2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题十并列句与状语从句

2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题十并列句与状语从句

专题十并列句与状语从句 并列句 并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。‎ ‎1．转折/对比并列连词连接的并列句 常见的表示转折关系的并列连词包括but, while(而)等。其中，while连接并列句时，两分句之间是对比关系。‎ It often rains in the south, while it seldom rains in the north.‎ 在南方经常下雨，然而在北方很少下雨。‎ ‎2．联合并列连词连接的并列句 常用的表示平行或对等关系的联合并列连词有and, not only ... but (also), neither ...nor等。‎ Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.‎ 他不仅说得更正确，而且说得更轻松。‎ ‎3．选择并列连词(or, either ... or, not ...but ...等) 连接的并列句 Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?‎ 你是想走还是想留？‎ ‎4．因果并列连词(for, so等)连接的并列句 He must have been caught in the rain, for he is wet all over.‎ 他一定淋雨了，因为他全身都湿了。‎ ‎5．特殊并列连词及并列句 ‎(1)when可用于并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：‎ ‎①be about to do sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”‎ ‎②be on the point of doing sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”‎ ‎③be doing sth. when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”‎ ‎④had done sth. when ...“刚做了某事，这时突然……”‎ He was about to go to school when a strong wind began to blow.‎ 他正要去上学，这时突然刮起了大风。‎ ‎(2)“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。‎ Give me a chance, and I'll give you a wonderful surprise.‎ 给我一个机会，我会还你一个奇迹。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, ________ once I started the car，my mind went blank.‎ 解析：but/yet　此处表示“我认为我已经明白了教练的指令，但是车一启动，我的脑子却一片空白”。由此可知，前后分句之间是转折关系。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically, ________ also mentally in the past few years.‎ 解析：but　not only ...but also ...是固定短语，意为“不但……而且……”。‎ ‎③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables ________ high quality oil are used for cooking.‎ 解析：and　根据语境可知，新鲜的蔬菜与高品质的油二者之间为并列关系。‎ ‎④(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home, it is comfortable ________ there is no need to spend money.‎ 解析：and　第二句句意：我们如果待在家里，会感觉舒适，还不花钱。根据句意可知，“comfortable”与“no need to spend money”之间是并列关系，故用and。‎ ‎⑤(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.‎ 解析：when　be doing sth.when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”。‎ 状语从句 ‎1．时间状语从句 ‎(1)when, while与as引导的时间状语从句 连词 从句谓语动词 用法 when 延续性动词、非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 while 延续性动词 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 as 延续性动词 强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着”‎ Metals expand when they are heated.‎ 金属受热时膨胀。‎ While/When I was reading, he came in.‎ 我正在看书时，他进来了。‎ The students sang as they walked.‎ 学生们边走边唱。‎ As a young man (＝ When he was a young man), he was fond of hunting.‎ 他年轻时喜欢打猎。‎ ‎(2)before与since引导的时间状语从句 ‎①before与since的常用句式 连词 词义 常用句式 before 在……之前，还未……就……；……才……；趁……，还没来得及……‎ ‎(1)It will (not) be＋一段时间＋before ...“(没有)过……(时间)才(就)……”‎ ‎(2) It was not long before ...“不久……就……”‎ ‎(3) It was＋时间段＋before ...“过了……(时间)才……”‎ since 自从……以来 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...(从句用一般过去时)‎ It will be half a year before I come back.‎ 我半年之后才回来。‎ It won't be long before we meet again.‎ 用不了多久我们就会再见面。‎ It was three days before he came back.‎ 三天后他才回来。‎ ‎②since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。‎ It's two years since we arrived here.‎ 我们到这儿两年了。‎ It's three years since we lived here.‎ 我们不住在这里有三年了。‎ ‎(3)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句 ‎①引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...等。‎ Directly you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor.‎ 你一感觉疼痛就必须去找医生。‎ We will leave the minute you are ready.‎ 你一准备好，我们就出发。‎ ‎②hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner ...和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。‎ Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.‎ 他一听到这个消息就哭了。‎ No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.‎ 我们刚到火车站火车就开了。‎ ‎(4)until与till引导的时间状语从句 ‎①until与till引导时间状语从句的区别 连词 位置 用法 until 可以放在句首 not ... until可用于强调句型 till 不可放在句首 一般不用于强调句型 I had waited a long time till/until he came back.‎ 他回来时我已等了很长时间。‎ It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.‎ 直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。‎ ‎②not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。‎ Not until he comes will we start our discussion.‎ 直到他来了我们才能开始讨论。‎ ‎③until/till用于肯定句时主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，用于否定句时主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词。‎ They waited till/until I returned.‎ 他们一直等到我回来。‎ ‎(5)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)‎ ‎①其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year等。‎ Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.‎ 每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮助我们。‎ ‎②by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。‎ By the time you come back, we will have finished the job.‎ 到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。‎ By the time we got there, the rain had stopped.‎ 到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。‎ ‎2．条件状语从句 ‎(1)引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词有if, unless, as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that)等。‎ You'll be late unless you get up earlier.‎ 除非你早点起床，否则你会迟到的。‎ As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.