语言学Exercises to Chapther Two(1)

语言学Exercises to Chapther Two(1)

ExercisestoChapterTwoI.Definethefollowingterms.1.Vowels(中山大学2003)2.Phoneme(中国人民大学,2006,3points;首师,2009,2points;北外,2010,5points)3.Narrowtranscription(复旦大学1996，浙江大学2001)4.Diphthong(上海交通大学2003)5.Illustratetheterm“allophone”withatleastoneappropriateexample.(南开大学2003)6.Suprasegmental(南开大学2003;2009,2points)7.Allophone(北京师范大学2004,4points;川大,2008,2points;北航,2010,2points;武大,2010,4points;首师,2011,2points)8.Distinctivefeaturesofspeechsounds(北京师范大学,2003,4points;中山,2008,5points)9.Minimalpair(北二外,2006,3point;北航,2008,2points;武大,2009,4points;川大,2009,2points)10.Placeofarticulation(南开大学,2points,2008)11.mannerofarticulation(南开,2009,2points;武大,2010,4points)12.Tone(同上)13.Coarticulation(4points,武大,2008;南开,2010,2points)14.CardinalVowels(大外,5points,2008;中山,2010,5points)15.complementarydistribution(北航,2points,2009;南开,2010,2points)16.assimilation(中山,2009,5points;武大,2011,2.5points)17.fricativeconsonant(川大,2010,2points)18.acousticphonetics(南开,2011,2points)19.allophonicvariation(同上)20.freevariation(天外,2011,3points):II.MultipleChoice1.Ofthethreecavities,____isthemostvariableandactiveinamplifyingandmodifyingspeechsounds.(北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A.nasalcavityB.pharynxcavityC.oralcavity2.Allsyllablescontaina____.(北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A.nucleusB.codaC.Onset3.Asoundwhichcapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofwordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisa____.(北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题)A.allophoneB.phoneC.phoneme4.____isoneofthesuprasegmentalfeatures.(东南大学2002年考研试题)A.StopB.VoicingC.DeletionD.Tone5.Narrowtranscripionisthephonetictranscriptionwith____.(东南大学2001年考研试题)A.diacriticsB.distinctivefeaturesC.voicingD.Articulation6.Velarrefersto____.(东南大学2001年考研试题)A.larynxB.softpalateC.alveolarD.Pharynx7.WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?(东南大学2000年考研试题)A.dentalstopB.bilabialstopC.alveolarstopD.velarstop8.____isnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglishphonology.(东南大学2000年考研试题)A.NasalityB.VoicingC.AspirationD.Rounding9.____isnotanEnglishconsonant.(东南大学2000年考研试题)A.Labio-dentalplosiveB.AlveolarnasalC.VelarstopD.Dentalfricative7\n10.Thechoiceofanallophoneinagivenphoneticcontextis____.(东南大学2000年考研试题)A.randomB.predictableC.variableD.Independent11.Voicingofexplosivesisadistinctivefeaturein____.(东南大学1999年考研试题)A.ChineseB.EnglishC.bothChineseandEnglishD.neitherChinesenorEnglish12.Whichofthefollowingisnotaminimal____?(对外经济贸易大学,2006,1point)A.[li:f][fi:l]B.[sip][zip]C.[sai][sei]D.[keit][feit]13.Whichofthefollowingistrueofanallophone____?(对外经济贸易大学,2005,1point)A.AphonecanbetheallophoneofallEnglishvowelphonemes.B.Therearenorestrictionsonthedistributionofanallophone.C.Thereisnopossibilityofanallophonebecomingaphoneme.D.Anallophonechangesthemeaningoftheword.14.ChoosethedifferentoneandexplainthereasoninONEsentence.(南京大学,2008,2009,2010,2pointsforeach)1)A./f/B./z/C./k/d.//[focusonmannerofarticulation]2)A.//B./a:/C.//D./u/[focusonplaceofarticulation]3)A./p/B./b/C./d/D./m/[focusonstateofvoicing]4)A.AwareB.IgnoreC.RelayD.Pertain[focusonthestructureoftheunderlinedsyllables]5)A.expensiveB.repeatC.springD.conspiracy[focusonthepronunciatinof“p”]6)A.considerateB.tonicityC.pointlessD.inconsistency[focusonthepronunciationof“n”]7)A.numbersB.classroomsC.islandsD.laptops[focusonthepronunciationof“s”]8)A.competentB.principalC.individualD.animate[focusonthelocationofthestress]9)A./f/B./p/C./d/D./g/[focusontheclassificationofconsonants]15.Thestudyofphysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechiscloselyconnectedwith______.(大外,2008,1point)A.articulatoryphoneticsB.acousticphoneticsC.auditoryphonetics16.ThecategoriesofconsonantareNOTestablishedonthebasisof______.(同上)A.mannersofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.narrowtranscription17.