高考英语语法要点专题复习1

高考英语语法要点专题复习1

‎2013届高三英语语法要点精讲（配最新高考+模拟）‎ 专题01 定语从句 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 定语从句在历年的高考全国卷及各地卷的单项填空中，都是考试热点。在今后的高考试题中，定语从句仍是考查的重点。‎ 定语从句常被考查的知识有：（1）九个不同的关系代词或副词引导的限制性定语从句；（2）七个不同的关系代词或副词引导的非限制性定语从句；（3）对as，which，that，what代词的理解区分及运用。考查往往是通过关系代词或关系副词来实现，并考查定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句的区别。总之，对定语从句的考查主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的选择上，我们尤其要注意“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。‎ ‎【知识要点】‎ 一、定语从句的意义 形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。 二、关系词的用法 引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。 关系副词有when，where，why等。 关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。‎ ‎1.关系代词的用法： ‎1)由who引导的定语从句 关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如： A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student. 教师是传授知识的人。（关系代词在从句中作主语） The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars. 能够做此工作的人将获得1000美元。（关系代词who在从句中作主语） ‎2)由whom引导的定语从句 关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。如： The man whom you met on the street is my father. 你在街上碰到的那个人是我父亲。（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略） The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorrow. 昨天和你谈话的那位妇女后天来这儿。（关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略） ‎3)由that引导的定语从句 关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如： She is the woman that often comes here. 她就是常常来这儿的那个妇女。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人） The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather. 桌子上的那本书是我祖父写的。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的that可以用which替换） Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么呢？（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的that不能用which替换） The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。(这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物) ‎4)由which引导的定语从句 关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。如： He came late，which made the teacher angry. 他来晚了，这使老师很生气。（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语） That is the pencil which I lost yesterday. 那就是我昨天丢失的铅笔。（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）5)由whose引导的定语从句 关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如： This is the boy whose parents died last year. 这是那个父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose作定语，指人） 注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他们来到后墙已经倒塌的一个房子。 He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)他写了本书，书的名字我彻底忘了。‎ ‎2.使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点 ‎1)当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情况下，宜用who而不用that。 先行词是one，ones，anyone时，宜用who。如： Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 任何触犯法律的人都应该受到惩罚。 先行词为those时，宜用who。如： Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看电影的人在这儿签名。 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个用who。 The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.‎ 昨天早上你在校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们班学习很用功的班长。 ‎2)当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可用关系代词that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词that，而不用which。 在there+be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。如： There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。 There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。 当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。如： This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。‎ 以Here is (are)开头的句子时。如： Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。 Here are two books that I will buy.这是我要买的两本书。 It is (high)time+定语从句中。如： It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。 It is high time that they started out.他们该动身了。 当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。如： This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。 She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。 在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。如： He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest. 他是我曾经看到过跳的最高的学生。 My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn’t far from here. 我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。 当先行词被the last ，the very 和the only修饰时。如： This is the very pen that I am looking for.这正是我找的钢笔。 The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的书不见了。 在强调句子中，并且以who，which，what开头时。如： Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？ 当先行词前有序数词时。如： You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要见的第一个人。 This is the second book that I have ever written.这是我写的第二本书。 当先行词被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修饰时，如： This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。 Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？ 当先行词既指人又指物时。如： The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them. 