专题14 阅读理解（命题猜想）-2018年高考英语命题猜想与仿真押题

专题14 阅读理解（命题猜想）-2018年高考英语命题猜想与仿真押题

【命题热点突破一】 直接信息题 直接信息题的选项中多采用原文中的信息进行直接考查。在做题时，考生迅速找到原文中与题干要求 相对应的信息，把选项内容与原文内容进行认真对比即可确定答案，常用 who，what，when，where，why， how 等提问。此类题目相对简单，只要考生认真细心，得分就会比较容易。 例 1、 (2017·天津，C) This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi－autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property( 财 产 ) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says. “You know—no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government－provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo. 1.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear. 解析：考查推理判断。根据下文“the grey area between...the driverless future”对“死亡谷”的 解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的这片中间区域(界线不明、 难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D 项描述与之吻合。 2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to______. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于 自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知， 选 B。 3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars？ A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ____ ____. A．Singapore　 B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 解析：考查细节理解。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府 提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里， 认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国没有发展前景。故选 C。 5.What could be the best title for the passage？ A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed! D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 解析：考查主旨大意。全文把德国交通部长的提议作为引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定， 无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选 A。 【变式探究】 (2017·全国Ⅰ，C) Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It's Jason Moran's job to help change __that__. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radio's reporter Neal Conan. “What I'm hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black or white anymore. It's actually colorful, and it's actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller's music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran. “For me, it's the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight( 感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 文章大意：本文介绍了举办第一届国际爵士乐日的宗旨、当前爵士乐面临的挑战以及如何让爵士乐重 新流行的设想。 6.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？ A．To remember the birth of jazz. B．To protect cultural diversity. C．To encourage people to study music. D．To recognize the value of jazz. 7.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to？ A．Jazz becoming more accessible. B．The production of jazz growing faster. C．Jazz being less popular with the young. D．The jazz audience becoming larger. 解析：考查代词指代。根据语境可知，画线词 that 指代上段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢 的现状。故选 C。 8.What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz？ A．It will disappear gradually. B．It remains black and white. C．It should keep up with the times. D．It changes every 50 years. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第五段的内容尤其是“It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same”可知，由于时代在改变，人们的娱乐方式已经发生改变，所以爵士乐应该 随着时代改变，才能吸引更多的听众。故选 C。 9.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？ A．Exploring the Future of Jazz B．The Rise and Fall of Jazz C．The Story of a Jazz Musician D．Celebrating the Jazz Day 【2016·全国新课标 I】A You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years? Jane Addams(1860-1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addans helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson(1907-1964) If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans. Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present) When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks(1913-2005) On December 1,1955,in Montgomery, Alabama,Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgmery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks. 21.What is Jane Addams noted for in history? A. Her social work. B. Her lack of proper training in law. C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background. 22. What is the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm? A. Her lack of proper training in law. B. Her little work experience in court. C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions. 23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the US? A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson. C. Sandra Day O’Connor. D. Rosa Parks. 24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text? A. They are highly educated. B. They are truly creative. C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace-lovers. 【答案】 21 -24 A C D.C 【变式探究】(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ，阅读理解 A) Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August.Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book.They end around 21：00. November 7th The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”． December 5th Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London’s ice trade grew. February 6th An Update on the Cotswold Canals，by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer.We will have a report on the present state of play. March 6th Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest interest. Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book More info：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson London Canal Museum 12－13 New Wharf Road，London NI 9RT www.canalmuseum.org.uk　　www.canalmuseum.mobi Tel：020 7713 0836 本文为一篇应用文。介绍了英国的 London Canal Museum 分别在十一月、十二月、二月和三月举行的四 次 monthly talks 的相关信息，包括名称、主讲人、主要内容，并附加介绍了具体联系方式等信息。 21．When is the talk on James Brindley?________ A．February 6th. B．March 6th. C．November 7th. D．December 5th. 解析：细节理解题。 根据题干关键信息词 James Brindley 直接定位到原文第二段，尤其是关键信息句 James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.和 Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．。由此可以知道 November 7th 这一天的报告是关于 James Brindley 的，故选择 C 项。A、B、D 中三个日期的报告均未提到有关 James Brindley 的信息。 答案：C 22．What is the topic of the talk in February? ________ A．The Canal Pioneers. B．Ice for the Metropolis. C．Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands. D．An Update on the Cotswold Canals. 解析：细节理解题。 根据题干关键信息词 topic 和 February 可知问的是二月份的报告的话题，同时根 据全文结构特点可以看出每一段的第一句中的黑体字就是每一次报告的话题名称，所以可以直接定位到原 文第四段，第一句的黑体字部分 An Update on the Cotswold Canals 就是答案，故选 D 项。 答案：D 23．Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames? ________ A．Miranda Vickers. B．Malcolm Tucker. C．Chris Lewis. D．Liz Payne. 【特别提醒】 在解答这类题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题点。 先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题 相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的 细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。 【命题热点突破二】语义转换题 根据近几年的高考题来看，高考细节理解题的答案的得出通常需要考生对选项进行一定的处理，即需 要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理方能 得出结论。 例 2、(2017·江苏，B) Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning ( 胎 教 ), birds could __rule_the_roost__. As recently reported in 　 The Auk: Ornithological Advances　， some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New－born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call. To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red－backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity. It turns out that baby red－backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统 的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.” 文章大意：研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。 1.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“______”． A．be the worst B．be the best C．be the as bad D．be just as good 解析：考查词义猜测。根据句中的转折词 But 与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择 B。 2.What are Kleindorfer's findings based on？ A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C．The data collected from Queensland's locals. D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer 的发现是基于 母鸟与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，因此本题答案为 A。 3.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____ ____. A．can receive quality signals　 B.are in need of training C．fit the environment better D.make the loudest call 解析：考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be drawn”可知，与母鸟的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的 理论：适者生存，故本题答案为 C。 【变式探究】 (2017·全国Ⅱ，D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It's a plant's way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, __the_tables_are_turned__. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don't know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn't a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密 的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There's a whole lot going on. 1.What does a plant do when it is under attack？ A．It makes noises. B.It gets help from other plants. C．It stands quietly D.It sends out certain chemicals. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的“young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant”可知，当植物受到攻击时，它会产生一些化学物质。故选 D 项。 2.What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3？ A．The attackers get attacked. B．The insects gather under the table. C．The plants get ready to fight back. D．The perfumes attract natural enemies. 解析：考查句意理解。根据第三段中的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”可知， 正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选 A 项。 3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can ____ ____. A．predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C．talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty”可知，植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选 B 项。 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph？ A．The world is changing faster than ever. B．People have stronger senses than before. C．The world is more complex than it seems. D．People in Darwin's ’ime were imaginative. 解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的)than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak”可推知，世界比它显现出来的 更加复杂。故选 C 项。 【变式探究】【2016·全国新课标 I】B Grandparents Answer a Call As a third generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never pleased move away,. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Gaf finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study grandparents com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ‘s decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family. “in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of grate magazine for grandparents .We now realize how important family is and how important”” to be near them, especially when you’re raining children.” Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. 25. Why was Garza’s move a success? A．It strengthened her family ties. B．It improved her living conditions. C．It enabled her make more friends. D．It helped her know more new places. 26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision? A．17% expressed their support for it. B．Few people responded sympathetically. C．83% believed it had a bad influence. D．The majority thought it was a trend. 27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s? A．They were unsure of raise more children. B．They were eager to raise more children. C．They wanted to live away from their parents. D．They bad little respect for their grandparent. 28.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the lasr paragraph? A. Make decisions in the best interests' of their own B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them C. Sacrifice for their struggling children D. Get to know themselves better 【答案】 25-28. A D C A 【变式探究】(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ，阅读理解 B，节选)Disappointed by many a broken，vine－ ripened(蔓上成熟的) promise，I’ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.No matter how attractive they look in the store，once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry，hard，and tasteless.But I homed in，with uncertainty，on one particular table at the Brown’s Grove Farm’s stand，full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real deal—and at that moment， I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months. 26．What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?________ A．They are soft. B．They look nice. C．They taste great. D．They are juicy. 解析：细节理解题。由本段中的．..I’ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.可知，作者 在纽约已经好多年不买冬季出售的西红柿了，然后通过 No matter how attractive they look...and tasteless.可知，纽约冬季出售的西红柿只是看起来好看，但是吃着发干、很硬而且无味。该句中的 how attractive they look 与 B 选项 They look nice.在表达上存在差异，但是表达的却是同一个意思，故选 B 项。 答案：D 【特别提醒】 语义转换题属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。命题者在出此类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的方 法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把 A 观点说成 B 观点 等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是解题的关键。常见干扰项的特点：(1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把 原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。(2)无中生有。即选项内容是根据 主观想象或推测得出结论，而文中并未涉及。(3)偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，而所 述细节却与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。(4)文不对题。这类选项最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完 全一致，确实属于原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。(5)符合常 识，但不是文章内容。(6)部分正确，部分错误。 【命题热点突破三】细节推断题 细节推断题是推理判断题中比较简单的一类试题，它要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断 出文章中具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文 所提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义， 就可作出准确的推断。 例 3、 (2017·全国Ⅱ，A) In the coming months, we are bringing together artists from all over the globe, to enjoy speaking Shakespeare's plays in their own language, in our Globe, within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for. Please come and join us. National Theatre of China　Beijing|Chinese This great occasion(盛会)will be the National Theatre of China's first visit to the UK. The company's productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre. This production of Shakespeare's Richard Ⅲ will be directed by the National's Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying. Date & Time：Saturday 28 April, 2.30pm & Sunday 29 April, 1.30pm & 6.30pm Marjanishvili Theatre　Tbilisi|Georgian One of the most famous theatres in Georgia, the Marjanishvili, founded in 1928, appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world. This new production of As You Like It is helmed (指导)by the company's Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze. Date & Time：Friday 18 May, 2.30pm & Saturday 19 May, 7.30pm Deafinitely Theatre　London I British Sign Language(BSL) By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. Date & Time: Tuesday 22 May, 2.30pm & Wednesday 23 May, 7.30pm Habima National Theatre　Tel Aviv|Hebrew The Habima is the centre of Hebrew－language theatre worldwide. Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution, the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s. Since 1958, they have been recognised as the national theatre of Israel. This production of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK. Date & Time：Monday 28 May, 7.30pm & Tuesday 29 May, 7.30pm 文章大意：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了全球的艺术家将聚集到一起用他们自己的语言表演莎士比 亚的戏剧的相关内容。 1.Which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China？ A．Richard Ⅲ. B．Love's Labour's Lost. C．As You Like It. D．The Merchant of Venice. 答案：A 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“the National Theatre of China”可将答案定位于 National Theatre of China 部分中的“Shakespeare's Richard Ⅲ”，故选 A 项。 2.What is special about Deafinitely Theatre？________ A．It has two groups of actors. B．It is the leading theatre in London. C．It performs plays in BSL. D．It is good at producing comedies. 答案：C 3.When can you see a play in Hebrew？________ A．On Saturday 28 April. B．On Sunday 29 April. C．On Tuesday 22 May. D．On Tuesday 29 May. 答案：D 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“Hebrew”可将该题答案定位在最后一部分中。根据最后一部分 中的“Date&Time：Monday 28 May, 7.30pm & Tuesday 29 May,7.30pm”可知，故选 D 项。 【变式探究】 (2017·全国Ⅰ，B) I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful. I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl (猫头鹰)on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2－to 3－week－old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety. I examined the chick(雏鸟)and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults；they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring. A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH ! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so. 文章大意：这是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者作为一个野生动物救助和教育机构的志愿者，成功救助一只 猫头鹰雏鸟的经历。 4.What is unavoidable in the author's rescue work according to paragraph 1？________ A．Efforts made in vain. B．Getting injured in his work. C．Feeling uncertain about his future. D．Creatures forced out of their homes. 答案：A 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的“Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain”可知，救助野生动物有时会让人感到心碎，因为即使努 力挽救它们，也不能保证它们都会活下来。故选 A。 5.Why was the author called to Muttontown？________ A．To rescue a woman. B．To take care of a woman. C．To look at a baby owl. D．To cure a young owl. 答案：C 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段的“I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl(猫头鹰)on the ground”可知，这位女士给作者打电话是为了让他来看一看一只猫头鹰雏 鸟。故选 C。 6.What made the chick calm down？________ A．A new nest. B．Some food. C．A recording. D．Its parents. 答案：A 解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段的“I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable...it quickly calmed down”可知，作者做的鸟巢非常舒服，所以把这只猫头鹰 雏鸟放进去后，它很快安静下来。故选 A。 7.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？________ A．It's unexpected. B．It's beautiful. C．It's humorous. D．It's discouraging. 答案：A 解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段可知，通过播放猫头鹰雏鸟饥饿时发出的叫声的录音，这只猫头 鹰雏鸟最终与它的父母团聚，而且它的父母开始给它喂食，再结合第一段最后一句“However，when it works， it is simply beautiful”可判断，作者付出的努力没有白费，因而结果是美好的。故选 B。 对于细节推断题来说，根据文章中的关键信息点进行推断是解答此类试题的关键。考生不但要理解文 章的字面含义，还要运用逻辑判断能力，推断出文章更深层的含义。同时还要根据文章内容进行推断，不 能凭空猜测。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立场上，设身处地地考虑实际情景，并据此展开合理 的想象和推理。主观臆断是许多考生做这类题时普遍存在的一个问题。 【命题热点突破四】主旨大意题 文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章 中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。 快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句，把各个段落的主题句联系起来并着眼全文结构安排，就能概括出文 章的中心。 (2017·全国Ⅲ，D) The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well－ being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in－vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom－made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.” “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.” Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. ”For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.” 文章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室，研究老年人开车存在的问 题和难点，帮助老年人安全驾驶。 