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconsideredasaminimalpair______?(同上)A./ai/--/ci/B./p/--/b/C./s/--//18.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheinstanceofASSIMILATION____?(同上)A.NasalizationB.OnsetC.Coda19.Avoicelesspostalveolarfricativeis______.(天外,2009)A.[ʃ]B.[tr]C.[tʃ]D.[w]20.Whichofthefollowingisthemostsonorous____?(同上)A.FricativesB.NasalsC.ApproximantsD.Vowels21.Whichofthefollowingisasonorant______?(同上)A.bB.dC.gD.m22.WhichofthefollowingphonologicalprocessesisNOTthedemonstrationoftheassimilationbetweenneighboringsounds______?(同上)A.devoicingB.dentalizationC.epenthesisD.verlarization23.Englishvowelscanbeclassifiedintofront,centralandbackvowelsaccordingto_____.(同上)A.placesofarticlationB.mannersofarticulationC.ThepositionofthelowerstpartofthetongueD.Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue24.Pair_____doesn’tformaminimalpari.(大外,2009)7\nA.gapandcapB.patandpadC.tipanddipD.mapandtam25.Pair______isnotincomplementarydistribution.(同上)A.spotandpotB.stopandtopC.schoolandcoolD.lightandglad26.ThephenomenonthatAmericansandBritishpeoplepronouncesomewordsdifferentlycanbeinterpretedintermsof______.(同上)A.phoneticsimilatiryB.freevariationC.complementarydistributionD.allophones27.Inasyllable,avoweloftenservesas______.(同上;大外,2010)A.PeakorNucleusB.OnsetC.CodaD.stress28.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingwords[t][n][z]sharethefeatureof____.(同上,2010)A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.velar29.______isnotthetermusedtoclassifytheEnglishconsonantsintermsofmannerofarticulation.(同上)A.ApproximantB.LateralC.PlosiveD.Bilabial30.______isacentralvowel.(天外,2011)A.[e]B.[i]C.[u]D.[Ə]31.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?____(同上)A.Larynxiswhatwesometimescall“Adam’sapple”.B.TheIPAusesnarrowtranscription.C.TherearetwonasalconsonantsinEnglish.D.Itissoundsbywhichwemakecommunicativemeaning.32.MatchthesoundsundercolumnAwithoneormorephoneticpropertiesfromcolumnBasillustratedinthefirstone.(大连外国语学院2002年考研试题)ABa.[k]1,9,61.velarb.[θ]2.nasalc.[s]3.dentald.[b]4.fricativee.[l]5.voicedf.[t]6.voicelessg.[m]7.bilabialh.[h]8.alveolar9.plosive10.glottalIII.BlankFilling1.__________studieshowthespeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived,and__________studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.(2points,中国人民大学,2006)2.Consonantarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremostconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceand__________ofarticulation.(1point,北二外,2008)3.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,are__________(1point,北二外,2007)4.Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusare__________,___________,and__________.(大连外国语学院2001年考研试题)7\n1.NamefiveofEnglishfrontvowels:__________,__________,___________,__________,__________.(大连外国语学院2000年考研试题)2.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith“__________,bilabial,stop”.(北京第二外国语学院2007年考研试题)3.Intheproductionofa__________sound,thebackofthetongueisraisedsothatittouchesthesoftpalatetoformakindofobstruction.(武汉大学2000年考研试题)4.Bythepositionofthe__________partofthetongue,vowelsareclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.(武汉大学2000年考研试题)5.InEnglish,thesound[b]hasthesamephoneticfeaturesasthesound[p]exceptthefeatureof__________.(武汉大学2002年考研试题)6.TheoralstopsinEnglishare__________,__________,___________,___________,__________and__________.(大连外国语学院2001年考研试题)7.Thedifferencebetweena__________andavowelliesinwhetherthereisairobstructionintheproductionofthem.(大连外院,2008)12.Thepresentsystemofthe__________derivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesatUniversityofLondon.(中山,2008,1point)13.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith“__________,bilabial,stop”.(北二外,2009,1point)14.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,are__________.