我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。 Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember. 让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。 当先行词为anything，everything，nothing时，关系代词用that,不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。如： Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。 I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。 当先行词是疑问代词who时。如： Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?‎ ‎ 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？ ‎3)that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。如： This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday. 这就是你昨天找的那本书。 I don’t like the novel (that)you are reading.我不喜欢你看的这本小说。 ‎4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如： Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. 请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。 ‎（先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了） This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。 ‎（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent） ‎5)定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。如： The story which I read last night is very interesting. 我昨天晚上看的那则故事非常有趣。‎ ‎3.关系副词的用法 ‎1)when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. 我仍然记得我成为大学生的那个时刻。 Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期吗？ 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他来，都尽他所能帮我们。 ‎2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如： This is the hotel where they are staying.这是他们住的旅馆。 I forget the house where the Smiths lived.我不记得史密斯先生住过的房子了。 注：where有时也可以省略。如： This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 这是我们昨天见面的地方。 ‎3)why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他为什么要离开的原因。 注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。‎ ‎4.使用关系副词应注意下列几点： ‎1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in，at，during...)+which; where = in (at，on...)+which; why = for which.如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived. 他到的时候，当时我正在北京。 The office where (=in which)he works is on the third floor. 他工作的办公室在三楼。 This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it.这是我们做这件事的主要原因。 ‎2)当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较： I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. 我将永远不会忘记我的家乡被解放的那一天。 I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. 我将永远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。 ‎3)when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人时，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物时，就只能用which。‎ ‎1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只能用which (指物)或whom 关系代词不能省略。如：‎ He has found a good job for which he is qualified. 他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。 ‎（qualify + 名词+for意为“使……具有……资格”） The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。（ talk to+名词意为“与某人谈话”） He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。（名词+rent at+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”）‎ ‎2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如： This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.这就是我们引以为豪的英雄。 This is the pen ( that/which)I wrote the letter with.这就是我用来写信的那枝笔。‎ ‎3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大高树。 The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed. 那只猴子过了河，在河中央它差点淹死。 注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如： This is the pen which I’m looking for.这正是我在寻找的那枝笔。 The boys he is looking after are very healthy. 他照看的那些小男孩都很健康。‎ ‎4.介词+关系代词=关系副词 ‎1）这就是我们去年住过的房间。 This is the room which we lived in last year. This is the room in which we lived last year. This is the room where we lived last year. ‎2)我仍然记得我入党的那一天。 I still remember the day on which I joined the Party. I still remember the day when I joined the Party. 通过对上述知识的掌握，对于一个句子我们可用不同的表达方法来表达。如： 那就是他工作的大学。 四、定语从句的种类以及区别 ‎1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切（删去后，影响整个句子意义的表达）‎ 和先行词的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达）‎ 不用逗号分开 一般使用逗号分开 可用关系代词that引导 不可用关系代词that引导 可以省略（that，who，which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略）‎ 不可以省略 可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或that替代）‎ 不能替代 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只能用which或as引导。‎ 请看下面例句的不同含义： 限制性：她有两个当解放军的儿子。 She has two sons who are P.L.A.men. ‎(Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.) 非限制性：她有两个儿子，他们都是解放军。 She has two sons，who are P.L.A.men. ‎(She has only two sons.They are both P.L.A.men.) 体会下列非限制性定语从句 Yesterday I met Li Ping，who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇到了李平，他看起来很忙。 We will put off the meeting until next week，when we won’t be so busy. 我们将把会议推迟到下周举行，到那时我们就不会这么忙了。‎ ‎2.关系代词which与as引导定语从句的区别 which与as都可以引导定语从句，但它们有许多用法上的区别，现就此简要分析如下： ‎1)which与as引导非限定性定语从句的区别： which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活，可在前，可在后。