that … 例如：‎ ①It’s necessary that you should study hard.‎ ②It is strange that he should say that.‎ ③It is essential that a college student should master at least a foreign language.‎ ‎2. 宾语从句 在复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 ‎ 引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。例如：‎ ①I want to know what he has told you.‎ ②She always thinks of how she can work well. ‎ ③She will give whoever needs help a warm support.‎ ‎1).由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去。但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： ‎ He has told me (that) he will leave Wuhan and that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. ‎ 注意:在insist,suggest, advise,decide, demand, desire,require, request,order, command等表示“坚持、建议、决定、要求、命令”（“坚决要命”）等意义的动词后，宾语从句中谓语部分常用 虚拟语气，即should+ 动词原形。例如： ‎ ①I insist that she (should) do her work alone. ‎ ②The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. ‎ 但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中用陈述语气。例如： ‎ ①The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. ‎ ②The boy insisted that he had not stolen the money.‎ ‎2).用whether或if引导的宾语从句 whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中表示“是否”只用whether. 介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。例如： ‎ ①I don’t care about whether you have money or not. ‎ ②Everything depends on whether we have enough money. ‎ ③He seldom loses his temper except that you make a fool of him.‎ ‎3).宾语从句中的时态呼应 ‎ 宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态。 例如：‎ ①I know that he studies English every day. ‎ ②I know that he studied English last term. ‎ ③I know (that) he will study English next year.‎ ④We all know that he has studied English since 1998. ‎ 如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等。 例如：‎ ①We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house. ‎ ②The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America． ‎ 当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。 例如：‎ The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.‎ ‎4).当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。例如： ‎ ①We don’t believe that he will win the game. ‎ ②I don’t think he will do so. ‎ 注意：doubt用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/ if 引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用 that 引导名词性从句。be sure 用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接 that 引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/if 引导的名词性从句。例如：‎ ①I doubt whether he will come tomorrow.‎ ②There is no doubt that he will come tomorrow.‎ ③I am sure that he will win the game.‎ ④I am not sure whether he will win the game.‎ ‎3. 表语从句 在复合句中作表语的句子叫表语从句。表语从句常放在系动词之后。 ‎ 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if, because引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 。 例如：‎ ①The fact is that we have lost the game. ‎ ②That’s just what I want. ‎ ③This is where our problem lies. ‎ ④That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. ‎ ⑤It looks as if it is going to rain. ‎ ⑥This is because he missed the train by one minute.‎ 注意：当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：‎ The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. ‎ ‎4. 同位语从句 在复合句中作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句用于解释说明其前面的名词的具体内容。 ‎ 同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后,如 news, idea, information, fact, hope,thought, belief 等，用来说明名词所表示的具体内容，引导同位语从句的连接词通常有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how；连接代词who，what，whose，which也可以引导同位语从句。例如：‎ ①The news that he won the first place was true.‎ ②It is a question how he did it.‎ ③The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.‎ ④We haven’t settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.‎ ⑤I have no idea when she will be back. ‎ ⑥The question who should do the work requires consideration. ‎ 同位语从句一般紧跟在被解释的名词之后，但有时候也可以分开，将从句放在句末。例如：‎ ①The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule should be adopted.‎ ②Word came that Mr. President would come and inspect our school.‎ ‎5.同位语从句与定语从句的区别 （1）定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句解释说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。 ①The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.  （定语从句）     ②The fact that he has died is quite clear. （同位语从句） （2）定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中不充当句子成分；where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词也可以引导同位语从句，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。 ①The news that he told me is true.  （定语从句）‎ ②The news that he has just died is true.   （同位语从句）‎ ③The problem that we’re facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句)‎ ④The problem how we can collect so much money is hard to solve. （同位语从句）‎ ⑤The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句）‎ ⑥The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.