经济学人注解

经济学人注解

TOEXTERMINATEtokilllargenumbersofpeopleoranimalsofaparticulartypesothattheynolongerexistalivingspeciesbyaccidentisnormallyfrownedonfrownon/uponsomebody/somethingtodisapproveofsomeoneorsomething,especiallysomeone'sbehaviour.Todosodeliberatelydoneinawaythatisintendedorplanned [= onpurpose, intentionally]mightthusasaresultofsomethingthatyouhavejustmentioned!InspokenEnglishitismoreusualtouseso.•Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire.Thusitwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehimguilty.seemanextraordinaryveryunusualorsurprisingsinasinsomethingthatyouthinkisverywrong•There'ssomuchlovelyfoodhere,itwouldbeasintowasteit..Butifthatspeciesis Plasmodiumfalciparum恶性疟原虫,thesinmaybeexcused.Thisparasiticlivinginoronanotherplantoranimalandgettingfoodfromthemorganismananimal,plant,human,oranyotherlivingthing:•Alllivingorganismshavetoadapttochangesinenvironmentalconditions. causesthemostdeadlyformofmalaria疟疾.Togetherwithfourcousins,itisresponsibleforabout450,000deathsayear,andtheruinationaprocessinwhichsomeoneorsomethingisruined,orthecauseofthisoftenusedhumorouslyofthelivesofmillionsmorepeoplewhosurvivetheinitialcrisisatimewhenapersonalemotionalproblemorsituationhasreacheditsworstpointofdisease.Besidesthedirectsufferingthiscauses,thelosthumanpotentialisenormous.TheGatesFoundation,anAmericancharity,reckonstoguessanumberoramount,withoutcalculatingitexactly•Wereckonthatsittingintrafficjamscostsusaround$9billionayearinlostoutput.thateradicatingmalariawouldbringtheworld$2trillionofbenefitsby2040.   Malariaisoneoftheworstexamplesofthedamagethattransmissiblediseasescanwreakwreakhavoc/mayhem/destruction(onsomething)tocausealotofdamageorproblems•ThesepolicieshavewreakedhavocontheBritisheconomy..Butitisnotalone.AIDScarriesofftakebyforce•Thievescarriedoffthefarmer'ssheepduringthenight．fit（adjective）someonewhoisfitisstrongandhealthy,especiallybecausetheyexerciseregularly,youngadultsbythemillionsandtuberculosis肺结核bythehundredsofthousands.Measles,whoopingcoughanddiarrhoeatogetherkillover1mchildrenayear.Parasiticwormsandmosquito-bornewater-borne/sea-borne/air-borneetccarriedbywater,thesea,airetc:waterbornediseasesviruseslikedengue,thoughtheytakerelativelyfewlives,debilitatetomakesomeoneillandweakmany.\nCampaignshavebroughtbringdowntomakesomethingmoveinaparticulardirectionbringsomethingup/down/roundetc•Bringyourarmupslowlyuntilit'slevelwithyourshoulder.•Thestormbroughttheoldoaktreecrashingdown.thetollthenumberofpeoplekilledorinjuredinaparticularaccident,byaparticularillnessetc:•Thedeathtollhasrisento83.•Thebombingstookaheavytoll,killinghundredsofLondoners.downheroicallyheroic：onaheroicscale/ofheroicproportions：verylargeorgreat.Asrecentlyas2000,malariakilledaround850,000peopleayear;likewise,since2000deathsfrommeasleshavefallenby75%,toaround150,000.Thesesuccessesaretobecelebrated,butanevengreaterprizeexists:togobeyondgobeyondtobemuchbetter,worse,moreseriousetcthansomethingelsecontrollinginfectionsadiseasethataffectsaparticularpartofyourbodyandiscausedbybacteriaoravirusandinfestationsinfestifinsects,ratsetcinfestaplace,therearealotofthemandtheyusuallycausedamageandinsteadtoeradicatesomeofthemcompletely,byexterminatingthepathogens病菌，病原体andparasitesaplantoranimalthatlivesonorinanotherplantoranimalandgetsfoodfromitthatcausethem.Thathasbeenaccomplishedacoupleoftimesinthepast,forsmallpoxaseriousdiseasethatcausesspotswhichleavemarksonyourskin(ahumandisease)andrinderpest(acattlediseasesimilartomeasles).Theendisreckonedtobecloseforpolio(avirusthatoncekilledandcrippledmillions)anddracunculiasis(aparasiticworm).Butmoremustfollow.SWATteamSWATteamSpecialWeaponsandTacticsteamaspeciallytrainedgroupofpolicewhodealwiththemostdangerousandviolentsituationsSomediseasesarenotsuitableforeradicationbecausetheorganismsthatcausethemhangaroundintheenvironment,orhaveotheranimalhosts.Others,suchastuberculosis,caninfectpeople“silently”,withoutcausingsymptoms,soareinvisibletodoctors.Butsometimestheculpritthereasonforaparticularproblemordifficulty•Highproductioncostsarethemainculprit.isapovertyofpovertyof：alackofaparticularqualityambition.Alistoffiveplausiblereasonableandlikelytobetrueorsuccessfultargets—measles,mumps,rubella,filariasisandporktapeworm—hashardlychangedsincetheearly1990s,yetyet：usedtointroduceafact,situation,orqualitythatissurprisingafterwhatyouhavejustsaid•Kellywasaconvictedcriminal,yetmanypeopleadmiredhim•Shedoesnotspeakourlanguageandyetsheseemstounderstandwhatwesay.•aninexpensiveyeteffectivesolutiontoourproblemmeasles,mumpsandrubellaareallthe\nsubjectsofintensivevaccinationcampaignsthatcouldeasilybeconvertedintoonesoferadication.AndeventhoughSwazilandispoisedtocompletelyreadytodosomethingorforsomethingtohappen,whenitislikelytohappensoonpoisedtodosomething•SpainwaspoisedtobecomethedominantpowerinEurope.becomethefirstmalaria-freecountryinsub-SaharanAfrica(seearticle),onlyafewdaretomakeexplicitexplicitmakeexplicitexpressedinawaythatisveryclearanddirectthegoalofriddingtheplanetofthedisease.HepatitisCshouldbemadeatarget,too.Itkillshalfamillionayear,andaffectsrichandpoorcountriesalike,yetnewdrugsagainstitarealmost100%effectiveandtherearenosilentcarriers.Eradicatingthesesevendiseases—thefive,plusmalariaandhepatitisC—wouldsaveayearlytotalof1.2mlives.Itwouldtransformcountlessmore.Peopleargueargue：tostate,givingclearreasons,thatsomethingistrue,shouldbedoneetcthatthecostofchasingdownchasedown：tofindsomethingorsomeonethatyouhavebeenlookingforthelastfewlastfew最后几个casescase：anexampleofadiseaseorapersonwhohasadiseaseofadiseaseisnotworthit.Ifthemass-vaccinationcampaignsunderwaycanlowertheincidenceincidence：thenumberoftimessomethinghappens,especiallycrime,diseaseetcofmeasles,mumps,rubellaandsooninpoorcountriestosomethingclosetorich-worldlevels,theargumentgoes,thatissurelygoodenough.Well,itisn’t.Adiseasecanbouncebackbounceback：tofeelbetterquicklyafterbeingill,ortobecomesuccessfulagainafterfailingorhavingbeendefeated .Thatiswhatmalariadidinthe1960s,whenpoliticalattentionwanedwane：ifsomethingsuchaspower,influence,orafeelingwanes,itbecomesgraduallylessstrongorlessimportant,andtheparasitesthatcauseitevolvedevolve：ifananimalorplantevolves,itchangesgraduallyoveralongperiodoftimeresistancetodrugsandthemosquitoesthatspreaditevolvedresistancetoinsecticidesinsecticide：achemicalsubstanceusedforkillinginsects.Threebigimprovementsunderpinunderpin：togivestrengthorsupporttosomethingandtohelpitsucceedtheargumentforthrowingeradication’snetmorewidely.Thefirstisbettercommunications.Thetechnologyforlocatingandmonitoringcasesofdiseaseinpoorcountries,evenwhenfewandfarbetweenfewandfarbetween：nothappeningveryoftenornotexistinginmanyplaces,hasimproved\nimmeasurablyinthepasttwodecadeswiththespreadofmobilephonesandtheinternet,andtheexpansionofroadnetworks.Thesecondisbettermedicaltechnology.Thereasonfilariasisisonthe“possibles”list,forexample,istheinventionofivermectin,adrugthatkillsthewormwhichcausesit.Theinventorsofthisdrugwonhalfofthisyear’sNobelprizeformedicine(seearticle).Theotherhalfwaswonbythewomanwhocameupwithcomeupwith：tothinkofanidea,answeretcananswertodrugresistanceinmalaria—amedicinecalledartemisinin,whichhasbeencrucialtothesuccessoftherecentpushagainstthedisease.