语言学题目有答案

语言学题目有答案

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.    Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.    A.contact      B.communication        C.relation       D.community2.    Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?    A.tree         B.typewriter  C.crash                D.bang3.    Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.    A.interrogative        B.directive            C.informative            D.performative4.    InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?    A.Interpersonal        B.Emotive            C.Performative        D.Recreational5.    Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?    A.Transferability        B.Duality            C.Displacement        D.Arbitrariness6.    Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?    —Aniceday,isn’tit?    —Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.    A.Emotive            B.Phatic                C.Performative        D.Interpersonal7.    __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.    A.Performance        B.Competence        C.Langue            D.Parole8.    Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.    A.culturaltransmission    B.productivity        C.displacement        D.duality9.    __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.    A.Psycholinguistics                        B.Anthropologicallinguistics    C.Sociolinguistics                            D.Appliedlinguistics10.    __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.    A.Linguistictheory                        B.Practicallinguistics    C.Appliedlinguistics                        D.ComparativelinguisticsII.    Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.    Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.    Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13.    Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.    Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.    Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegenetically\ntransmitted.16.    Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17.    F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.    AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19.    Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20.    Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.35.    Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学，2004）36.    Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.    Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.    Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）1~5BACCC                    6~10BACAC11~15FFTFF                    16~20FFFFF31.    Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.    Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.    Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.    Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.35.    Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36. Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.37.  Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.1.      Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.      A.intonation        B.tone     C.pronunciation          D.voice2.      Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).      A.allophone     B.phone          C.phoneme    D.\nmorpheme3.      Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.      A.analogues         B.tagmemes     C.morphemes     D.allophones4.      Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.      A.glottis        B.vocalcavity   C.pharynx           D.uvula5.      Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.      A.wide          B.closing    C.narrow        D.centering6.      Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.      A.minimalpairs      B.allomorphs      C.phones   D.allophones7.      Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?      A.Acousticphonetics      B.Articulatoryphonetics      C.Auditoryphonetics           D.Noneoftheabove8.      Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?      A.[n]                      B.[m]                      C.[b]                      D.[p]9.      Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?      A.[i:]                      B.[u]                      C.[e]                      D.[i]10.      Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?      A.Voiceless                B.Voiced                      C.Glottalstop                D.ConsonantII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.      Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.      Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.      [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.      Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.      Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17.      Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.      Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.      ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.      Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.35.      Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.      Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）      (1)      voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop      (2)      lowfrontvowel      (3)      lateralliquid      (4)      velar\nnasal      (5)      voicedinterdentalfricative~5      ACDAA                          6~10DBABB11~15TTTFF                          16~20TTTFF31.      Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.      Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.      Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.      Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Chapter3Lexicon1.      Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.      A.lexicalwords          B.grammaticalwords      C.functionwords          D.formwords2.      Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.      A.inflectional                B.free                      C.bound                      D.derivational3.      Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.      A.three                      B.four                      C.five                      D.six4.      InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.      A.prefixes        B.suffixes           C.infixes              D.stems5.      Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.      A.derivationalaffix      B.inflectionalaffix          C.infix                      D.back-formation6.      __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.      A.affixation      B.back-formation      C.insertion          D.addition7.      ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.      A.acronymy                B.clipping                C.initialism                D.blending8.      Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.      A.blending                B.clipping                C.back-formation          D.acronymy9.      Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.      A.agreement                B.agree                      C.disagree                D.\ndisagreement10.      Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.      A.lexeme                B.phoneme                C.morpheme                D.allomorph11.      Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.      Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.      Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.      Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.      Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.      Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.      Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.      Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.      Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.      Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.35.      HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学，2003）36.      WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?37.      MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武汉大学，2004）          I                                II(1)      acronym                          a.      foe(2)      freemorpheme                b.      subconscious(3)      derivationalmorpheme          c.      UNESCO(4)      inflectionalmorpheme          d.      overwhelmed(5)      prefix                          e.      calculation1~5      AACBB                          6~10BCADB11~15FTFTT                          16~20FTFFF31.      Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.      Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.      Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.      Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.37.(1)c          (2)a          (3)e          (4)d          (5)bChapter4Syntax1.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear                                  B.onlyhierarchicalC.complex                                    D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.  Thesyntactic\nrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large                B.small             C.finite                D.infinite3.  The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical              B.morphological      C.linguistic            D.combinational4.  Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right                B.wrong              C.grammatical          D.ungrammatical5.  A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator          B.particle              C.preposition          D.subordinator6.  Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive            B.grammatical        C.social                D.functional7.  Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8.  Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.    A.thecity              B.Rome                C.city                  D.thecityRome9.  Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.    A.endocentric              B.exocentric          C.subordinate          D.coordinate10.  Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.    A.simple              B.coordinate          C.compound          D.complex11.  Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13.  Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14.  Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15.  Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16.  InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.  InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18.  Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19.  Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20.  Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.1.35.  Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武汉大学，2004）36.  Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（北京第二外国语大学，2004）\nVI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:    Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.1.1~5DCDDD                    6~10ADDBA11~15TTTTF                        16~20FTFTT2.31.  Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32.  ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33.  Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.34.  Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.    (1)more|beautifulflowers    (2)morebeautiful|flowers胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第五章：意义3.1.  Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato                B.Bloomfield          C.GeoffreyLeech      D.Firth2.  “Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistview                      B.contexutalismC.thenamingtheory                          D.behaviorism3.  WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.  \n4.  “CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswith                        B.isinconsistentwith    C.entails                                      D.presupposes5.  ___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis                          B.Componentialanalysis    C.Phonemicanalysis                          D.Grammaticalanalysis6.  “Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonyms                          B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms                    D.Noneoftheabove7.  _________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference            B.Concept            C.Semantics          D.Sense8.  ___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy            B.Synonymy          C.Homonymy              D.Hyponymy9.  Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms          B.polysemies          C.hyponyms          D.synonyms10.  Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrules                          B.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrules                              D.semanticfeaturesII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.  12.  Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.13.  Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14.  Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.15.  Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.  16.  Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.  17.  Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.  18.  Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19.  “Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.  20.  Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.\n1.1~5ABDDB                      6~10CACDAII.11~15FFTFT                    16~20TFTTT2.胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第七章：语言、文化和社会1.  _______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.Psycholinguistics                            B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics                            D.Generallinguistics2.  Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits__________.A.useofwords                                B.useofstructuresC.accent                                      D.morphemes3.  __________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.Regionalvariation                            B.LanguagevariationC.Socialvariation                              D.Registervariation4.  _______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers5.  _________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.Languageinterference                        B.Languagechanges    C.Languageplanning                          D.Languagetransfer6.  _________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.Regionalvariation                            B.ChangesinemotionsC.Variationinconnotations                    D.Stylisticvariation7.  A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafranca                                B.registerC.Creole                                      D.nationallanguage8.  Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creoles              C.pidgins              D.sociolects9.  Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;male        B.male;female        C.old;young          D.young;old10.  Alinguistic_______referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.slang                B.euphemism          C.jargon              D.tabooII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12.  Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuse\namongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13.  Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.14.  Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.15.  Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.16.  Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.17.  Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.18.  Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.19.  Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.20.  Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.1.1~5BCAAC                      6~10DACAD11~15FTFFF                    16~20TFTFF2.胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第八章：语言的使用1.  Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.reference            B.speechact              C.practicalusage      D.context2.  Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmatic            B.grammatical        C.mental              D.conceptual3.  Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constative            B.directive            C.utterance            D.expressive4.  Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.5.  Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury              B.intheearly1950’s    C.inthelate1960’s                            D.intheearly21stcentury6.  __________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.Alocutionaryact                            B.AnillocutionaryactC.Aperlocutionaryact                          D.Aperformativeact7.  AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs8.  Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.\nA.intheirillocutionaryacts                    B.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforce                    D.intheireffectbroughtabout9.  __________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrinciple                        B.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar  D.AdjacencyPrinciple10.  Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.    A.impoliteness                                B.contradictions  C.mutualunderstanding                        D.conversationalimplicaturesII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.12.  Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.13.  Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.14.  Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.15.  Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.16.  Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.17.  Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences18.  SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.19.  Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.20.  Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.1.1~5  DBCBA                    6~10CBCAD11~15FTTFF                    16~20FFFTT胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第十二章：现代语言学理论与流派1.  Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”is__________..    A.Firth                B.Saussure            C.Halliday              D.Chomsky2.  ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof__________.    A.function            B.meaning            C.signs                D.system3.  TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis__________.    A.Boas                B.Sapir                C.Bloomfield          D.Harris4.  Generallyspeaking,the__________specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.    A.Slot                B.Class                C.Role                D.Cohesion5.  __________GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages.    A.Traditional          B.Structural            C.Functional          D.Generative6.  __________GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.    A.Stratificational        B.Case                C.Relational            D.Montague7.  InHalliday’sview,the__________functionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.    A.personal            B.heuristic            C.imaginative          D.informative\n8.  Therhemeinthesentence“OnitstoodJane”is__________.    A.Onit                B.stood                C.Onitstood          D.Jane9.  Chomskyfollows__________inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.    A.empiricism          B.behaviorism          C.relationalism        D.mentalism10.  TGgrammarhasseen__________stagesofdevelopment.    A.three                B.four                C.five                  D.sixII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  FollowingSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.12.  Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.13.  LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.14.  AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.15.  AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.16.  TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.17.  Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.18.  Chomsky’sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure’sconceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure’slangue.19.  Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription.20.  Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.35.  WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?36.  Whatisbehaviorism?Whatisbehaviorisminlinguistics?WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?Doesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  Canyoumakeabriefintroductiontosomeimportantschoolsandtheirinfluentialrepresentativesinmodernlinguistics?1~5BACAA                      6~10ABDCC11~15FFTTF                    16~20FTTTF1.  FSP:ItstandsforFunctionalSentencePerspective.Itisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.32.  Cohesion:TheCohesionshowswhetheracertaintagmemeisdominatingothertagmemesorisdominatedbyothers.33.  LAD:LAD,thatisLanguageAcquisitionDevice,ispositedbyChomskyinthe1960sasadeviceeffectivelypresentinthemindsofchildrenbywhichagrammaroftheirnativelanguageisconstructed.34.  CaseGrammar:Itisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmoreinthelate1960s.2001乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是的趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。”\nPossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.Effortisthegistofit.Thereisnohappinessexceptaswetakeonlife-engagingdifficulties.Shortoftheimpossible,asYeatsputit,thesatisfactionwegetfromalifetimedependsonhowhighwechooseourdifficulties.RobertFrostwasthinkinginsomethinglikethesametermswhenhespokeof“Thepleasureoftakingpains”.Themortalflawintheadvertisedversionofhappinessisinthefactthatitpurportstobeeffortless.Wedemanddifficultyeveninourgames.Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame.Agameisawayofmakingsomethinghardforthefunofit.Therulesofthegameareanarbitraryimpositionofdifficulty.Whensomeoneruinsthefun,healwaysdoessobyrefusingtoplaybytheroles.Itiseasiertowinatchessifyouarefree,atyourpleasure,tochangethewhollyarbitraryroles,butthefunisinwinningwithintherules.Nodifficulty,nofun.QiaoYutooktofishinginhisoldage.Hesaid:“Wherethereisfishandwater,thereisgoodenvironment,andgoodenvironmentfillsone’sheartwithjoy(makesonefeeldelighted,delightseveryone,givesdelighttoeveryone).Ithinkthebestplaceforfishingisnotacomfortableman-madefish-pondwherehungryfishareready(provided)foryou,butanenchantingplaceinthewildwhereeverythingisnatural.”Fishing(Angling)isagamethatcanhelpimproveone’stemperament(character).Itisgoodformentalandbodilyhealth.QiaoYusaid:“Fishingfallsintothreestages.Thefirststageisjustforeatingfish.Thesecondstageisforeatingfishandforenjoyingthepleasureoffishingaswell.(Thesecondstageisforenjoyingthepleasureoffishingaswellaseatingfish.)Thethirdstageismainlyforthepleasureoffishingfacingapoolofgreenwater,onecasts(throws)asideallanxietiesandworriesandenjoys(takes)agoodrest,bothmentalandphysical.”参考译文梭罗所理解的“低层次”，即为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但他在膳食方面所投入的精力仅果腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，他便别无所求。付出努力才是其本质所在，除非我们终生与困难为伴，否则就无幸福可谈。正如济慈所言，除去不可能做的事，我们一生获得的满足有多大，取决于我们选择的困难有多强。罗伯特·福剂罗斯特谈到“苦中求乐”时，也有异曲同工之理。就通常宣传的幸福而言，其致命弱点在于声称不用付出努力即可获得幸福。我们甚至在竞赛中寻求困难。我们需要困难，因为没有困难也就无所谓竞赛，竞赛是制造困难以求得乐趣之道。竞赛规则就是任意强加的困难。违犯竞赛规则就是破坏乐趣。下棋\n时，随心所欲，肆意更改强制之规更易获胜。然而乐趣源于获胜而又遵守规则。没有困难就没有乐趣。prevail流行，盛行preposterous荒谬的tumultuous喧嚣的demographer人口统计学家niche【生】小生境bedraggled衰败的，破旧的cirrhosis【医】硬化annihilation灭绝bottomout降至最低点averageout达到平均数sweepup扫除，清除inaway在某种程度上，稍微falloff下降，跌落，减少，衰退strivefor为……奋斗，争取2003在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，顿感被打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，霎时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摈弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。Inhisclassicnovel,“ThePioneers”,JamesFenimoreCooperhashishero,alanddeveloper,withhiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.Hedecribesthebroadstreets,rowsofhouses,abustlingmetropolis.Buthiscousinlooksaroundbewildered.Allsheseesisaforest.“Wherearethebeautiesandimprovementswhichyouweretoshowme?”sheasks.He’sastonishedshecan’tseethem.“Where!Whyeverywhere,”hereplies.Forthoughtheyarenotyetbuiltonearth,hehasbuilttheminhismind,andtheyareasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait,future-mindeness:theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture;thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.AsAlbertEinsteinoncesaid,“LifefortheAmericanisalwaysbecoming,neverbeing.”BeforeIfellill,myparentsdotedonmealot.Icouldhavemywayathome.OnceIwasisolatedandconfinedinachamberonthehillsideofthegarden,IsuddenlyfeltIwasneglectedandbecameverydepressed.Onespringevening,myparentsheldaBanquetinthegarden,whereallsortsofflowerswereinfullbloom.Innotime,acrowdoftheirguestscollectedandlaughterwasheardalloverthere.I,withoutbeingnoticed,liftedthecurtaininmysmallroom,onlytospythebustleofakaleidoscopicworlddowninthegarden,andmyeldersisters,brothersandmycousins,eachfullofthejoysofspring,wereshuttlingamongtheguests.Quicklyenough,Iwasthrownintoafistofsorrowfulangeratbeingforgottenanddiscardedbytherestandcouldnothelpcryingmyheartout.在其经典小说《开拓者》中，詹姆士·菲尼摩尔·库珀让主人公，一个土地开发商，带他的表妹参观正在由他承建的一座城市。他描述了宽阔的街道，林立的房屋，热闹的都市。他的表妹环顾四周，大惑不解。她所看见的只是一片树林。“你想让我看的那些美景和改造了的地方在哪儿啊?”她问道。他见表妹看不到那些东西，感到很惊讶。“哪儿?到处都是啊!”他答道。虽然那些东西还未建成在大地上，但他已在心中将它们建好了。对他来说，它们都是实实在在的，宛如已建成竣工一样。库珀这里阐明的是一种典型的美国人特性：着眼于未来，即能够从未来的角度看待现在；可以自由地不为过去所羁绊，而在情感上更多地依附于未来的事物。正如阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是在发展变化中，从来不会静止不变。”confound　挫败，使落空mercenary　外国雇佣兵nomadism游牧生活，流浪生活burgeon迅速增长，发展繁荣venerated受尊敬的founder失败，崩溃\nholster　　维持fragmentedandfractious分裂而且难以驾驭的downplaytheir　profile贬低他们的形象或影响decry．．．as　谴责．．．run／rideroughshodover　　残暴地(或盛气凌人地)对待，对……横行霸道atpeaklevel处于最好的水平97来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。MyadvisorwasanAsianAmerican.Heindulgedhimselfinsmokingandalcoholicdrinkingandwashot-tempered.ButheappreciatedthediligenceandthesoundbasicknowledgeofstudentsofAsianoriginverymuch,andsharedtheirsentiments(understoodtheirfeeling).Therefore,ofthesixstudentswhowerepermittedtostudyinhislaboratory,onlyonewasfromGermany,theotherfivewereallfromAsia.Hewassostraightforwardastoputupanoteonthedoorofhislab,whichread:“Researchassistantinthislabmustworksevendaysaweek,from10a.m.tomidnighteveryday,andmustsparenoeffort(goallout)inworkhours.“Hewaswellknownthroughoutthecampusforhisstrictnessandseverity.Duringthethreeandahalfyearsofmyworktherefourteenstudentsenteredhislab,butonlyfiveleftwithadoctor’sdegree.Inthesummerof1990,irrespectiveofother’sadvice,Iforcedmyselftoreceivehisassistanceandbeganmyhardjourneyforschooling.Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicatesociety’spowerofchoice.Wecanchoosetomakeopera,andotherexpensiveformsofculture,accessibletothosewhocannotindividuallypayforit.Thequestionis:whyshouldwe?Nobodydeniestheimperativesoffood,shelter,defence,healthandeducation.Buteveninaprehistoriccave,mankindstretchedoutahandnotjusttoeat,drinkorfight,butalsotodraw.Theimpulsetowardsculture,thedesiretoexpressandexploretheworldthroughimaginationandrepresentationisfundamental.InEurope,thisdesirehasfoundfulfillmentinthemasterpiecesofourmusic,art,literatureandtheatre.Thesemasterpiecesarethetouchstonesforallourefforts;theyarethetouchstonesforthepossibilitiestowhichhumanthoughtandimaginationmayaspire;theycarrythemostprofoundmessagesthatcanbesentfromonehumantoanother.　观看歌剧是件昂贵的事。昂贵是必然的。然而昂贵的东西并非富人所独有，除非我们放弃社会赋予的选择权。我们有权做出选择去创作歌剧和其它昂贵的文化形式，使那些单凭个人的能力无力支付的人享受得起。问题在于我们为什么要这样做?没有人否定食物、住所、防御能力、健康和教育是必不可少的，即使在史前的山洞里，人类伸出手来不仅是为了吃、喝、战斗，他们还作画。文化的冲动，即通过想象和表达去显示和探索世界的渴望是最根本的东西。在欧洲，这种渴望已通过音乐、绘画、文学和戏剧的名著得以实现。这些名著对我们付出的所有努力进行了检验。它们成了人类的思维和想象力所能达到程度的试金石它们包含着人与人之间能够传递的最深刻的信息。