(同上)15.Becausevoicingcandistinguishonephonemefromanother,itisadistinctivefeatureforEnglisho__________.(大外,2009)16.WhenproducingtheEnglishsound[h],thevocalcordsarebroughtmomentarilytogethertocreattheg__________obstruction.(同上)17.InEnglish,thetwowordscutandgutdifferonlyintheirinitialsoundsandthetwosoundsaretwodifferent_________andthetwowordsarea_________pair.(北二外,2010)18._________isthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(大外,2010)19.V________ismadewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.AnexampleinEnglishis[k]asincat.(同上)20.TheIPAcharthasbeenrevisedandcorrectedseveraltimesandiswidelyusedindictionariesandtextbooksthoughouttheworld.Thelatestversionwasrevisedin1993andupdatedin1996and______.(中山,2010)21.__________referstoasoundproducedwiththeobstructionoftheairstreamcausedbytwolips,suchasintheproductionof[p].(北二外,2011)22.Tonereferstothepitchonasyllableofaword.Whenpitchisrelatedtoasentence,itiscalled__________.(中山,2011)23.NameeachofthefollowingIPAsymbols.(北京师范大学2002,南开大学2003)[s]:[g]:[ʧ]:[ð]:[f]:[z]:[j]:[ŋ]:[θ]24.Whichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairsandminimalsets?(广东外语外贸大学2004年考研试题)pat,pen,more,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,pit,heel,ten,men,7\nput,main,hit,eat,man25.DividethesyllableofeachofthefollowingEnglishwords.Example:discuss:dis+cuss(吉林大学2000年考研试题)pushy;second;punish;people;logic;plantation.IV.TorFQuestions.1.Aphonemeinonelanguageoronedialectmaybeanallophoneinanotherlanguageordialect.(清华大学,2001)2.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:voicedandvoicelessconsonants.(对外经济贸易大学,2006,1point)3.Bilabialconsonantisproducedwhentheobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassage.(同上)4.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationsareallphonemes.(同上)5.Thespeechsoundswhichareincomplementarydistributionaredefinitelyallophonesofthesamephoneme.(北二外,2008,2010,1point)6.Thespeechsoundswhichareincomplementarydistributionarenotalwaysallophonesofthesamephoneme.(北二外,2009,1point)7.Thelastsoundof“top”canbearticulatedasanunreleasedorreleasedplosive.Thesedifferentrealizationofthesamephonemearenotincomplementarydistribution.(北二外,2007,1point)8.Thelastsoundof“sit”canbearticulatedasanunreleasedorreleasedplosive.Thesedifferentrealizationsofthesamephonemearenotincomplementarydistribution.(北二外,2009,1)9.Thesound[z]issharedby“boys”and“moves”asacommonmorpheme.(同上)10.Phonologyislanguagespecificbutphoneticsisnot.(同上)11.Whenthevocalfoldsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiced.(大外,2008,1point)12.Thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoconsonantsandvowels.(同上)13.Uvularismadewiththebackofthetongueandtheuvula.(同上)14.Phoneticsimilaritymeansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomemorphologicalresemblance.(同上)(中山,2011,blank-filling)15.Asyllablecanbedividedintotwoparts,theNUCLEUSandtheCODA.(同上)16.Aphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonetics.(大外,2009)17.Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbols.(同上)18.Theunexplodedplosive[k。]asinthewordenactisasimilarphonemewiththeexplodedplosive[k]asinthewordbackup.(同上)19.Phoneticsimilaritymeansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephonologicalresemblance.(同上;大外,2010)20.Aphonemeisthesmallestunitofsoundandcannotbefurtheranalyzed.(大外,2010)21.Mannerofarticulationistheonlywaybywhichwetellwhetherasoundisaconsonantornot.(同上)V.Questions.1.Givethephonetictermaccordingtothefollowingdescription:thesoundmadewiththetonguetiporbladeandtheupperfrontteeth(北二外,2008,1point)2.WhatarethecontrastiveandcomplementarydistributionsintheisolationofPhonemes?Giveexamples.(大连外国语学院2001，2001年考研试题)7\n1.Whatarethethreepartsofthevocalorgans?(清华大学2000年考研试题;J清华,3points,2001)2.Givethephonetictermforeachofthefollowinglocationsinarticulation.