‎ 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。‎ Supposing that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help？假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁呢？‎ They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we return it before the weekend.他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们必须在周末以前归还。‎ ‎(2)在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。‎ In case there is a fire, what will we do first?‎ 万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？‎ ‎3．让步状语从句 ‎(1)although, though, as与while引导的让步状语从句 ‎①although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。‎ Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face.‎ 尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。‎ Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。‎ Child as he is, he knows a lot.‎ 尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂很多。‎ Try as he may, he never succeeds.‎ 尽管他很努力，但他从未成功过。‎ ‎②although与though都可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。‎ ‎③though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。‎ I have got a cold. It is nothing much, though.‎ 我感冒了，不过不太严重。‎ ‎④while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。‎ While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.‎ 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些 问题不能解决。‎ ‎(2)even if与even though引导的让步状语从句 ‎①even if与even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。‎ ‎②even if与even though引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。‎ I'll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.‎ 我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。‎ Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.‎ 即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。‎ ‎(3)“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋ever”引导的让步状语从句 ‎①“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。‎ Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.‎ 无论他说什么，不要相信他。‎ ‎②whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”不可以。‎ ‎(4)whether ... or (not) ...引导的让步状语从句 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.‎ 不管你相信与否，这是真的。‎ ‎4．原因状语从句 ‎(1)because/as/since/now that 连词(短语)‎ 位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调 because 一般放在主句之后 直接因果关系 强 能 能 as 主句前或后 双方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能 since/ now that 通常位于主句前 The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.‎ 那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。‎ I can't go with you, as I have a lot of work to do.‎ 我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。‎ Now that/Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.‎ 既然大家都在这儿，我们开始开会吧。‎ ‎(2)when (既然), seeing that (鉴于，由于)，considering that (考虑到), in that (因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句 The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.‎ 这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。‎ It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.‎ 既然步行五分钟就能到那里，你却乘出租车，真够愚蠢的。‎ ‎5．结果状语从句 ‎(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ... that ..., such ... that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构：‎ Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.‎ ‎＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.‎ 迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。‎ It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.‎ 天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。‎ He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于他养不起家。‎ ‎[名师指津]　为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。‎ So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.‎ 他是一个如此聪明的学生，以至于能够解出所有难题。‎ ‎(2)such ... that ...引导的状语从句与such ... as ...引导的定语从句的区别。‎ 首先观察两个句子：‎ ‎①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(like后少宾语，as要在从句中充当成分，故该句为定语从句)‎ 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。‎ ‎②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.(从句中不缺成分，故该句为状语从句)‎ 他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。‎ ‎6．其他状语从句 状语从句类型 从属连词 地点状语从句 where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, in case (以免，以防), for fear that (唯恐，以防)‎ 方式状语从句 as, as if/though 比较状语从句 as ...as, not as/so ... as, the same ... as, 比较级＋than We must camp where we can get water.‎ 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。‎ I'll speak slowly so that you can make sense of what I said.‎ 我会说得慢一些以便让你听懂我说的话。‎ The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.‎ 那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。‎ He is taller than any other student in our school.‎ 他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎[名师指津]　①so that与in order that引导目的状语从句时，常与can, could, may, might连用，in order that引导的目的状语从句可以置于主句前或后，但so that引导的从句只能置于主句后。‎ ‎②what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．A对B而言正如C对D一样。‎ Air is to us what water is to fish.‎ 空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。‎ ‎ [命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·北京高考改编)________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.‎ 解析：If　句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用 if 引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I was so nervous ________ I could hardly tell which direction was left.‎ 解析：that　此处是so ...that ...