1.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？ A．To explore new means of transport. B．To design new types of cars. C．To find out older driver's problems. D．To teach people traffic rules. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句中的“in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are”可知，建立实验室的目的是要找出 老年人开车有困难的地方，故选 C。 2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe？ A．It keeps them independent. B．It helps them save time. C．It builds up their strength. D．It cures their mental illnesses. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others”可知，对于老年人来说，开车对保 持他们生活的独立性至关重要，故选 A。 3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers？ A．Improve their driving skills. B．Develop driver－assist technologies. C．Provide tips on repairing their cars. D．Organize regular physical checkups. 解 析 ： 考 查 推 理 判 断 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 的 “the Newcastle team are developing in—vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life”可知，研究者正在研发车载式的技术以帮助老年人晚年依然能开车，故选 B。 4.What is the best title for the text？ A．A new Model Electric Car B．A Solution to Traffic Problems C．Driving Services for Elders D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road 解析：考查标题判断。本文的关键词是老年人驾车，重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。 故选 D。 【变式探究】(2017·天津，A) Suppose you're in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after you've clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soon Don't waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don't handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names)． Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you'd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light－hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you're discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 文章大意：这是一篇应用文。匆忙之中或心不在焉时发送电子邮件出现错误怎么办？比如，邮件还没 写好就发送了，把收件人的名字拼写错了，个人邮件被你误发给了所有人，或者把埋怨的邮件误发给了被 你吐槽的那个人。本文告诉我们出现这些情况时我们该如何补救。 5.After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel____ ____. A．curious 　　　　　 B.tired C.awful D.funny 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“pologizianemailaccident”可把答案定位在第二段。该段说， 在你点击“发送”数秒钟之后你就会意识到自己的错误，结合下文的“freeze in horror and burn with shame”可知，人们意识到“邮件事故”后，可能会感觉糟糕，因此选 C。 6.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ____ ____. A．apologise in a serious manner B．tell the receiver to ignore the error C．learn to write the name correctly D．send a short notice to everyone 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“written the wrong name”可把答案定位在第五段，该部分提出 建议说，此时赶紧给对方发一个简短的回复，为自己的错误道歉(apologising for your mistake)，而且要 注意道歉 pologizingandle it too lightly)，这与 A 项的陈述是一致的’ 7.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email？ A．Try offering other choices. B．Avoid further involvement. C．Meet other staff members. D．Make a light－hearted apology. 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干的内容可把答案定位至第六段，这部分提到，如果你不小心点了“回 复所有人”，可能有人会就此开始回复不太友好的话，此时你最好离开电脑键盘(step away from your keyboard)，以便让大家都冷静下来。这与 B 项的陈述相吻合，表示“避免继续卷入(这样的对话)”。 8.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email？ A．By promising not to offend the receiver again. B．By seeking support from the receiver's friends. C．By as’ing the receiver to control his anger. D．By talking to the receiver face to face. 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“offensive email”可把答案定位在最后一段。这部分提到，在 出现冒犯对方的情况时，要尽快亲自向对方道歉。故选 D。 9.What is the passage mainly about？ A．Defining email errors. B．Reducing email mistakes. C．Handling email accidents. D．Improving email writing. 解析：考查主旨要义。通读全文，尤其是第三段的内容可知，本文主要介绍的是发送电子邮件出现问 题时人们该如何面对和补救，因此 C 项最能概括本文的主题。 【变式探究】(2015·高考重庆卷，阅读理解 A，节选)At thirteen，I was diagnosed(诊断) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots(点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes. Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” 39．What is the main idea of the passage?_______ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. 【特别提醒】 考生在解答文章主旨大意类试题时，常会出现看懂文章却做错题这一现象。因为考生在选择文章主旨 大意时，常会犯以偏概全的错误。要避免出现这种错误，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想还是 细节，懂的是全部词汇的字面意思还是其蕴含的意义；然后以“三主一问”作为解题思路。“三主”指文 章的主题思想、文章的结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。“一问”指根据文章后面所设的问题来发问：此题 的考查点是什么？考生一定要读懂题干，这样在阅读文章时才能站得高，看得远，从而知全局。 【命题热点突破九】标题归纳题 标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达形式。文章标题既考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，又 要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳、判断等逻辑思维方法对文章的主题和中心进行高 度的概括或提炼，并迅速而准确地选择文章的标题。考生在做标题归纳类试题时要注意标题的三个特性， 即醒目性、概括性和针对性。 (2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，阅读理解 B，节选)Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue. Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text?_______ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self－Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? 解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了墙壁的颜色、房间的亮度、吃饭的速度以及吃饭时使用的器皿大 小等都与一个人的身材有关。因此 A 项“你的房子正让你发胖吗？”最适合做文章标题。B 项“提供正餐的 方式”，C 项 “自我意识的作用”，D 项“你家的环境令人放松吗？”，均与本文的主题不符。 答案：A 【特别提醒】 选定标题的四大标准：(1)精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练；(2)准——注意文章的内涵和外延， 作者的观点表达得要准确；(3)统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息；(4)新——标题要新颖，对读者有吸 引力，能激发读者的阅读兴趣。 所以选择标题时我们要做到：(1)要在阅读原文的基础上，仔 细考虑所给 选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。(2)看它对文章的概括是否准确，覆盖面是否够广。注意避免下列三种 错 误：①概括不够(多表现为以部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为地扩大范 围)；③以具体细节替代主旨大意。 【高考真题解读】 例 1、(2017·全国Ⅱ，A) In the coming months, we are bringing together artists from all over the globe, to enjoy speaking Shakespeare's plays in their own language, in our Globe, within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for. Please come and join us. National Theatre of China　Beijing|Chinese This great occasion(盛会)will be the National Theatre of China's first visit to the UK. The company's productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre. This production of Shakespeare's Richard Ⅲ will be directed by the National's Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying. Date & Time：Saturday 28 April, 2.30pm & Sunday 29 April, 1.30pm & 6.30pm Marjanishvili Theatre　Tbilisi|Georgian One of the most famous theatres in Georgia, the Marjanishvili, founded in 1928, appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world. This new production of As You Like It is helmed (指导)by the company's Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze. Date & Time：Friday 18 May, 2.30pm & Saturday 19 May, 7.30pm Deafinitely Theatre　London I British Sign Language(BSL) By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. Date & Time: Tuesday 22 May, 2.30pm & Wednesday 23 May, 7.30pm Habima National Theatre　Tel Aviv|Hebrew The Habima is the centre of Hebrew－language theatre worldwide. Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution, the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s. Since 1958, they have been recognised as the national theatre of Israel. This production of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK. Date & Time：Monday 28 May, 7.30pm & Tuesday 29 May, 7.30pm 文章大意：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了全球的艺术家将聚集到一起用他们自己的语言表演莎士比 亚的戏剧的相关内容。 1.Which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China？ A．Richard Ⅲ. B．Love's Labour's Lost. C．As You Like It. D．The Merchant of Venice. 答案：A 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“the National Theatre of China”可将答案定位于 National Theatre of China 部分中的“Shakespeare's Richard Ⅲ”，故选 A 项。 2.What is special about Deafinitely Theatre？________ A．It has two groups of actors. B．It is the leading theatre in London. C．It performs plays in BSL. D．It is good at producing comedies. 答案：C 3.When can you see a play in Hebrew？________ A．On Saturday 28 April. B．On Sunday 29 April. C．On Tuesday 22 May. D．On Tuesday 29 May. 答案：D 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“Hebrew”可将该题答案定位在最后一部分中。根据最后一部分 中的“Date&Time：Monday 28 May, 7.30pm & Tuesday 29 May,7.30pm”可知，故选 D 项。 【变式探究】 (2017·全国Ⅰ，B) I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful. I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl (猫头鹰)on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2－to 3－week－old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety. I examined the chick(雏鸟)and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults；they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring. A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH ! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so. 文章大意：这是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者作为一个野生动物救助和教育机构的志愿者，成功救助一只 猫头鹰雏鸟的经历。 4.What is unavoidable in the author's rescue work according to paragraph 1？________ A．Efforts made in vain. B．Getting injured in his work. C．Feeling uncertain about his future. D．Creatures forced out of their homes. 答案：A 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的“Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain”可知，救助野生动物有时会让人感到心碎，因为即使努 力挽救它们，也不能保证它们都会活下来。故选 A。 5.Why was the author called to Muttontown？________ A．To rescue a woman. B．To take care of a woman. C．To look at a baby owl. D．To cure a young owl. 答案：C 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段的“I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl(猫头鹰)on the ground”可知，这位女士给作者打电话是为了让他来看一看一只猫头鹰雏 鸟。故选 C。 6.What made the chick calm down？________ A．A new nest. B．Some food. C．