社会语言学—语码转换

社会语言学—语码转换

SummaryofCode-choiceinBidialectalInteractionInthispaperwewillfocusontheexplanationonthecode-choiceinbidialectalinteraction:thechoicebetweenPutonghuaandCantoneseinaradiophone-inprograminShenzhen.We'llexaminetherelationshipbetweenmacrolevelsociolinguisticstructuresandmicrolevelconversationalstructuresbystudyingcode-choicebetweenPutonghua(thestandarddialect)andCantonese(aregionaldialect)incallsmadetoaradiophone-inprograminabidialectalcity,Shenzhen.Therearetwoaimsaboutthisresearch.Thefirstoneistodiscoverparticipants5methodsofestablishingthecodeforhost-callerinteractionepisodes・Thesecondoneistofindoutwhatrealitymacrolevelsociolinguisticstructuresmighthaveforthespeakersasmanifestedinthemicrolevelprocedures・Atthispart,wewillmainlyfocusonthebasicsituationandthedevelopmentalhistoryandandlanguageofShenzhen:amacrodescription.Fromearlyoninthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety,mulilevelandmultimethodananysishavebeenrecoginizedasimporatntfeaturesofsociolinguisticsreseach.Macroleveldescriptionshavebeenofferedbyscholarswhosetouttodiscoverthesocialfactorsthataffectlanguageuse.Socialnetworktheories,theconceptofdomainoflanguageuseandthemarkednessmodelhaveallbeenproposedtoexplainwhospeakswhatlanguagetowhomandwhen.Whilemicroleveldescriptionshaveconcernedthemselveswithuncoveringpatternsofinteractionthroughdetailedanalysis\nofinteractionspisodes.Withafocusonthelocalcharacterofmembersproceduresthatconstitutetheinteractionstructure,studiesofthiskindaretypicallyreticentaboutthequestionofmacro一microlinkages.However,thepossibilityandthenecessityofthelinkagebetweenthetwolevelsofanalysisisafundamentalquestion.Thereisaneedtodevelopamorecoherentmodelwhichintegratesthefine-grainedconversationanalysisofcode-switchingandthemacrolevelanalysisofsocialandculturalcontextinwhichcode-switchingisusedasacommunitypractice・Andanalystsmustfirstexaminehowparticipantsthemselvesmakeexternalsocialfactorsrelevanttothespecificinteractionepisodesinwhichtheyareengaged.Byusingthisapproach,researchersareabletoshowthatrelationshipsbetweenlanguagebehaviorandmacrosocialfactorssuchasidentity,status,relation.Inthefollowing,wewillprovideabriefaccountofthehistoryandlanguagesituationinShenzhenwheretheradioprogramwasbroadcast,focusingonthecity，sdevelopmentfromamono-dialectalcommunitytoabidialectalone.InthissectionwedescribethelanguagesituationinShenzhen.Westartwithabriefdescriptionofthecity，shistoryinordertoprovidesomebackgroundrelevanttotheunderstandingofthelanguagechangesthathavetakenplace.ThenameShenzhenoriginallyreferredtoasmallfrontiermarkettowninBao，anCounty,inthesouthofGuangdongprovinceborderingtheNewTerritoriesofHongKong.Ithasservedasthe\ncountyseatofBao^ansince1953・TodaythenamereferstoamunicipalcitycoveringallofwhatusedtobeBao，anCounty.Thecounty'shistorygoesbackasearlyastheyear331,atwhichtimeitsjurisdictioncoveredanareamuchlargerthantoday.By1958thecountyhadsettledatitspresentsize.On5March1979Bao^anCountywasre-namedthemunicipalityofShenzhen.InAugust1980,asaresultofChina，seconomicreforms,theShenzhenSpecialEconomicZone(SEZ),thefirstSEZinChina,wassetupinthesouthernpartofthecity.InOctober1981,thecountyofBao?anwasre-established,thistimeunderthejurisdictionofthemunicipalityofShenzhen,itsadministrationcoveringtheareaofthecityoutsidetheSEZ.Thus,Shenzhenisdividedintotwosections:acountysectionandaspecialeconomiczone・TodayduetothechangeofShenzhen'seconomyandsociety,thepopulationofthisareahasincreasedalot,whichwasadirectresultofthesetupoftheSEZ,whichisaresultofChina，sopen-doorpolicyinthedevelopmentofitseconomicreforms.ThejobopportunitiesinShenzhen,bothinsideandoutsidetheSEZ,haveattractedalargenumberofpeopleintosouthwardmigration.Asaresult,Shenzhenhasbecomeafast-growingmigrantcitywherethenumberoflocalresidentsisout-numberedbymigrantsfromotherpartsofGuangdongprovinceandotherprovincesofChina.Thisinfluxoflargenumbersofnewmigrantsfromalloverthecountry\nhasfundamentallychangedthelanguagesituationinShenzhen.Thecitysawanactiveperiodin1980swhenitshiftedfromabasicallymono-dialectalcommunitytoabidialectalone.Originally,localresidentswereroughlydividedintotwomajordialects,HakkaandCantonese,livinginseparateareasofthemunicipality.Now,almostallmajorChinesedialectscanbefound.Thus,inShenzhen,peoplespeakdifferent,oftenmutuallyunintelligible,regionaldialects,Putonghua,thenationalstandarddialect,mighthavebeenexpectedtobeareasonablechoiceforsocialcommunication.WhiletheincreasingeconomiclinkwithotherpartsofChinahasgivenimpetustotheuseofPutonghua,therisingeconomicstatusofGuangdongprovinceandtheincreasingbusinessconnectionswithHongKonghasalsoraisedthestatusofCantonese・Twoobviousreasonstobenoticed,thefirstoneisthatthemigrants,especiallywell-educatedintellectualsfromthenorth,havebroughtPutonghuatoShenzhen;thesecondoneisthattheyhavealsofelttheneedtolearnCantoneseasausefultoolfordailycommunication.TheavailabilityofCantoneseradioandTVprogramsprovidesanopportunityforthemtolearnCantonese.Besides,non-PutonghuaspeakersarealsoexposedtothestandarddialectthroughPutonghuaprograms.Beginninginthemid-1980s,Putonghuagraduallybecamedominantinmoreandmoresocialdomainsduetoseveralfactors.Firstly,theShenzhengovernmentmadeadecisiontounifythelanguageofShenzhen.Secondly,\nschoolsandmediaalsotookanactiverole.Thirdly,andperhapsmoreimportantly,therewerepracticalneedsundertheimpactofmarketeconomy.Inaword,Putonghuaprovedtobeusefulwhenpeopleatgovernmentorbusinessmeetingswerefromdifferentdialectregions.Also,whendoingbusinesswithpeoplefromthenorth,theabilitytousePutonghuawaslinkedwithbusinessopportunities・AllthesefactorscontributedtothepromotionofPutonghuaandtheemergenceofabidialectalcommunity.Putonghuahasnowbecomethelanguageoftheworkplace,e.g.,governmentadministration,schooleducation,mediapublicity,andserviceencounters.Atthesametime,mother-tonguedialectsarestillusedformoreprivateoccasionswithinfamiliesandbetweenfriendsfromthesamedialectregions.Tobeconcluded,thegreatlanguagechangesthatShenzhenunderwentinthe1980shaveledtotheemergenceofbidialectalisminthecity.Scholarsgenerallywelcomethechange・TheydonotseeaconflictbetweenthepromotionofPutonghuaandthepreservationofmother-tonguedialects,buttheyrecognizethedistinctsocialfunctionsofthestandardandregionaldialects.SomescholarshaveaddressedthebalanceofradioandTVprogramsinPutonghuaandindifferentdialects.WhilePutonghuaprogramsshouldbeincreased,theysay,thosedialectsshouldnotbecompletelyeliminated.Whatweshouldnoticeisthatthereisageneralacceptanceofdialectprograms,butalsoarelativelyhigherstatusofCantoneseamongotherregionaldialectsspokeninthecity.