语言和语言学

语言和语言学

语言和语言学LanguageandLinguistics\n·Language·Linguistics·Thecoreoflinguistics(语言学研究的核心）·Thebeginningofmodernoflinguistics(现代语言学的开端）·Prescriptive(规定性研究）vs.Descriptive(描写性研究）·Synchronic（共时研究）vs.Diachronic(历时研究）·Languevs.Parole·Functionsoflanguage·Competence(语言能力）vs.Performance(语言运用）·ThedifferencesbetweenTraditonalGrammarandModernLinguistics·DesignFeatures(语言的普片特征）\nLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Ithas4featuresasfollows:Languageisasystem.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.④Theterm"human"ismeanttospecifythatlanguageishumanspecific.\nLinguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.\nThecoreoflinguistics(语言学研究的核心）：Phonetics语音学研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音Phonology音位学研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列Morphology形态学研究词的内部结构和构词规则Syntax句法学研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则Semantics语义学不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义Pragmatics语用学在语境中研究意义\nThebeginningofmodernlinguisticsismarkedbythepublicationofF.deSaussure'sbookCourseinGeneralLinguisticsintheearly20thcentury.\nPrescriptive(规定性研究）vs.Descriptive(描写性研究）Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"correctandstandard"behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive;ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.规定性的语言学研究着重观察、总结语言中的“标准”，认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态，如标准语法，标准语音，其目的通常是为了规定人们说话及写作等的标准。现代语言学诞生之前的大部分语法研究都属于此类；而描述性研究是现代语言学家采取的基本立场，着重观察、分析语言中的“事实”，其目的通常是对人们说话及写作的方式进行描述。\nSynchronic（共时研究）vs.Diachronic(历时研究）Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.\nLanguevs.ParoleThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract,whileparoleisconcrete.Langueisrelativelystable,whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.\nFunctionsoflanguageTheinstrumentalfunction工具功能Theregulatoryfunction调节功能Theheuristicfunction启发功能Theinteractionalfunction交流/互动功能Thepersonalfunction私人/个人功能Theimaginativefunction想象功能Theinformativefunction信息功能\nCompetence(语言能力）vs.Performance(语言运用）ThedistinctionwasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistNoamChomskyin1965.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.\nThedifferencesbetweenTraditonalGrammarandModernLinguisticsModernLinguisticsisdescriptivewhileTraditionalGrammarisprescriptive.ModernLinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.WhileinthecaseofTraditionalGrammar,viceversa.ModernLinguisticsdiffersfromTraditionalGrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.\nDesignFeatures(语言的普片特征）Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanimalsystemofcommunication.features:·Arbitrariness任意性指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系·productivity多产性·Duality双层结构·Displacement移位性指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点·CulturalTransmission文化传播\n真题1.Whichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?A:ArbitrarinessB:ProductivityC:CulturaltransmissionD:Finiteness2.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby__.A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure3.Whichofthefollwingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A:ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Diachronicity4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceissimilartothedistinctionbetween__.A.prescriptiveanddescriptiveB.synchronicanddiachronicC.speechandwritingD.langueandparole\n谢谢WPSOfficeMakePresentationmuchmorefun