英语语言学二(2.3)

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英语语言学二(2.3)

Chapter2SpeechSounds2.3FromPhoneticstoPhonology2.3.1CoarticulationandPhoneticTranscriptions2.3.2Phonemes2.3.3Allophones\nFromphoneticstophonology语音学到音系学Speechisacontinuousprocess,sothevocalorgansdonotmovefromonesoundsegmenttothenextinaseriesofseparatesteps.Rather,soundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.Forexample,map,lamb.言语是一个连续的过程,所以发音器官不是从一系列互不相干的步骤中从一个音段进行到下一个一段,实际上语音会持续的受到临近音的影响。\n例如,如果鼻辅音(如[m]之类)处于口腔元音(如map中的[æ])之前,鼻音的部分特征就会延续,导致元音[æ]的起始带有一定程度的鼻音性质。这是因为再发鼻音的过程中软腭下垂以便让气流通过鼻腔,而为了发[æ]音,软腭必须回移到正常位置自然需要时间,而这个过程在开始发[æ]音时还未完成。同样,当[æ]音在[m]之前时,如lamb,软腭在发[æ]时就开始下降,为接下来的鼻音做好准备。\n3.1Coarticulation(协同发音)Whensuchsimultaneous(同时的)oroverlapping(重叠)articulationsareinvolved,wecalltheprocesscoarticulation.(协同发音)当涉及到这种同时或重合的发音时,我们称这类过程为协同发音。\nIfthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation(先期协同发音).如果发音的变化是倾向于后面音的音质(如lamb)就称之为先期协同发音。Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisperseverativecoarticulation(后滞协同发音),asisthecaseofmap.如果发音显示出前面语音的影响(如map),则称之为后滞协同发音。\nThefactthatthevowelinlambhassomequalityofthefollowingnasalisaphenomenonwecallnasalization(鼻音化).lamb中的元音[æ]具有后面鼻音的某些性质,这种现象成为鼻音化。Toindicatethatavowelhasbeennasalized,weaddadiacritictothetopofthesymbolas表示元音的鼻音化是在符号[æ]上加一条浪线,即\n[p]在peak中它是送气音,在speak中它不是送气音。这个送气的不带声双唇塞音就要加变音符即,而与之相对的不送气音转写为[p]\n(宽式语音转写)eg;我们常用普通符号[r]来代替这个不常用的符号。(严试语音转写)\n\nPhonemes(音位)Phonology(音系学)isnotspecificallyconcernedwiththephysicalpropertiesofthespeechproductionsystem.(音系学并不特别关注语音系统的物质特征)Phoneticians(语音学家)areconcernedwithhowsoundsdifferinthewaytheyarepronounced发音方法的不同whilephonologists(音系学家)areinterestedinthepatterningofsuchsoundsandtherulesthatunderliesuchvariations搭配模式和音变背后的规律.\nCrystal:‘Phonologicalanalysisreliesontheprinciplethatcertainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofawordorphrase,whereasothersoundsdonot’.(音系分析所依赖的原则是;某些语音能够导致词或短语意义上的变化,而有些语音则不导致这样的变化)Minimalpairstest(最小对比对测试)Takeaword,replaceonesoundbyanother,andseewhetheradifferentmeaningresults.Itcanbeusedtofindoutwhichsoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning.Itleadstotheidentificationofphonemes(音位).\n\nTheword‘phoneme’(音位)simplyreferstoa‘unitofexplicitsoundcontrast’:theexistenceofaminimalpairautomaticallygrantsphonemicstatustothesoundsresponsibleforthecontrasts.(音位是“明显的语音对立单位”:最小对比对的存在自动赋予具有区别对立功能的语音以音位的地位。)Byselectingonetypeofsoundinsteadofanotherwecandistinguishonewordfromanother.(通过语音的选择,我们得以区分不同的词)\n\nByconvention,phonemictranscriptionsareplacedbetweenslantlines(//)whilephonetictranscriptionsareplacedbetweensquarebrackets([]).(习惯上,音位转写放在双斜线(//)内,而语音转写放在方括号([])内。Inphoneticterms,phonemictranscriptionsrepresentthe‘broad’transcriptions.(就语音学来说,音位转写代表的是“宽式转写”。)\nAllophones?aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephonemeSuchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.(是两个不同的音子,即音位/p/的变化形式。).Inthiscasetheallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheyneveroccurinthesamecontext;(该例中的两个音位变体处于互补分布状态,它们从不出现在相同的环境中。)\nThisphenomenonofvariationinthepronunciationofphonemesindifferentpositionsiscalledallophonyorallophonicvariation.(这种随位置不同音位读音出现差别的现象称为音位变体现象或同音位变体。\nVelarization:clearlanddarkl(清晰l和模糊l)Thinkabouttellandtelling!Phoneticsimilarity(发音近似性):theallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.(必须在发音上近似)Freevariantsandfreevariation(自由变体和自由变体现象)\nFreevariationSometimesaphonememayalsohaveFREEVARIANTS.Forexample,thefinalconsonantofcupmaynotbereleasedbysomespeakerssothereisnoaudiblesoundattheendofthisword.Inthiscase,itisthesamewordpronouncedintwodifferentways:[jçUoç]and[jçUo´],withthe14diacritic“´”indicating“noaudiblerelease”inIPAsymbols,i.e.thesoundisnotactuallyheard.Thedifferencemaybecausedbydialectorpersonalhabit,insteadofbyanydistributionrule.SuchaphenomenoniscalledFREEVARIATION.Freevariationisoftenfoundinregionaldifferences.Forexample,mostAmericanspronouncethewordeitheras[h9C?_]whereasmostBritishpeoplesay[`HC?].Individualdifferencesmayalsodeterminetheuseof[cHqDjRm]or[c`HqDjRm]fortheworddirection.\n*当音[æ]在[m]之前时,如lamb,软腭在发[æ]时就开始下降,为接下来的鼻音做好准备。*如果鼻辅音(如[m]之类)处于口腔元音(如map中[æ])之前,鼻音的部分特征就会延续,导致元音[æ]的起始带有一定程度的鼻辅音。\n*一个简单的方法可以用来阐述一个原理,即取一个词,将其中的一个音替换,看是否会产生不同意义。例如,英语词tin由三个单独的音组成,每个音在语音转写中都可以用一个符号来表示,即[tin].如果我们用[d]代替[t],就会产生一个新的词din.由于[t]和[d]我们区分出tin和din,tie和die及很多其他词,所以他们在英语中是重要的语音。这种方法叫做最小对比对测试。\n\n\nThankyou!
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