(北二外2003)3.Bothlips,Teeth,Openingbetweenvocalcords,RidgebehindupperteethThesoundmadewiththetonguetiporbladeandtheupperfromteeth(2008)Thesoundmadewithtonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge(2009)Thesoundmadewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate(2010)4.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.(东南大学2002)5.Distinguishbetweenphoneticsandphonology.(北师大,2008,10points;武大,2008,10;国际关系学院,2010,10points)6.Brieflyexplainwhatphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwithandwhatkindofrelationshipsholdbetweenthetwo.(北京外国语大学2002年考研试题)7.Circlethewordsthatcontainasoundasrequire(5points,清华大学2001)1)alowvowel:pipe,gather,article,leave,cook2)abilabialconsonant:cool,lad,leap,bomb,push3)anapproximant:lucky,boots,word,once,table4)afrontvowel:god,neat,pit,lush,cook5)avelar:god,fast,chat,lake,quick8.Analyzethedifferentsyllabicpartsofthefollowingwords(5points,清华大学,2000)9.1)/teibl/2)/kכtn/3)/impכsibl/4)/vכislis/10.Whatisfreevariation?Andillustrateitwithexamples.(湖南师范大学2003年考研试题)11.Pointoutthecommonnesssharedbythetwosounds[t]and[n].(2points,北二外,2008)12.Pointoutthecommonnesssharedbythetwosounds[d]and[n](同上,2009)13.Whatisphonology?Andwhatisaphoneme?(5points,北二外,2008)14.Writetheinternationalphoneticalphabetforthefollowingwords.(12points,南京大学,2008)hypothesis,academician,verbatim,technique,capacity,standardize,guarantee,paradigm,primarily,rhetoric,procedure,originate15.TranscribethefollowingunderlinedpartintheIPAastheyareactuallypronounced.(16points,南京大学,2008)1)asyouknow2)IttookalongtimetoarriveatGreenPark.3)Itwashardeventomakeaphonecall.4)Didyoufindtheanswer?16.Defineeachofthenaturalclassesofsegmentswith(a)distinctivefeature(s).(4points,南开大学,2008;2009)1)[p],[b],[m],[],[],[w]2)[s],[],[f],[]3)[y],[u],[o],[],[],[]4)[m],[n],[],[],[],[]17.InthedialectofScottishEnglish,thewordhappenispronouncedas[].Youarerequiredto(1)formulatethreephonologicalrules,(2)arrangetherulesinacorrectorder,and(3)applytheorderedrulestoderivethesurfacerepresentationoftheword[],usingtheform//astheunderlyingrepresentationofword.(10points,南开,2008)18.….let,tell,apple;Youarerequiredto(1)statethedistributionoftheclear[l]andthedark[l],and(2)givethesyllablestructureofthewordapple.(Atreediagramforillustratingthesyllablestructureisnecessary.)(8points,南开,2009)19.Illustratethesignificanceofstudyingspeechsoundsinlinguistics.(8points,大外,2008)20.Howarethevowelsdescribedusually?(北二外,2009,5points)7\n1.Useexamplestoshowhowspeechsoundsaredescribedbyphoneticiansandlinguists.(厦大,2009,10points)2.Whatarethecriteriausedinphoneticdescriptionofvowels?(厦大,2010,2011,10points)3.Whatarethefourbasicrequirementsforthedescriptionofvowels?(北二外,2011,2points)4.Writethephoneticsymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions,andthengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.(南开,2011,8points)phoneticdescriptionphoneticsymbolEnglishword1)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop[]2)palatalglide[]3)highbacktenseroundedvowel[]4)nasalizedlow-midbacklaxroundedvowel[]5.Whatarethethreecriterialinguistsusetogroupallophonesintophonemes?(北二外,2011,5points)6.WhatisassimilationandwhichofthefollowingphrasesareexamplesofASSIMILATION?ClassifythemintoCATEGORIESOFASSIMILATIONandexplainwhatconditionsthechange.(大外,2009,20points)InApril,inMay,inEurope,oncourse,onpaper,thingirls,thindress,thinexcuses7.ThetypicalformatofaphonologicalruleisgiveasAB/X_____Y.Youarerequiredtowriteoutthestructuraldescription(SD)andthestructuralchange(SC)oftherule.(南开,2010,4points)8.Linking-rinBritishRP(同上,10points)Thephenomenonoflinking-rinBritishRPisillustratedbythedatagivenbelow:homer[...Ə]homeric[...merik]Bar[...a:]barring[..a:riŋ]soar[..Ə]soaring[...Əriŋ]park[pa:k]parking[pa:kiŋ]farm[fa:m]farming[fa:miŋ]Youarerequiredtodevelopananalysisintothephenomemonoflinking-r,basedonthedatagivenabove.Illustrateyouranalysiswiththewordsbarandbarring.(Hint:underlyingrepresentationandphonologicalrulesarerelevanttoyouranalysis.)7