（同位语从句）       ‎ ‎（3）同位语从句与先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如： ①The idea that we can ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.‎ ‎（同位语从句）‎ ‎→The idea is that we can ask the teacher for advice. ②The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） →The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. ③Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild ‎ animals. （同位语从句）  →The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.‎ 高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·名词性从句 ‎ 考点规律分析:名词性从句短文改错改错考点主要涉及从句引导词的误用、缺失以及多余。语法填空主要涉及从句引导词的选择。‎ 名词性从句单句改错之真题训练：‎ ‎1.…but it didn’t matter that I would win or not. (全国卷)‎ ‎2..(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live ‎3.(2016·全国Ⅱ)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.‎ ‎4.Besides, I have few friends, I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. (全国卷)‎ 名词性从句单句改错之提升训练：‎ ‎1. It’s uncertain that the experiment is worth doing.   ‎ ‎2.That is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.  3.What the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.             ‎ ‎4.What he really means is what he disagrees with us.           ‎ ‎5.If we can finish translating the book depends on the time.              ‎ ‎6.That is that Lu Xun once lived.            ‎ ‎7. The fact which she had not said anything surprised all of us.  ‎ ‎8.  There is no doubt whether he will come tomorrow.‎ ‎9. The reason why he was late was because he missed the train by one minute this morning. ‎ ‎10.That he wants to tell us is not clear. ‎ 名词性从句单句语法填空之真题训练：‎ ‎1.(2016·全国Ⅰ，阅读B)We now realize ________ important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.‎ ‎2.(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读B)Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.________ finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.‎ ‎3.(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读D)The journey was intended to achieve more than ________Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.‎ ‎4.(2016·北京，29)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is________one can be entirely dust.‎ ‎5.(2016·四川，七选五)Scientists are still not exactly sure ________genes influence aging, but they believe that they do.‎ ‎6.(2016·江苏，21)It is often the case________anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.‎ ‎7.(2015·湖南，26)You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.‎ ‎8.(2015·北京，33)I truly believe ________ beauty comes from within.‎ ‎9.(2015·重庆，8)We must find out ________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.‎ ‎10.(2015·四川，8)The exhibition tells us________we should do something to stop air pollution.‎ ‎11.(2015·安徽，25)A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not________ships are built for.‎ ‎12.(2014·大纲全国，24)Exactly ________ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain，but it was probably around 1565.‎ 学习札记：‎ 参考答案及解析 名词性从句单句改错之真题训练：‎ ‎1.that 改为 whether，whether 与 or not 搭配，表示“是否”‎ ‎2.that－where 考查从句连词。该句是宾语从句，意为“靠近我住的地方”，that改为where。‎ ‎3.how→what　考查疑问词的用法。我和同学们正在谈论假期里做什么。固定表达what to do，如何用how结构为how to do sth。‎ ‎4. that 改为 why，why 引导宾语从句，表示原因 名词性从句单句改错之提升训练：‎ ‎1.that改为whether 考查宾语从句引导词，whether表示“是否”‎ ‎2.That改为What，表示“......的事情”，引导主语从句 ‎3.What改为that，引导主语从句，不翻译，无实际意义.‎ ‎4.第二个what改为that，引导表语从句 ‎5.If改为whether，表示“是否”，引导主语从句 ‎6.第二个that改为where，引导表语从句，其中where作从句的地点状语。‎ ‎7.which改为that，引导同位语从句。‎ ‎8.whether改为that，There is no doubt that......意为“毫无疑问”，用that引导同位语从句。‎ ‎9.because改为that，that引导表语从句。The reason why ...Is/was that...为固定句式，意为“......的原因是......”‎ ‎10.That改为What，引导主语从句，表示“......的事情”‎ 名词性从句单句语法填空之真题训练：‎ ‎1．how　[考查宾语从句的连接词。根据后面的how important可以看出此处也是填how。]‎ ‎2．whoever　[考查名词性主句中的主语从句。句意：无论是谁发现了他们的书，都去那儿，并记录下他们是在哪儿发现的书。]‎ ‎3．what　[考查名词性从句，引导词在从句中做had done的宾语，故用what。]‎ ‎4．that　[考查名词性从句。句意：雨季最令人愉快的事情是人可以完全免于尘埃。分析句子结构可知is后的表语从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故选D ]‎ ‎5．how　[句意：科学家仍然不确定基因是如何影响人的年龄的，但是他们相信会影响。用how最为贴切。]‎ ‎6．that　[考查主语从句的引导词。句意：通常情况下，对于那些坚持希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分也不缺意义，故要用that引导。]‎ ‎7．where　[句意：如果你要计划到达某地的最佳路线，你必须首先知道你想要去哪？where引导宾语从句，在从句中用作地点状语。]‎ ‎8．that　[句意：我真的相信美来自人的内心。宾语从句意思完整只缺连接词，故用that。]‎ ‎9．when　[句意：我们必须知道他什么时候来，以便我们能给他预定房间。根据后面的so we can book a room for him可知这里指时间，故用when引导。]‎ ‎10．why　[考查宾语从句。句意：这个展览告诉了我们，我们为什么要阻止空气污染。宾语从句缺少状语，根据意义为why。]‎ ‎11．what　[句意：船停放在海港里是很安全的，但这并非建造船的目的。该题考查表语从句。isn't后跟从句作表语，表语从句中的for后缺少宾语，用what引导，what与for连用，表示目的。What在句中既作连接词又作从句的中for的宾语。]‎ ‎12．when　[考查名词性从句。句意：马铃薯被引入欧洲的确切时间是不确定的，但是大约是在1565年。根据句意when引导一个主语从句，且在从句中作时间状语。故填when。]‎