高中英语名词讲解

高中英语名词讲解

名词\n考点分析名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。\n一、分类A:专有名词B:普通名词Countablenouns(可数名词)Uncountablenouns(不可数名词)IndividualNouns（个体名词）CollectiveNouns（集体名词）AbstractNouns（抽象名词）MaterialNouns（物质名词）知识要点\n二、数(Number)A:Singularnumber(单数)B:Pluralnumber(复数)（1）一般的词，直接在词尾加－sbook→booksmouth→mouthshouse→housesgirl→girls（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加－esglass→glassesbox→boxesmatch→mathcesbrush→brushes（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加－escountry→countriesparty→parties1.规则名词单复数变化:\n（4）以f或fe结尾的词，应变f或fe为v再加-es妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷遇见发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮月光。wife→wivesknife→kniveswolf→wolvesthief→thievesshelf→shelvesself→selveslife→liveshalf→halvesleaf→leaves其他情况：roof→roofsbelief→belifshandkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchievesscarf→scarfs/scarves\n（5）以-o结尾的在词尾加-s:radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos加-es只有Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes（6）man/woman+n.变复数时，两个词都要变复数mendoctors/womendoctorsmenengineers/womenengineers\n2.不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,aircraft,Swissspacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,（2）改变字母：foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,mouse--mice,phenomenon--phenomena另：penny（pence或pennies）（3）增加字母:child--children,ox--oxen（4）合成名词:若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数passer-by→passers-bygrown-up→grown-ups\n3.名词单复数的特殊情况集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,audience(4)只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,resources\n(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,sand–sands,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),\n不可数n.与可数n.的转化表示种类：fruit,fish等Thepotatoisavegetable,notafruit.Therearevariousfishesinthepool.表示具体的事物：success,failure,pleasure,honour,knowledge,surprise等表示“一场/一段/一件......”Aheavysnowisfalling.It'satimelyrain.表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,beer,sugar,hair等twoteas,threebeers表示不同意思时：paper纸(u);论文；试卷(c)room空间，余地（u）;房间（c）\n绝对不可数n.fun,housework,homework,advice,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage/luggage,jewellery,machinery等\n(1)Tablesaremadeof____.A.wood  B.woodsC.wooden D.somewoods(2)Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadvice   B.adviceC.advices  D.theadvices(3)Hegainedhis______byprinting___offamouswriters.A.wealth;work   B.wealths;worksC.wealths;work  D.wealth;worksABD\n1.Ineed______cloth,forI'mhopingtomake______clothes.A.alotof;many   B.much;muchC.many;many D.many;alot2.Wewaited______forthebus.A.longtime   B.alongtimeC.thelongtime   D.somelongtime3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.A.manyB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.AgreatdealofABD\n4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.A.manyof    B.massesofC.thenumberof  D.alargeamountof5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.A.any   B.many   C.little  D.someBD\n6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballintheirsparetime,thoughotherspreferbasketball.A.quitealot B.quiteafewC.quiteabit       D.quitealittle7.Wealwayskeep________sparepaper,incaseweranout.A.toomuch B.anumberofC.plentyof    D.agoodmanyBc\n修饰可数名词的词：many,manya(n),agreat/goodmany,afew/few,a(great/large)numberof修饰不可数名词的词：much,alittle/little,agreatdealof,alarge/greatamountof既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词的词：alotof=lotsofalargequantityof=largequantitiesofplentyofmassesof\n三、名词的格(Case)A:通格(Commoncase):主格(Subjectcase)宾格(Objectcase)B:所有格(Possessivecase)1.～’s属格：原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：theteacher’sbook;thehorse’stail然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用～’s属格。如：today’snewspaper;thecity’stransportation\n①一般的名词，包括不以s结尾的复数名词，在词后加’s。如：thechildren’sbook②以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加～’。如：theteachers’office③以s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加～’s也可加～’。如：Engels’（s）letter④两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如:TomandMike’sroom若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用所有格形式，如:Tom’sandMike’srooms\n2.of～属格：多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of～短语来表示所有关系。如：thecoverofthebook;atoyofLiPing’syoungerbrother3．双重属格：既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.\n1.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s______walk. A.afourhour     B.afourhour’sC.afour-hours    D.afourhours’2.Hedroppedthe________andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffee         B.coffee'scupC.cupforcoffee  D.coffeecup4.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas_____journey.A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehoursDDC\n1.MissSmithisafriendof________.A.Mary'smother's  B.Mary'smotherC.Mother'sofMaryD.Marymother's2.－Where’syourbrother?－At_____.A.Mr.Green’s  B.Mr.GreenC.theMr.Green’s D.theMr.Green3.—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.—Itmightbemy________A.neighbour's    B.dearneighbourC.neighbour     D.neighboursAAA\n四、名词的性（Gender)Masculine（阳性）:actor,waiter,master,prince,hero2.Feminine（阴性）:actress,waitress,mastress,princess,heroine3.Neuter（中性）:teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop\n构词法+后缀n.→adj.-alorigin→originalnature→natural-erneast→easternnorth→northern-fuldoubt→doubtfuluse→useful-engold→goldenwood→woodenwool→woolen-ablefashion→fashionablecomfort→comfortable-ytaste→tastywealth→wealthyhealth→healthywind→windy-lyfriend→friendlylove→lovelyday→daily\n-ishfool→foolishself→selfishSpain→Spanish-lessharm→harmlesscare→carelesshelp→helplessuse→useless+后缀adj.→n.-nesshappy→happinessweak→weakness-thtrue→truthwarm→warmth-ydifficult→difficultyhonest→honesty-tycruel→crueltysafe→safety-itydisabled→disabilityresponsible→responsibility\n+前缀.后缀adj.→v.en-rich→enrichlarge→enlarge-enbroad→broadensoft→soften-izemodern→modernizeapology→apologize-ifysimple→simplifypury→purify+后缀v.-adj.-ouscontinue→continousvary→various-edexcite→excitedsurprise→surprised-ingexcite→excitingsurprise→surprising\n+后缀adj.→adv.+lypolite→politelywide→widelynice→nicelysafe→safelyunfortunate→unfortunatelycareful→carefullyshy→shyly-y结尾的adj.，改y→i+lyhappy→happilyeasy→easilyheavy→heavilylucky→luckilybusy→busily以-le结尾的adj.去掉e+-ygentle→gentlypossible→possiblycomfortable→comfortablyterrible→terribly以-ue结尾的adj.去掉e+-lytrue→truly\n+后缀v.→n.-tion/-sionoperate→operationdecide→decisiondiscuss→discussionprepare→preparationdonate→donation-mentargue→argumentjudge→judgementgovern→governmentachieve→achievement-alrefuse→refusalarrive→arrival-er/orteach→teacherdirect→directorwork→workerrun→runnerwin→winner-anceaccept→acceptanceappear→appearance\n否定前后缀un+adj./adv.usual→unusualwilling→unwillingluckily→unluckilyfortunate→unfortunatelyim-+adj.possible→impossiblepatient→impatientpolite→impolitein-+adj.dependent→independentcorrect→incorrectconvenient→inconvenientir-+adj.regular→irregularresponsible→irresponsibleil-+adj.legal→illegallogical→illogicalmis-+v.lead→misleadunderstand→misunderstanddis-+v./n.agree→disagreehonest→dishonestadvantage→disadvantage\n谢谢观看！2020