如： As he realized，I was very useful to him. ‎（在前）正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用。 Air，as we know，is a gas.（在中）空气，众所周知，是一种气体。 He was a foreigner，as I know from his accent. ‎(在后)他是个外国人，正像我从他的口音判断的那样。 He came late again，which made his boss angry. ‎（在后）他又来晚了，这一点使得老板很生气。 在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am，is，are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。如： He is a teacher，as (is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)他是个老师，这从他的言谈举止可看清楚。 He said he had never seen her before，which was not true. ‎（was 不可省略）他说他从来没见过她，这一点不对。 当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“这件事”。如： He changed his mind，which (and this，and that)made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。 She has married again，which (and this，and that)was unexpected. 出乎意料的是，她又结婚了。 而as主要起与上下文连接的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的出处或根据等。如： Einstein，as we know，is a famous scientist.爱因斯坦，众所周知，是位伟大的科学家。 As is announced in today’s newspaper，we must improve our style of work. 今天的报纸上说，我们必须改进工作作风。 作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语，而as只可以作系动词be的主语。如: He married her，which was natural. ‎（可用as代替which）他和她结婚，这是很自然的事。 He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry，which made him illustrious. ‎(不可用as代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖，这使他名扬天下。 当定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所述的内容，不带有“如……那样”的意思时，往往用which，而不用as。如： They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honor to them. 他们被邀请参加国宴，这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。 We had to sleep in our wet clothes，which was most uncomfortable. 我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉，这简直太不舒服了。 Mummy always treats me just like a baby，which I can’t bear. 妈妈老把我当成小孩子对待，这让我无法忍受。 当定语从句有“如同……那样”的意思时，用as比用which更常见，而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。如：‎ Things will turn out contrary to one’s wishes，as is often the case. 事与愿违，这是常有的事。 As was natural， this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression. 这种过分希望之后，接着是极度的沮丧，是很自然的事。 Chaucer is buried in “Poet’s Corner”，as might have been expected. 正如人们已经预料的，乔叟被葬在“诗人角”。 The material is elastic，as is show in the figure.这种材料有弹性，如图所示。 as we know众所周知 as has been said above/before正如前文所述 as has been pointed out正如已经指出的 as might be imagined可以想像得到 当定语从句的关系代词指的是先行词本身时，只能用which。如： These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前种下的，没结出任何果实。 The Thames，which is now clean enough to swim in，was polluted for over a hundred years. 泰晤士河，现在已经很干净，可以在里面游泳，它曾被污染了一百多年。 带介词的典型的定语从句，必须用which，不能用as。如： There is a great deal of oxygen around us，without which we could not live.我们周围有许多氧气，没有它我们就无法生存。 The shed in our garden，in which we often played，has lasted for a long time. 我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子，已经有很长时间了。 ‎2)引导限制性定语从句时which与as的区别： 先行词如为表示物的名词或代词，在从句中又作介词的宾语时，只能用which。如： This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 这就是我煮牛奶的锅。 前面有as时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as，不用which。如： There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。 前面有such时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which。如： Such women as know Tom thought he was charming. 认识汤姆的女人都认为他很迷人。 I have never heard such stories as he tells.他讲的那些故事我从没听过。 He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期望的那种人。 前面有the same时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as而不用which。如： We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. 我们正面临着和多年以前同样的困难。 This is the same wallet as I lost.这只钱包与我丢失的那只相同。 I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有着同样的困难。 总之，which与as引导定语从句的区别要在实践中多体会，体会多了，才能正确运用。五、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致的问题 ‎1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形动词。如： Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.《泰坦尼克号》是在好莱坞拍的最好的电影之一。 ‎2.the (only)one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形动词。如： The Great Wall is the (only)one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是地球上惟一一个从月球上能够看到的建筑。 ‎3.当关系代词as或which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as或which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如： Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all. 中国发生了巨大的变化，众所周知。 ‎4.其他情况 I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.我，你的老师，要尽全力帮助你。 To own a colour TV set in each family，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true. 每家拥有一台彩电，这在20年前我们认为不可能的事情，现在变成了现实。 Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about? 你听说了他们谈论的人和事了吗？ ‎【考点诠释】‎ 定语从句 考点1 ‎ ‎“介词+关系代词which/whom”中介词和关系代词的选择 介词后作宾语的关系代词为历年高考考查的重点，一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：‎ ‎①The pen with which he wrote was made in China．他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。‎ ‎②The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast．汤姆到加拿大去时乘坐的火车速度非常快。‎ ‎③The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students．那位老师对他的学生非常有耐心，他家的房子前面有一棵大树。‎ 考点2 as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的判定 ‎1．as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。‎ ‎(1)此时的as意为“正如……，正像……”。翻译时有时可不必译出。如：‎ You are clever，as all those who know you can see．你很聪明，所有认识你的人都能看出来。‎ ‎(2)在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词(如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。如：‎ As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger．众所周知，中国正变得越来越强大。‎ ‎(3)as引导的从句可以前置(而which引导的从句则不可)。如：‎ As is a fact，Mike is expected to make a top student．这是一个事实，迈克有望成为一名顶尖的学生。‎ 特别提示 主句中出现the same，such，so修饰先行词时，要选择as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，此时as引导的是限制性定语从句。另外要注意：‎ ‎(1)the same…that与the same…as引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：前者修饰的名词与原物是同一个东西；而后者修饰的是与先行词同类型的另一样东西。试比较：‎ ‎①This is the same bag that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包)‎ ‎②This is the same bag as I lost yesterday．这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个)‎ ‎(2)such/so…as…和such /so…that…结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。如：‎ ‎①They talked in such simple English as children could understand．他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。(定语从句，as代替先行词simple English作understand的宾语)‎ ‎②He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke．他如此用力地关窗，结果玻璃碎了。(结果状语从句，that引导的从句表示用力关窗导致的结果)‎ ‎2．which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。‎ ‎(1)which此时指前面主句所提到的，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，且从句只能位于被修饰句子的后面。如：‎ He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied．他工作干得不错．，这使得他的老板很满意。‎ ‎(2)which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。如：‎ She succeeded in the competition，which satisfied her parents．她在比赛中取得成功，这使得她的父母很满意。‎ ‎(3)在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which。如：He often works far into the night，by which time everyone else has left the office．他通常工作到深夜，到那时其他人 已下班了。‎ 特别提示 高考一般不考查as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别，但近年高考试题中出现过这个考点。一般来说，如果从句的含义是顺接主句的叙述，那么这两个词都可以使用；如果从句的含义是对主句的否定，或者语意不是顺接的，则只能用which。如：‎ ‎①He came late to school，which/as was what we had expected．他上学迟到了，这是我们意料中的。‎ ‎②He came late to school，which surprised US a11．他上学迟到了，这让我们所有人都很惊讶。(不可用as)‎ 考点3 关系代词、关系副词引导定语从句的辨别 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；而关系副词在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语。一般来说，关系副词在语义上相当于”介词+which”结构。试比较：‎ ‎①I’ll never forget the days which I spent with you．我不会忘记我们在一起度过的岁月。(which在定语从句中作spent的宾语)‎ ‎②I’ll never forget the days when(=in which)we studied in Beijing．我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京学习的时光。(when在定语从句中作时间状语，studied在此处为不及物动词，后面不再接宾语)‎ 考点4 定语从句的间隔现象 定语从句一般紧接被它修饰的先行词，但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做被分隔的定语从句。在这种情况下，对关系词的准确判断显得相当重要，而且在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读时要注意识别。一般来说，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种情况：在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语、定语，或被谓语动词分隔开。如：‎ ‎①Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链吗?‎ ‎(先行词one afternoon与定语从句被状语ten years ago分隔开了)‎ ‎②A new teacher will eOlTle tomorrow who will teach you German．明天，一位新老师将来教你们德语。(先行词a new teacher与定语从句被谓语部分和时间状语will come tomorrow隔开了)关系代词在下列情况下常省略：(1)作及物动词的宾语时；(2)作介词的宾语，当关系代词与介词分开使用时，可以省略。但若是关系代词与介词连用，则不能省略。如：‎ ‎①The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue．我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(作动词put的宾语)‎ ‎②who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作介词to的宾语)‎ ‎③Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel．请告诉我你从谁那儿借的这本英文小说。(关系代词不能省略)‎ 有些句型结构如同位语从句、状语从句和强调句与定语从句结构较相似，稍不认真就会出错。‎ ‎1．定语从句与同位语从句的区别 定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：‎ ‎①He makes a promise that if he Call get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the eompany．他许诺如果他能获得那份工作，他将努力为公司挣尽可能多的 钱。(that引导的同位语从句是对先行词a promise的进一步解释和说明)‎ ‎②Mike’s parents made a special promise to Tom that surprisedTom．迈克的父母对汤姆许下了一个特别的诺言，这使得汤姆很惊奇。(that引导的定语从句是对先行词promise的修饰和限制)‎ ‎2．定语从句与强调句的区别 定语从句和强调句的判断方法：若将句中的“It is/was…that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强 调句。如：‎ It was in 1 998 that the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi．在1998年，洪水毁坏了江西地区很多的房屋。(强调句)‎ ‎(判断方法：如果去掉it was和that，剩下in 1998 the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi，句子结构完整，可判定原句为强调句)‎ ‎3．定语从句与状语从句的区别 定语从句在句子中作定语，修饰名词、代词或句子；并且，这个被修饰的名词、代词或句子称为先行词，通常放在定语从句之前。状语从句在句子中作状语，修饰动词；通常不同的状语从句有不同的连词，位置较灵活，通常放在句首或句末，有时也放在句中。‎ 以where为例来说明：‎ ‎①Let’s have a short meeting where we met last time．我们在上次见面的地方开个短会吧。(Where we met last time是地点状语从句，在句中作地点状语，表示开会的地方)‎ ‎②This is the place where we had a meeting last time．这就是我们上次开会的地方。