句型，表示“如此……以至于……”。‎ ‎③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time，________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. ‎ 解析：as/when　句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(或：当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，as/when引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎④(2016·四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.________ it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.‎ 解析：When/If　第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，when (当……时)和if (如果)用在此处都合适。‎ ‎⑤(2015·陕西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor ________ I was packing them up. ‎ 解析：when/while　句意：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我打包它们(饼干)的时候，掉在了地上一些。when/while“当……的时候”，在此处引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎⑥(2015·浙江高考)________ I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.‎ 解析：Although/Though　句意：尽管在那个教室学习时我仅仅是一个孩子，但我永远忘不了它。根据句意可知，此处表示让步，故用although或though。‎ ‎⑦(2014·辽宁高考)Unbelievable! Oh ...，________ you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath.‎ 解析：if　句意：……如果你不介意，我要停下来做一下深呼吸。根据句意可知，应填if引导条件状语从句。‎ ‎⑧(2014·大纲卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends ________ we can.‎ 解析：as　as many ...as we can为固定句式，as引导比较状语从句。‎ ‎[专题过关训练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．But you don't know that when I started senior English in the beginning, I found it difficult and quite different from what we had learned in junior school.‎ ‎2．Now I have made such great progress in my English study that I am more interested in learning it than before.‎ ‎3．Bravely as/though the players fought, they had no chance of winning.‎ ‎4．When hunger strikes, we can reach for a healthy, nutritious meal, or we can choose the junk food of high sugar.‎ ‎5．It was _so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters.‎ ‎6．So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates should help.‎ ‎7．If/When/While you are travelling abroad, here are the tips you need to make your trip much easier.‎ ‎8．What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don't discuss it with anyone.‎ ‎9．When I was 10, once my parents were away on business, and/so I had to stay at home alone for a day.‎ ‎10．There is only a little rain and the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.‎ ‎11．Although/Though the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.‎ ‎12．Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live.‎ ‎13．Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other when people meet.‎ ‎14．They said this was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.‎ ‎15．It's good to arrive early so you can get settled before classes start.‎ Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句 ‎1．他正沿着马路骑车上学，这时，一辆小汽车超车抢道，把他撞倒了。(ride, cut in, knock sb. down)‎ He_was_riding_along_the_road_when_a_car_cut_in_and_knocked_him_down.‎ ‎2．我一听到这个消息，就急不可待地想告诉我父母。(can't wait to, the moment)‎ I_couldn't_wait_to_tell_my_parents_the_moment_I_heard_the_news.‎ ‎3．虽然数学老师给我解释了许多遍，但是我还是不明白。(although, understand)‎ Although_the_maths_teacher_explained_it_to_me_several_times,_I_still_couldn't_understand_it.‎ ‎4．既然你不得不整天待在教室里，你还是全身心地投入到学习上为好。(now that, might as well, put one's heart into)‎ Now_that_you_have_to_stay_in_the_classroom_all_day,_you_might_as_well_put_your_heart_into_your_studies.‎ ‎5．当你读书的时候，你最好在你不理解的地方做个标记。(make a mark)‎ When_you_are_reading,_you'd_better_make_a_mark_where_you_don't_understand.‎ ‎6．他看起来好像前一天夜里没有睡觉一样。(look, sleep a wink)‎ He_looked_as_if_he_hadn't_slept_a_wink_the_night_before.‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·潍坊模拟)A mouse, because of a(n) __1__ (luck) chance, made close friends with an evil frog. One day, __2__ frog played a trick on the mouse by __3__ (tie) a foot of the mouse to his own. At first, both of them joined together and the frog __4__ (lead) his friend toward the pool in which he lived, and didn't stop __5__ he reached the side of the water. Then the frog suddenly jumped into the water and the mouse was pulled in with __6__ (he). The frog enjoyed the water and swam in it around, happily crying __7__ if he had done a great deed. The unhappy mouse died soon in the water, and his dead body floated around on the surface, __8__ (fasten) to the foot of the frog. A hawk saw the dead mouse, suddenly flew down towards it, caught it and flew away. The frog, still tied to the foot of the mouse, was also carried of as a __9__ (prison), and he __10__ (eat) by the hawk.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了一个有关老鼠和青蛙的故事，说明了一个道理，即害人终害己。‎ ‎1．unlucky　设空处前为不定冠词，后为名词，由此可推断设空处应为形容词作定语，根据语境可知这只老鼠运气不佳，故填unlucky。‎ ‎2．the　设空处后的名词frog是第二次被提到，表示特指，故填定冠词the。‎ ‎3．tying　介词(by)后需用动名词形式作宾语，故填tie的动名词形式tying。‎ ‎4．led　根据上下文以及“and didn't stop”可知设空处应该用一般过去时，故填led。‎ ‎5．until　本句使用了“not ... until ...”句型，意为“直到……才……”。‎ ‎6．him　后来那只青蛙突然跳进水里，那只老鼠也随之被拉进水中。介词后需用代词的宾格形式，根据提示词he可知设空格处填him。‎ ‎7．as　好像他做了一件大事似的。as if“好像”。‎ ‎8．fastened　主语与空格处之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故填fastened。‎ ‎9．prisoner　根据设空处前的不定冠词，可推知设空处应为名词，故填prisoner。‎ ‎10．was eaten　设空处讲的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时；he与eat之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。‎