语言学522-524

语言学522-524

Semanticrelations5.2.2—5.2.4\nContents:1.SynonymyandAntonymy2.MeronymyandHyponymy3.PolysemyandHomonymy\nSynonymy（同义关系）arethewordsorexpressionswiththesameandsimilarmeaning.Therelationofsynonymydoesnotapplytolexemesonly.Simpleexpressionsmayhavethesamemeaningascomplexexpressions.CouchsofaLargebigenormous\nHowever,truesynonymsarerare.Inmostcases,synonymsmaydifferinoneormoreofthefollowingaspects:DifferenceinoriginInEnglish,therearesomepairsofsynonymsoneofwhichisdevelopedfromthenativewordwhiletheotherisborrowedfromanotherlanguage:nativewordsborrowedwordsanswerreplybodilycorporalSomeEnglishsynonymsmaybelongtowordsofdifferentlinguisticorigin:Anglo-SaxonFrenchLatinAskquestioninterrogate\nSomesynonymsbelongtodifferentgeographicvarieties:BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishTubesubwayB.DifferenceinshadesofmeaningSomesynonymsdifferintheshadesofmeaning.e.g.amazeandastoundSamedenotation:tofillwithgreatsurpriseDifferinthedegreeofincredibility.Accordingtothedifferencesinemotionalflavor,synonymscanbedividedintothreecategories:elevated,neutralandvulgar.\nC.Differenceinsocio-expressivemeaningAccordingtothedifferencesinemotionalflavor,synonymsmayimplyapproval,disapprovalorneutralattitudeofthespeaker.HorseneutralSteedandchargerapprovalNagandplugdisapproval\nD.Differenceinstylisticmeaninge.g.die,perish,decease,expire,begoneandpassawayDieisusedincolloquial,perishisusuallyusedinnews,deceaseisusedwhenconcerningtolawissues,expireisaliteraryEnglishword,andbegoneandpassawayareusedinoralEnglish.\nE.Differenceincollocationanddistributione.g.accuse,charge,rebuke,andreproachCommondenotativemeaning:toblameTheprepositionsco-occurwiththemvarylikethis:accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for,reproach…with/for.Othersynonymshavedifferentdistributions\nAntonymy(反义关系)istherelationshipoftheoppositenessofmeaning.Accordingtothesemanticrelationship,antonymscanbelooselydividedintothreecategories:A.ComplementaryantonymsB.GradableantonymsC.Relationalopposites\nComplementaryantonymsQualitativeadj.:dead/aliveNounsdenotingquality,state,orrelationship:wisdom/foolishnessVerbsdenoting“feelings”,emotions,oraction:support/opposeAdverbsdenoting“time”,“positionanddirection”,or“state”:early/late\nGradableantonymsPairsofwordswhose“crucial”semanticfeaturesarelocatedatthedifferentendsofonecontinuum.E.g.big-small.RelationaloppositesPairsoflexemesofexpressionswhosecrucialsemanticsfeaturesdisplayareciprocalrelationship.Onememberofthepairpresupposetheother.Nouns:wife/husbandVerbs:buy/sellPropositions:above/below\nAntonymymayvaryinaccordancewithcollocation.Freshbread/stalebreadFreshair/stuffyairFreshflower/fadedflower\nMeronymy&HyponymyMeronymy（部分-整体关系）isatermusedtodescribeapart-wholerelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.e.g.root,trunk,branch,andleafaremeronymsofatreebecausetheyareintherelationshipofXispartofY.\nHyponymy（上下义关系）isusedtorefertoaspecific-generalsemanticrelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.\nMeronymy&HyponymyThereisnoclearlinebetweenMeronymyandHyponymy.Hyponymydiffersfrommeronymyintransitivity.Hyponymyisalwaystransitiveinthesensethatthereisahierarchicalrelationbetweendifferentterms.Butmeronymymayormaynotbehierarchical.\nPolysemy&HomonymyPolysemy（一词多义）:asinglelexemehasseveralmeanings.e.g.chiphasseveralmeanings:“electroniccircuit”（电子芯片）,“akindoffood”or“apieceofwood”Polysemycanbesaidtobetheresultfromthechangeofmeaning.\nHomonymy(同音异义词)referstocaseswherelexemeswiththesamephonologicalofmorphologicalshapehavedifferentmeanings.Itmayhaveidenticalpronunciationbutdonotsharecommonsemanticfeatures.e.g.race(contestofspeed)–race(ethnicgroup).\nHomonymycanusuallybeseeninthefollowingtwocases:Homographs（同形异义词）:writteninthesamewaybutdifferinmeaningandsometimesinpronunciationorderivation,e.g.Homophones（同音异形异义词）arewordswithidenticalpronunciationbutwithdifferentspellingandmeanings.\nThreereasonsmayaccountfortheappearanceofhomonyms.A.DivergingmeaningdevelopmentSomehomonymsresultfromthesplittingofthedifferentmeaningsofasingleearlierword.\nB.ConvergingsounddevelopmentSomehomonymsresultfromaccidentalconvergingofthesounddevelopmentoftwoofmorewordsofdifferentetymologicalsources.C.ShorteningofthewordsSomehomonymsresultfromthecoincidenceofpronunciationandspellingofpairsofwords,oneofwhichistheshorteningofanotherwordofexpression.\nLyons’twocriteriaA.Theetymologicalcriterion.Itcanjustifythenativespeaker’sintuitivedistinctionoflexemes.B.Therelatednessofmeaning.Themeaningofapolysemhaveoneormoreofthefollowinglogicalrelationsbetweenthem:\nGeneralization:extendedfromspecifictogeneral.Specification:narroweddownfromgeneraltothespecific.Substantiation:fromabstracttosubstantive.Abstraction:fromsubstantivetoabstract.Metaphor:derivenewmeaningwhichhavecertainsimilaritieswiththeoriginalones.Incontrast,themeaningofhomonymsaredistinctlyunrelated.Itismatterofdegree.\nTHANKYOU!