(Where we had a meeting last time是定语从句，在句中作定语修饰the place)‎ ‎【试题放送】‎ ‎【2012山东卷】23. Maria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series. www.zxxk.com A. them B. that ‎ C. which D. what ‎【答案】‎ ‎【解析】此处先行词是two novels，后面是一个非限制性定语从句且介词前置，因此用both of which引导。句意：Maria写了两部小说，两部都被拍成了电视剧。‎ ‎【考点】考查非限制性定语从句的用法。‎ ‎【2012福建卷】23. The air quality in the city, ________is shown in the ‎ report, has improved over the past two months.‎ A. that B. it C. as D. what ‎ ‎【考点】本题考查定语从句的引导词 ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本句难点是把定语从句分割出来放在句首就很明了了，把句子转换成 is shown in the report, the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.就能直接看到非限制性定语从句引导词放句首指的是下文所提到的一句话用as引导“正如在 所写的那样”。‎ ‎【2012安徽卷】29. Ａlot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.‎ A. as B. it C. which D. This ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】如果选择B或D 就出现了两个句子了。本题考查非限制性定语从句,关系代词指整个一句话Ａlot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。传统考法是直接把从句放在句首，我不知道这里是不是算作句首，我相信学生们也会是一头雾水吧。【as用在句首，which用在句末，正确答案应该是A】‎ ‎【考点】考查定语从句。‎ ‎【2012北京卷】26. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. www.zxxk.com ‎ A. that B. which C. where D. when ‎ ‎【答案】 B ‎【考点】非限制性定语从句，which作表语。‎ ‎【2012全国II】8. That evening, _____ I will tell you more about later, I ‎ ended up working very late.‎ A. that B. which C. what D. when ‎【答案】B 【解析】这里that evening是先行词，其在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，所以用which。句意：以后我将和你谈起的那个晚上，我工作到了很晚。‎ ‎【考点】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。‎ ‎【2012届广西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考联合调研】32．—We’ll take the conditions into careful consideration you have attached to this contract.‎ ‎—Thanks. Hope for further cooperation. www.zxxk.com ‎ A．as B．which C．where D．what ‎【答案】B www.zxxk.com ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处the conditions是先行词，其在定语从句中作to的宾语。故用which。‎ ‎【河南省郑州市2012届英语信息卷（三）】13. Do you remember a certain occasion ______ you were in trouble and at that moment I gave you a hand.‎ A. where B. which C. why D. when ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。根据后面的时间短语at that ‎ moment可知occasion指时间，故要使用关系副词when，相当于at which time。‎ ‎【2012届保定市高三第一次模拟】32. Lisa，I guess we'd better fix a navigational aid（导航仪）to the car_________we can find our way easily.‎ A. which B. that C. from which D. with which ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a navigational aid为先行词，其在定语从句中作with的宾语。句意：丽萨，我认为我们最好在车上安装导航仪，用它我们能容易地找到路。‎ ‎【2012届河北省邯郸市高三第一次模拟考试】26. Leave him a note at the reception desk, he will learn how to find you. ‎ A. which B. from which C. with which D. on which ‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。此处a note是先行词，其在定语从句中作from的宾语。‎ 相当于：he will learn how to find you from the note。‎ ‎【2012届河北省普通高考模拟】26．-----How about your job-hunting？‎ ‎ -----No luck．Now，I’ve reached the stage________I don’t care what I do．‎ A. which B． where C．when D. that ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处the stage是先行词，其在定语从句中作地点状语。句意：现在我到了我不关心做什么的境地。‎ ‎【2012届四川省成都石室中学高三二诊模拟】7．A turning point of the continuously high housing price won't appear suddenly because there must be a certain process ___ many factors lead to the change．‎ ‎ A．which B．what C．where D．that ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处process作先行词，其在定语从句中作地点状语，故用where。‎ ‎【2012届四川省成都石室中学高三二诊模拟】10．Jane's struggle to make a place for herself in the music circle is the kind of life story___a fascinating novel might be written．‎ ‎ A．where B．by whom C．for what D．about which ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处life story是先行词，其后是介词前置的定语从句。相当于a fascinating novel might be written about the story。‎ ‎【2012届江西省六校联考】26. More teens are smoking in Beijing, ‎ ‎______ the number of primary and middle school students picking up the habit has more than doubled from previous years. ‎ A. which B. when C. where D. that ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。Beijing 是先行词，在从句中做地点状语，因此用where引导定语从句。‎ ‎【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】17. Judging from his face_______ there was a confident smile, we knew that he didn’t lose heart.‎ ‎ A. in which B. from which C. by which D. on which ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句介词+关系代词的用法。a confident smile on his face.句意为：从他脸上自信的笑容来判断，我们知道他没灰心。故选D。‎ ‎【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】19. We have spotted the location, _______ we thought is the site of Emperor Qin Shihuang. ‎ A. that B. what C. which D. where ‎【答案】C 考查定语从句。分析句子可知空格出引导定语从句，we thought 是插入语，从句缺少主语，应考虑用关系代词，又是非限制性定语从句，故选C。www.zxxk.com ‎【2012届浙江省重点中学协作体4月调研】14. ---When did the young ‎ man save you?‎ ‎ ---January 1st,2000, the first day of the new century,_______ I can never forget.‎ ‎ A. when B. which C. that D. where ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。先行词the first day在定语从句中作宾语。‎ 高考资源网(www.ks5u.com)‎ www.ks5u.com 来源：高考资源网 版权所有：高考资源网(www.k s 5 u.com)‎