(Thistime,alerttoalertto：bealerttosomethingtoknowaboutorunderstandsomething,especiallyapossibledangerorproblem•Theauthoritiesshouldhavebeenalerttothepossibilityofinvasion.theriskofresistance,doctorshaveformulateditwithotherdrugstocreatecombinationtherapiestherapythetreatmentofanillnessorinjuryoverafairlylongperiodoftimethatnaturalselectionfindshardtogetaroundgetaround：toavoidsomethingthatisdifficultorcausesproblemsforyou•Ithinkweshouldbeabletogetaroundmostoftheseproblems.•Shewasalwaysverycleveratgettingaroundtherules..)Evenbettertechnologyisinthepipelinebeinthepipeline：ifaplan,idea,oreventisinthepipeline,itisbeingpreparedanditwillhappenorbecompletedsoon•Morejoblossesareinthepipeline..Inthecaseofmosquito-borneillnessessuchasmalariaanddengue,geneticengineeringpromisespromise：totellsomeonethatyouwilldefinitelydoorprovidesomethingorthatsomethingwillhappenwaysofmakingtheinsectsresistanttothepathogensthattheypassontopeople,ofcrashingthemosquitopopulation,andevenofattackinginsectsandpathogenswithgeneticallymodifiedfungiandbacteria.Geneticengineeringalsopromisesawiderangeofnewvaccines.Thethirdreasonforseekingeradicationisachangeinpoliticalattitudes.TheemergenceofAIDS,inparticular,madegovernmentseverywheresitupsitup：situp(andtakenotice)tosuddenlystartpayingattentiontosomeone,becausetheyhavedonesomethingsurprisingorimpressive:andtakenotice.Lastyear’swestAfricanoutbreakofEbolaonlyreinforcedthemessage.Politicalattentionleadstobettermedicalinfrastructureinfrastructure：thebasicsystemsandstructuresthatacountryororganizationneedsinordertoworkproperly,forexampleroads,railways,banksetc:•Somecountrieslackasuitableeconomicinfrastructure.•a$65billioninvestmentpackageineducation,healthcareandinfrastructure.TodealwithAIDS,new\nnetworksofclinicswerecreatedandstaffedwithtrainedpersonnelpersonnel：thepeoplewhoworkinacompany,organization,ormilitaryforce.Thesecanserveasserveas：tobeusefulorhelpfulforaparticularpurposeorreasonthebackbonebackbone：thebackboneofsomethingthemostimportantpartofanorganizationorgroupofpeople:ofthecampaignsthatwouldbethestarting-pointformanyexterminationprogrammes.TheDalekdoctrineTheDalekdoctrine：宿敌主义，《宿敌》（Dalek）是英国科幻电视剧《神秘博士》系列1的第6集，在这集中，Dalek是主角博士的毕生对手。文章是将病毒和寄生虫比喻为人类的宿敌。doctrine：asetofbeliefsthatformanimportantpartofareligionorsystemofideas•MarxistdoctrineThelistofcandidatescandidatecandidatefor：someoneorsomethingthatislikelytoexperienceorgetsomethingforsuchprogrammesshouldbeextendedasandwhenasandwhen：asitisnecessaryandwhenitisnecessarycircumstanceschange.ThebiggestprizemightbeAIDSitself.Smallpox,thefirsttargetforeradication,waspickedinpartinpart：tosomedegree,butnotcompletelybecausethevirusthatcausedithadonlyhumansashostsandcouldnotsurviveindependentlyformorethanafewhours.Ithad,inotherwords,nohidingplace.BothofthesearetrueofHIV,theAIDS-causingvirus.Whatismissingisthethirdingredientingredient：aqualityyouneedtoachievesomethingforsmallpox:areliablevaccine.Throughouthistory,humansanddiseasehavewagedwage：tobeinvolvedinawaragainstsomeone,orafightagainstsomethingwagewar(onsomebody/something)•Thepolicearewagingwarondrugpushersinthecity.adeadlyandnever-endingwar.Todaythecasualtiesarechieflytheworld’spoorestpeople.Butvictoryagainstsomeoftheworstkillersisatlastwithingraspwithinsomebody'sgrasp：yourabilitytoachieveorgainsomething•Anagreementtoendthewarseemedwithintheirgrasp.beyondsomebody'sgrasp•Manyfamiliesarefindingsuitablehousingbeyondtheirgrasp..Seizeit.