A recording. D．Its parents. 答案：A 解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段的“I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable...it quickly calmed down”可知，作者做的鸟巢非常舒服，所以把这只猫头鹰 雏鸟放进去后，它很快安静下来。故选 A。 7.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？________ A．It's unexpected. B．It's beautiful. C．It's humorous. D．It's discouraging. 答案：A 解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段可知，通过播放猫头鹰雏鸟饥饿时发出的叫声的录音，这只猫头 鹰雏鸟最终与它的父母团聚，而且它的父母开始给它喂食，再结合第一段最后一句“However，when it works， it is simply beautiful”可判断，作者付出的努力没有白费，因而结果是美好的。故选 B。 【举一反三】 (2017·北京，B) Inspiring young minds! TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the world of children's publishing, bringing a unique combination of challenging ideas and good fun to young fans every month. 　 Sounds too good to be true? Take a look online—evidence shows that thousands of teachers and parents know a good thing when they see it and recommend TOKNOW to their friends. Happy Birthday All Year! What could be more fun than a gift that keeps coming through the letterbox every month? The first magazine with your gift message will arrive in time for the special day. SUBSCRIBE NOW □Annual Subscription Europe ￡55 Rest of World ￡65 □Annual Subscription with Gift Pack Includes a Mammoth Map, a Passport Puzzle Booklet, and Subscription Europe ￡60 Rest of World ￡70 Refund Policy—the subscription can be cancelled within 28 days and you can get your money back. 文章大意：这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了 TOKNOW 杂志的内容、订购价格和退订等方面的信息。 8.Why is TOKNOW a special magazine？________ A．It entertains young parents. B．It provides serious advertisements. C．It publishes popular science fictions. D．It combines fun with complex concepts. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“a unique combination of challenging ideas and good fun to young fans every month”可知，TOKNOW 杂志的特殊之处在于它将趣味性与有挑战性的、复杂的概念结合起 来。故选 D。 9.What does TOKNOW offer its readers？________ A．Online courses. B．Articles on new topics. C．Lectures on a balanced life. D．Reports on scientific discoveries. 解析：考查细节理解。根据 What's inside？部分中的“Every month the magazine introduces a fresh new topic with articles，experiments and creative things to make”可知，TOKNOW 杂志刊载关于 新话题的文章。故选 B。 10.How much should you pay if you make a 12－month subscription to TOKNOW with gift pack from China.________ A．￡55. B．￡60. C．￡65. 　　 D．￡70. 解析：考查细节理解。根据 Annual Subscription with Gift Pack 部分中的“Rest of World ￡70”可知， 在中国按年订购有礼包的 TOKNOW 杂志需要￡70。故选 D。 11.Subscribers of TOKNOW would get ________. A．free birthday presents B．full refund within 28 days C．membership of the TOKNOW club D．chances to meet the experts in person 解析：考查细节理解。根据文中的“Refund Policy—the subscription can be cancelled within 28 days and you can get your money back”可知，28 天之内退订的订购者可以获得全额退款。故选 B。 【变式探究】(2017·浙江，B) Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7－to 12－year－olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school. How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest：most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school－age children，ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10－to 12－ year－olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV. “More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities (机会)to stay awake, with more homework，the Internet and the phone，” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm. Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina， Minnesota, changed the start time from 7：25 am to 8：30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results. 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章指出美国孩子睡眠缺乏的问题，列举了不同年龄段的孩子所需的 睡眠时间、青少年晚睡的原因以及学校为解决青少年的睡眠问题所采取的措施。 12.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on？________ A．American kids’ sleeping habits. B．Teenagers' sleep－related diseases.’C．Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D．Learning problems and lack of sleep. 13.How many hours of sleep do 11－year－olds need every day？_______ A．7 hours. 　　 B．8 hours. C．10 hours. 　　 D．18 hours. 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段第四句“For most school－age children，ten hours is ideal(理 想的)．”可知选 C 项。 14.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon？________ A．They are affected by certain body chemicals. B．They tend to do things that excite them. C．They follow their parents' examples. D．They don't ’eed to go to school e’rly. 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句“More children are going to bed with TVs On，and there are more opportunities to stay awake, with more homework，the Internet and the phone..，”以及 第二句“...these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep.”可知，孩子们在睡觉前看电视、写作业、上网或打电话都容易让他们产生兴奋感而不愿 意睡觉，故选 B 项。 【变式探究】(2017·全国Ⅲ，A) San Francisco Fire Engine Tours __San_Francisco_Winery_Tour__ Running：February 1st through April 30th This delicious tour goes through the city on its way to Treasure Island where we will stop at the famous Winery SF.Here you can enjoy 4 pours of some of the best wine San Francisco has to offer. (Included in ticket price) Departing from the Cannery：Tour times upon request Duration (时长): 2 hours Price: $ 90 Back_to_the_Fifties_Tour__ Running: August 16th through August 31 st This tour transports you back in time to one of San Francisco's most fantastic periods, the 1950s! Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream. Departing from the Cannery：5：00 pm and 7：30 pm Duration ：2 hours Price: $ 90 Spooky_Halloween_Tour__ Running: October 10th through October 31 st Join us for a ride through the historical Presidio district. Authentic fire gear(服装) is provided for your warmth as our entertainers take you to some of the most thrilling parts of San Francisco. Departing from the Cannery: 6: 30 pm and 8: 30 pm Duration: 1 hour and 30 minutes Price: Available upon request _Holiday_Lights_Tour__ Running：December 6th through December 23rd This attractive tour takes you to some of San Francisco's most cheerful holiday scenes. Authentic fire gear is provided for your warmth as you get into the holiday spirit. Departing from the Cannery：7：00 pm and 9：00 pm Duration: 1 hour and 30 minutes Advance reservations required. 文章大意：本文是一篇应用文，介绍了旧金山的四种消防车之旅。 15.Which of the tours is available in March？____ ____ A．San Francisco Winery Tour. B．Back to the Fifties Tour. C．Spooky Halloween Tour. D．Holiday Lights Tour. 解析：考查细节理解。题干问的是三月份可参加的旅行，而第一个项目 San Francisco Winery Tour 的 时间是从 2 月 1 日到 4 月 30 日。故选 A。 16.What can tourists do on Back to the Fifties Tour？________ A．Go to Treasure Island. B．Enjoy the holiday scenes. C．Have free ice cream. D．Visit the Presidio district. 解析：考查细节理解。第二个项目 Back to the Fifties Tour 中提到在 San Francisco 你能免费品尝 冰淇淋。而其他选项在这个旅行中没有被提到。故选 C。 17.What are tourists required to do to go on Holiday Lights Tour？___ ____ A．Take some drinks. B．Set off early in the morning. C．Wear warm clothes. D．Make reservations in advance. 解析：考查细节理解。第四个项目 Holiday lights Tour 的最后一句话提到“Advance reservations required”，由此可知，该旅行需要提前预订。故选 D。 【变式探究】 (2016·全国Ⅰ，A) You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years? Jane Addams (1860－1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addams helped the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson (1907－1964) If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans. Sandra Day O’Connor (1930－present) When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S.Supreme Court.O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks (1913－2005) On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil－rights movement.“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，”said Parks. 文章大意：本文主要介绍了在过去的一百年里四名杰出的女性以及她们对社会做出的贡献与影响。 1.What is Jane Addams noted for in history？________ A．Her social work. B．Her teaching skills. C．her efforts to win a prize. D．Her community background. 解析：考查细节理解。根据 Jane Addams (1860－1935)部分的“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense d community (社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need”可知， Jane Addams 是因她的社会福利工作而出名。故选 A。 2.What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by ’he law’firm？________ A．Her lack of proper training in law. B．Her little work experience in court. C．The discrimination against women. D．The poor financial conditions. 解析：考查细节理解。根据 Sandra Day O'Connor (1930－present)部分“Whe’ Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in he’ class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman”可知，她不能在律师事务所工作的原因是女性会受到性别歧视。故选 C。 3.Who made a great contribution to the civil－rights movement in the U．S.？________ A．Jane Addams.　　 B．Rachel Carson. C．Sandra Day O'Connor. D．Rosa Parks. 解析：考查’节理解。根据 Rosa Parks(1913－2005)部分的“It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil－rights movement”可知，她的举动最终推动了民权运动。故选 D。 4.What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text？____ ___ A．They are highly educated. B．They are truly creative. C．They are pioneers. D．They are peace－lovers. 解析：考查推理判断。Jane Addams 是社会福利工作的带头人；Rachel Carson 是环境运动的发起者； Sandra Day O'Connor 是反对性别歧视的领头人；Rosa Park’是民权运动的推动者。由此可见，这四位女性 都是先驱者。故选 C。 例 1、 (2017·天津，C) This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi－autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property( 财 产 ) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says. “You know—no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government－provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo. 1.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear. 解析：考查推理判断。根据下文“the grey area between...the driverless future”对“死亡谷”的 解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的这片中间区域(界线不明、 难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D 项描述与之吻合。 2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to______. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于 自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知， 选 B。 3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars？ A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 解析：考查推理判断。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车 辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消 费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选 D。 4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ____ ____. A．Singapore　 B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 解析：考查细节理解。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府 提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里， 认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国没有发展前景。故选 C。 5.What could be the best title for the passage？ A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed! D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 解析：考查主旨大意。全文把德国交通部长的提议作为引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定， 无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选 A。 【变式探究】 (2017·全国Ⅰ，C) Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It's Jason Moran's job to help change __that__. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radio's reporter Neal Conan. “What I'm hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black or white anymore. It's actually colorful, and it's actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller's music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran. “For me, it's the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight( 感 悟 ) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 文章大意：本文介绍了举办第一届国际爵士乐日的宗旨、当前爵士乐面临的挑战以及如何让爵士乐重 新流行的设想。 6.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？ A．To remember the birth of jazz. B．To protect cultural diversity. C．To encourage people to study music. D．To recognize the value of jazz. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的第二句“UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures”可知，联合国教科文组织 近来把 4 月 30 日设立为国际爵士乐日，旨在增强人们对爵士乐价值的认识，故答案为 D。 7.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to？ A．Jazz becoming more accessible. B．The production of jazz growing faster. C．Jazz being less popular with the young. D．The jazz audience becoming larger. 解析：考查代词指代。根据语境可知，画线词 that 指代上段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢 的现状。故选 C。 8.What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz？ A．It will disappear gradually. B．It remains black and white. C．It should keep up with the times. D．It changes every 50 years. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第五段的内容尤其是“It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same”可知，由于时代在改变，人们的娱乐方式已经发生改变，所以爵士乐应该 随着时代改变，才能吸引更多的听众。故选 C。 9.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？ A．Exploring the Future of Jazz B．The Rise and Fall of Jazz C．The Story of a Jazz Musician D．Celebrating the Jazz Day 解析：考查主旨要义。本文介绍了为保护爵士乐，联合国教科文组织设立国际爵士乐日。纵观全文内 容尤其是第三至第六段中提到的杰森·莫兰对爵士乐的看法及希望可知，A 项“探索爵士乐的未来”作本文 标题最佳。 【举一反三】(2017·江苏，B) Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning ( 胎 教 ), birds could __rule_the_roost__. As recently reported in 　 The Auk: Ornithological Advances　， some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New－born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call. To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red－backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity. It turns out that baby red－backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统 的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.” 文章大意：研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。 1.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“______”． A．be the worst B．be the best C．be the as bad D．be just as good 解析：考查词义猜测。根据句中的转折词 But 与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择 B。 2.What are Kleindorfer's findings based on？ A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C．The data collected from Queensland's locals. D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer 的发现是基于 母鸟与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，因此本题答案为 A。 3.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____ ____. A．can receive quality signals　 B.are in need of training C．fit the environment better D.make the loudest call 解析：考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be drawn”可知，与母鸟的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的 理论：适者生存，故本题答案为 C。 【变式探究】 (2017·全国Ⅱ，D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It's a plant's way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, __the_tables_are_turned__. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don't know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn't a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密 的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There's a whole lot going on. 1.What does a plant do when it is under attack？ A．It makes noises. B.It gets help from other plants. C．It stands quietly D.It sends out certain chemicals. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的“young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant”可知，当植物受到攻击时，它会产生一些化学物质。故选 D 项。 2.What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3？ A．The attackers get attacked. B．The insects gather under the table. C．The plants get ready to fight back. D．The perfumes attract natural enemies. 解析：考查句意理解。根据第三段中的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”可知， 正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选 A 项。 3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can ____ ____. A．predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C．talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty”可知，植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选 B 项。 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph？ A．The world is changing faster than ever. B．People have stronger senses than before. C．The world is more complex than it seems. D．People in Darwin's ’ime were imaginative. 解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的)than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak”可推知，世界比它显现出来的 更加复杂。故选 C 项。 (2017·全国Ⅲ，D) The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well－ being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in－vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom－made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.” “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.” Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. ”For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.” 文章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室，研究老年人开车存在的问 题和难点，帮助老年人安全驾驶。 1.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？ A．To explore new means of transport. B．To design new types of cars. C．To find out older driver's problems. D．To teach people traffic rules. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句中的“in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are”可知，建立实验室的目的是要找出 老年人开车有困难的地方，故选 C。 2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe？ A．It keeps them independent. B．It helps them save time. C．It builds up their strength. D．It cures their mental illnesses. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others”可知，对于老年人来说，开车对保 持他们生活的独立性至关重要，故选 A。 3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers？ A．Improve their driving skills. B．Develop driver－assist technologies. C．Provide tips on repairing their cars. D．Organize regular physical checkups. 解 析 ： 考 查 推 理 判 断 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 的 “the Newcastle team are developing in—vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life”可知，研究者正在研发车载式的技术以帮助老年人晚年依然能开车，故选 B。 4.What is the best title for the text？ A．A new Model Electric Car B．A Solution to Traffic Problems C．Driving Services for Elders D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road 解析：考查标题判断。本文的关键词是老年人驾车，重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。 故选 D。 【变式探究】(2017·天津，A) Suppose you're in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after you've clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soon Don't waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don't handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names)． Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you'd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light－hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you're discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 文章大意：这是一篇应用文。匆忙之中或心不在焉时发送电子邮件出现错误怎么办？比如，邮件还没 写好就发送了，把收件人的名字拼写错了，个人邮件被你误发给了所有人，或者把埋怨的邮件误发给了被 你吐槽的那个人。本文告诉我们出现这些情况时我们该如何补救。 5.After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel____ ____. A．curious 　　　　　 B.tired C.awful D.funny 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“pologizianemailaccident”可把答案定位在第二段。该段说， 在你点击“发送”数秒钟之后你就会意识到自己的错误，结合下文的“freeze in horror and burn with shame”可知，人们意识到“邮件事故”后，可能会感觉糟糕，因此选 C。 6.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ____ ____. A．apologise in a serious manner B．tell the receiver to ignore the error C．learn to write the name correctly D．send a short notice to everyone 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“written the wrong name”可把答案定位在第五段，该部分提出 建议说，此时赶紧给对方发一个简短的回复，为自己的错误道歉(apologising for your mistake)，而且要 注意道歉 pologizingandle it too lightly)，这与 A 项的陈述是一致的’ 7.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email？ A．Try offering other choices. B．Avoid further involvement. C．Meet other staff members. D．Make a light－hearted apology. 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干的内容可把答案定位至第六段，这部分提到，如果你不小心点了“回 复所有人”，可能有人会就此开始回复不太友好的话，此时你最好离开电脑键盘(step away from your keyboard)，以便让大家都冷静下来。这与 B 项的陈述相吻合，表示“避免继续卷入(这样的对话)”。 8.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email？ A．By promising not to offend the receiver again. B．By seeking support from the receiver's friends. C．By as’ing the receiver to control his anger. D．By talking to the receiver face to face. 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“offensive email”可把答案定位在最后一段。这部分提到，在 出现冒犯对方的情况时，要尽快亲自向对方道歉。故选 D。 9.What is the passage mainly about？ A．Defining email errors. B．Reducing email mistakes. C．Handling email accidents. D．Improving email writing. 解析：考查主旨要义。通读全文，尤其是第三段的内容可知，本文主要介绍的是发送电子邮件出现问 题时人们该如何面对和补救，因此 C 项最能概括本文的主题。 【变式探究】(2017·浙江，A) Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel's hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. __The_cat's_lot_was_about_to_improve.__ That year, one of Benjamin's cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版画)by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr. Pennington returned for another visit .He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. William Williams, a well－known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine－year－old boy decided then that he would be an artist. 文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国著名艺术家本杰明·韦斯特是如何开始他的艺术生涯 的。 1.What is the text mainly about？ A．Benjamin's visit to Philadelphia. B．Williams' influence on Benjamin. C．The beginning of Benjamin's life as an artist. D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington. 解析：主旨大意题。文章从本杰明在六岁时自制画笔作画写起，到后来利用专业工具作画，再到知名 画家送给本杰明书籍，都是在讲述本杰明是如何一步步走上艺术之路的。故选 C。 2.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest？ A．The cat would be closely watched. B．The cat would get some medical care. C．Benjamin would leave his home shortly. D．Benjamin would have real brushes soon. 解析：推理判断题。由前文可知，本杰明在没有专业画笔之前是用猫的毛制作画笔的。画线句的字面 意思是“猫的命运将会得到改善”。由该段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送给了他专业的颜料和画笔。由此可推 知 D 项与画线句的意思相符。 3.What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent？ A．He took him to see painting exhibitions. B．He provided him with painting materials. C．He sent him to a school in Philadelphia. D．He taught him how to make engravings. 解析：细节理解题。短文第四段提到“He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.”， 接着下一段又谈到“...Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.”，由此 可知，潘宁顿送给本杰明绘画材料来帮助他发展艺术才能，故选 B 项。 4.Williams' two books helped Benjamin to ____ ____. A．master the use of paints B．appreciate landscape paintings C．get to know other painters D．make up his mind to be a painter 解析：细节理解题。由文章最后两句“While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nine－year－old boy decided then that he would be an artist.”可知，这两本书是他通往古典绘画的指引，也帮助他下定决心成为一名画 家，故选 D 项。 1.【2016·全国新课标 I】A You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years? Jane Addams(1860-1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addans helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson(1907-1964) If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans. Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present) When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks(1913-2005) On December 1,1955,in Montgomery, Alabama,Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgmery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks. 21.What is Jane Addams noted for in history? A. Her social work. B. Her lack of proper training in law. C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background. 22. What is the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm? A. Her lack of proper training in law. B. Her little work experience in court. C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions. 23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the US? A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson. C. Sandra Day O’Connor. D. Rosa Parks. 24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text? A. They are highly educated. B. They are truly creative. C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace-lovers. 【答案】 21 -24 A C D.C 【考点】考查人物类短文阅读 2.【2016·全国新课标 I】B Grandparents Answer a Call As a third generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never pleased move away,. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Gaf finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study grandparents com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ‘s decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family. “in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of grate magazine for grandparents .We now realize how important family is and how important”” to be near them, especially when you’re raining children.” Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. 25. Why was Garza’s move a success? A．It strengthened her family ties. B．It improved her living conditions. C．It enabled her make more friends. D．It helped her know more new places. 26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision? A．17% expressed their support for it. B．Few people responded sympathetically. C．83% believed it had a bad influence. D．The majority thought it was a trend. 27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s? A．They were unsure of raise more children. B．They were eager to raise more children. C．They wanted to live away from their parents. D．They bad little respect for their grandparent. 28.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the lasr paragraph? A. Make decisions in the best interests' of their own B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them C. Sacrifice for their struggling children D. Get to know themselves better 【答案】 25-28. A D C A 【考点】社会生活类短文阅读 3.【2016·全国新课标 I】C I am peter Hodes ,a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you-there are no fights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for mere-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you’re consciously aware than that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 29.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph17 A provider B delivery man C collector D medical doctor 30.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42hours? A. He cannot stay away from his job too long. B. The donor can only wait for that long. C. The operation needs that very much. D. The ice won't last any longer. 31.Which flight did the woman put Peter on first? A. To London B. To NewarkC. To Providence D. To Washingt on 【答案】 29-31.B D.B 30. D 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.可知冰盒只能保持 42 小时适宜的温度。 故选 D 。 31.B 细节理解题。根据第二段末句 She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed me through Newark 可知，这位好心的女士首先安排作者去 Newark 的航班。故选 B。 【考点】故事类短文阅读 4.【2016·全国新课标 I】D The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtfu l, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stu bbornness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间 隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communic ating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one o f these cultures is speaking and suddenlystops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection. Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority. Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 32. What does the author say about silence in conversations? A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship. C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based. 33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A. The Chinese. B. The French. C. The Mexicans. D. The Russians. 34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A. Let it continue as the patient pleases. B. Break it while treating patients. C. Evaluate its harm to patients. D. Make use of its healing effects. 35. What may be the best title for the text? A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to Be Silent C. Silence to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold 【答案】 32-35.C A D B 【考点】社会生活类短文阅读 5.【2016·全国新课标 II】A What’s On? Electric Underground 7.30pm－1.00am Free at the Cyclops Theatre Do you know who’s playing in your area? We’re bringing you an evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7.30pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. He’s going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce you music. Gee Whizz 8.30pm-10.30pm Comedy at Kaleidoscope Come and see Gee Whizz perform. He’s the funniest stand-up comedian on the comedy scene. This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00pm for drinks and snacks(快餐). Simon’s Workshop 5.00pm-7.30pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years’ experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny. Charlotte Stone 8.00pm-11.00pm Pizza World Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best-selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食). Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine. 1. Who can help you if you want to have your music produced? A. Jules Skye. B. Gee Whizz. C. Charlotte Stone. D. James Pickering. 2. At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh? A. The Cyclops Theatre B. Kaleidoscope C. Victoria Stage D. Pizza World 3. What do we know about Simon’s Workshop? A. It requires membership status. B. It lasts three hours each time. C. It is run by a comedy club. D. It is held every Wednesday. 4. When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs? A. 5.00pm-7.30pm. B. 7.30pm－1.00am. C. 8.00pm-11.00pm. D. 8.30pm-10.30pm. 【答案】1.A 2. B 3. D 4. C 【考点】考查广告类阅读 6.【2016·全国新课标 II】B Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said:”Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today - and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, ”But I’m just not creative.” “Do you dream at night when you’re asleep?” “Oh, sure.” “So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “That’s pretty creative. Who does that for you?” “Nobody. I do it.” “Really-at night, when you’re asleep?” “Sure.” “Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?” 5. The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ________? A. know more about the students B. make the lessons more exciting C. raise the students’ interest in art D. teach the students about toy design 6. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3? A. He liked to help his teacher. B. He preferred to study alone. C. He was active in class. D. He was imaginative. 7. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. 8. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams? A. To help them to see their creativity. B. To find out about their sleeping habits. C. To help them to improve their memory. D. To find out about their ways of thinking. 【答案】5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 7.B 词义猜测题。根据划线单词后一句“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可知我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险。说明我的这种教育方 法也有不足之处。故划线词意为“drawback 缺点”。故 B 正确。 【考点】考查记叙文阅读 7.【2016·全国新课标 II】C Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.” Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries. 9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B.To introduce BookCrossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. D. To encourage readers to share their ideas. 10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2refer to? A. The book. B.An adventure. C.A public place. D. The identification number. 11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it? A. Meet other readers to discuss it. B.Keep it safe in his bookcase. C. Pass it on to another reader. D. Mail it back to its owner. 12. What is the best title for the text? A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A new Trend C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D. A Website Links People through Books 【答案】9. B 10. A11. C 12. D 【考点】考查说明文阅读 8.【2016·全国新课标 II】D A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life. Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding----undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism---if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海滩), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship. The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea. From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent. The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done. Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back. As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort. Scott’s last journey, completed as be lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world’s imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds. Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published. 13. What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley? A. They were made last week B. They showed undersea sceneries C. They were found by a cameraman D. They recorded a disastrous adventure 14. Who reached the South Pole first according to the text? A. Frank Hurley B. Ernest Shackleton C. Robert Falcon Scott D. Caroline Alexander 15. What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage? A. Artistic creation B. Scientific research C. Money making D. Treasure hunting 【答案】13. D 14. C 15. C 【考点】考查记叙文阅读 9.【2016·全国新课标 III】A Music Opera at Music Hall: 1243 Elm Street. The season runs June through August, with additional performances in March and September. The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts. Phone: 241-2742. http://www.cityopera.com. Chamber Orchestra: The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June. Call 723-1182 for more information. http://www.chamberorch.com. Symphony Orchestra: At Music Hall and Riverbend. For ticket sales, call 381-3300. Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall in summer at Riverbend. http://www.symphony.org/home.asp. College Conservatory of Music (CCM): Performances are on the main campus(校园) of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater. CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. Students with I.D. cards can attend the events for free. A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556-4183. http://www.ccm.uc.edu/events/calendar. Riverbend Music Theater: 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (price difference).Big name shows all summer long! Phone:232-6220. http://www.riverbendmusic.com. 1.Which number should you call if you want to see an opera? A. 241-2742. B. 723-1182. C. 381-3300. D. 232-6220. 2.When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra? A. February. B. May. C. August. D. November. 3.Where can students go for free performances with their I.D. cards? A. Music Hall. B. Memorial Hall. C. Patricia Cobbett Theater. D. Riverbend Music Theater. 4.How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places? A. It has seats in the open air. B. It gives shows all year round. C. It offers membership discounts. D. It presents famous musical works. 【答案】 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 【考点】广告类短文阅读 10.【2016·全国新课标 III】B On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table. “Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?” the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I’m from Mississippi too.” Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair. “They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said. “I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.” Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi. “My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’” Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. “I don’t make them up,” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don’t have to.” Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story. 5.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe? A. Two strangers joined her. B. Her childhood friends came in. C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner. D. Some people held a party there. 6.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s. A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 7.What can we learn about the characters in Welty’s fiction? A. They live in big cities. B. They are mostly women. C. They come from real life. D. They are pleasure seekers. 【答案】 5.A 6.D 7.C 【考点】故事类短文阅读 11.【2016·全国新课标 III】C If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but sinceit has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园).If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent. 8.What can people do at the apple events? A. Attend experts’ lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families. C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples. 9.What can we learn about Decio? A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look. C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste. 10.What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3mean? A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. C.A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire. 11.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To show how to grow apples. B .To introduce an apple festival. C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research. 【答案】 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.B 11.B 写作意图题。根据第一段“if you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. ”和最后一段“If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.”可知， 作者向读者介绍了一个节日—Apple Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选 B。 【考点】生活故事类短文阅读 12.【2016·全国新课标 III】D Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. “The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.” Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.” 12 .What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to? A. News reports. B. Research papers. C.Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations． 13.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A. They’re socially inactive. B. They’re good at telling stories. C. They’re inconsiderate of others. D. They’re careful with their words. 14.Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research? A . Sports new. B. Science articles. C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. 15 .What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B .Online News Attracts More People C. Reading Habits Change with the Times D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 【答案】 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.D 【考点】风俗文化类短文阅读 13.【2016·北京】A Dear Alfred, I want to tell you how important your help is to my life. Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150 at 17, I’m anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADIID(注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time. However, when something did interest me, I could become absorbed. In high school, I became curious about the computer, and built my first website. Moreover, I completed the senior course of Computer Basics, plus five relevant pre-college courses. While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse. I wanted to go to college after high school, but couldn’t . So, I was killing my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the online computer courses of your training center. Since then, I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I’m learning your Probability course. I have hundreds of printer paper, covered in self-written notes from your video. This has given me a purpose. Last year, I spent all my time looking for a job where, without dealing with the public , I could work alone, but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job—Data Analyst—this month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful profession, without going to college, and be just as good as, if not better than, my competitors. Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I’m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole. This is why you’re saving my life. Yours, Tanis 56.why did’t Tanis go to college after high school? A.She had learned enough about computer science B. She had more difficulty keeping foucesed C.She preferred taking online courses D.She was too slow to learn 57.AS for the working environment,Tains prefers____. A .working by herself B.dealing with the public C.competing against others D.staying with ADHD students 58.Tanis wrote this letter in order to_____. A.explain why she was interested in the computer B.share the ideas she had for her profession C .show how grateful she was to the center D.describe the courses she had taken so far 【答案】 56.B 57.A 58.C 【考点】人物故事类短文阅读 (2015·新课标全国Ⅱ) 话题：房间与身材 Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(难为情)when they're in poorly lit places －and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn't have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it's time to repaint，go blue. Don't forget the clock－or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. 【语篇导读】　这是一篇科普说明文。短文主要说明了人的食量与房子粉刷的颜色、灯光的明暗等有 着密切的关系。它们对人的身材会产生一定的影响。 1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about . A.their home comforts B.their body shape C.house buying D.healthy diets 解析　推理判断题。短文主要说明了饮食与室内光线、墙壁的颜色、餐具的尺寸及进餐的速度等有着 密切的关系。显然这对于那些注重体型的人是有所帮助的。故答案为 B。 答案　B 2.A home environment in blue can help people . A.digest food better B.reduce food intake C.burn more calories D.regain their appetites 解析　事实细节题。根据第三段“...people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.”可知，蓝色的用餐环境有助于减少食物摄入量。因此 B 项正确。 答案　B 3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes? A.Eat quickly. B.Play fast music. C.Use smaller spoons. D.Turn down the lights. 解析　事实细节题。由第四段第二句可知，进餐快的人比进餐慢的人每顿饭多消耗 70 卡路里的热量。 由此可知 A 项错误。由第四段倒数第二句中的“turn on relaxing music”可知 B 项不对。而由第二段首句 中的“turn up the lights”可知 D 项也是错误的。根据最后一段“when we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake jumps by 14 percent.”也可直接推知答案为 C。 答案　C ★4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Is Your House Making You Fat? B.Ways of Serving Dinner C.Effects of Self－Consciousness D.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? 解析　标题归纳题。短文首句即为主题句：房子可能影响住户的身材。接下来从房子的颜色、室内灯 光等方面说明了对饮食的影响。用 A 项作标题，既能总括全文，又能吸引读者。 答案　A (2015·安徽) 话题：家庭团结 When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (团结). To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up. Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny's mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard. Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elisabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business.” Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the Ans' corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success. 【语篇导读】　文章通过讲述家庭企业的发展历程来强调家庭团结的重要性。介绍了 Helene An 和她的 丈夫离开越南时，他们并不富有。Helene An 以筷子为例教育孩子在家庭及事业中要团结起来，只要有梦想， 一定会成功。 1.Helene tied several chopsticks together to show . A.the strength of family unity B.the difficulty of growing up C.the advantage of chopsticks D.the best way of giving a lesson 解析　句意：海琳把几支筷子绑在一起来显示家庭团结的力量。考查细节理解。由第一段 Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity 与 B 项意思相近。 答案　A 2.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family . A.started a business in 1975 B.left Vietnam without much money C.bought a restaurant in San Francisco D.opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles 解析　考查细节理解。由 they didn't have much money 与 B 项意思相近。 答案　B 3.What can we infer about the An daughters? A.They did not finish their college education. B.They could not bear to work in the family business. C.They were influenced by what Helene taught them. D.They were troubled by disagreement among family members. 解析　考查推理判断。由第三段 Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity 可知。 答案　C ★4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A.How to Run a Corporation B.Strength Comes from Peace C.How to Achieve a Big Dream D.Family Unity Builds Success 解析　考查主旨大意。由文章最后一段可知文章主要讲的是家庭团结对取得成功的重要性。文章没有 讲怎样经营一家大型公司，也没有提到怎样实现伟大梦想。 答案　D (2015·新课标全国Ⅰ) 话题：艺术展 Salvador Dali (1904－1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists.The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces，most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938，works on paper，objects，and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities. The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning， the world of birth.The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain. The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限).“From the infinity small to the infinity large，contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus： amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum－theatre in Figueras，” explains the Pompidou Centre. The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida. 【语篇导读】　这篇短文主要介绍了现代著名艺术家 Dali 的作品风格及 the world of Dali 中的展品 情况。 1.Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1? A.Optimistic. B.Productive. C.Generous. D.Traditional. 解析　推理判断题。短文首段介绍了艺术家 Dali 的作品。由“...with an exhibition bring together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.”一句可知，Dali 的作品众多，是一个多产画家。 故答案为 B。 答案　B 2.What is Dali's The Persistence of Memory considered to be? A.One of his masterworks. B.A successful screen adaptation. C.An artistic creation for the stage. D.One of the best TV programmes. 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段“...the visitors will find the best pieces，most importantly the Persistence of Memory”可知，该作品在 Dali 的最佳作品中是最重要的，由此可以推断它是 Dali 的 杰作之一。 答案　A ★3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali? A.By popularity. B.By importance. C.By size and shape. D.By time and subject. 解析　事实细节题。根据第二段末句中的“...follows a path of time and subject.”可知，Dali 的作 品是按时间和主题进行布展的。答案选 D。 答案　D 4.What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Artworks. B.Projects. C.Donations. D.Documents. 解析　词义猜测题。由最后一段可知，展出的作品主要来源于两个途径：一是与马德里的一家艺术馆 密切合作；一是靠像 Salvador Dali Museum 这样的机构的捐赠。联系全文大意及前一分句不难推测其它机 构捐赠的是艺术作品。因此答案为 A。 答案　A (2015·新课标全国Ⅱ) 话题：倒霉的彩电 My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn't fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy－five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night.Fortunately，I didn't got any channels showing all －night movies or I would never have gotten to bed. Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static (静电) noise.For some reason，when certain shows switched into a commercial，a loud noise would sound for a few seconds.Gradually，this noise began to appear during a show，and to get rid of it，I had to change to another channel and then change it back.Sometimes this technique would not work， and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound.I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set. When neither of these methods removed the static noise，I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away.At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist，and it stopped working altogether.My trip to the repair shop cost me $62，and the set is working well now，but I keep expecting more trouble. 【语篇导读】　这是一篇记叙文。作者用幽默诙谐的笔调向我们讲述了他购买的一台电视机所带来的 一系列烦恼的故事。 1.Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set? A.He got an older model than he had expected. B.He couldn't return it when it was broken. C.He could have bought it at a lower price. D.He failed to find any movie shows on it. 2.Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1? A.ended all their programs B.provided fewer channels C.changed to commercials D.showed all－night movies 解析　词义猜测题。由下一句的内容可知，我没有彻夜播放电影的频道，不然就无法睡觉了。据此可 以推断作者一直看到一天的节目结束为止。故 A 项为正确答案。 答案　A ★3.How did the author finally get his TV set working again? A.By shaking and hitting it. B.By turning it on and off. C.By switching channels. D.By having it repaired. 解析　事实细节题。由短文最后“My trip to the repair shop cost me $62.”一句可知，作者把电 视机送到维修店请人修理。 答案　D 4. How does the author sound when telling the story? A.Curious. B.Anxious. C.Cautious. D.Humorous. 解析　推理判断题。纵览全文，尤其是第二段末句“I actually began to build up my arm muscles，shaking my set.”(通过摇晃电视机，我手臂的肌肉增强了不少)，字里行间流露出作者幽默调侃 的语气。因此答案为 D。 答案　D