2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项指导课件（6）史地自然型阅读理解

2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项指导课件（6）史地自然型阅读理解

　史地自然型阅读理解 　 史地自然型阅读理解 │ 专题导读 　　 历史地理类文章一般涉及某个国家、地区、河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、社会风情、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗、文化遗产等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图表供理解或选择。文章选材来源于英语国家的主要名胜或历史事件； 命题以细节题为主，也有一些主观推断题； 涉及一定的地理常识或历史知识。阅读史地类文章时，要重点弄清楚各个地名、人名之间的相互关系和各个国家、地区或城镇之间的地理方位。 　专题导读 如果文章或试题有附图或附表，一定要把附图或附表看懂、看明白。附图或附表的存在就是帮助我们更好地读懂和理解文章，辅助我们做好有关试题。自然与环保的话题是高考备受关注的一个热点话题，各地的阅读试题中几乎都有一篇这方面的文章。有的是关于环境问题的讨论，有的是关于人类对于环境的影响，有的是关于自然环境发展规律的探讨等。在命题上多以判断题、综合分析题和推理判断题为主。 │ 专题导读 [山东卷] 　　 The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place. Now it is an ecological disaster area. Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes. 　　 For thousands of years, Polynesian people lived on the remote island of Nauru, far from western civilization. The first European to arrive was John Fearn in 1798. │ 真题典例 　真题典例 He was the British captain of the Hunter, a whaling ship. He called the island Pleasant Island. 　　 However, because it was very remote, Nauru had little communication with Europeans at first. Then whaling ships and other traders began to visit, bringing guns and alcohol. These elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island. A tenyear civil war started, which reduced the population from 1,400 to 900. │ 真题典例 　　 Nauru's real troubles began in 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸盐) on the island. In fact, it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate, which is a very important fertilizer for farming. The company began mining the phosphate. 　 A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground; it is a stripmine. When a company stripmines, it removes the top layer of soil. Then it takes away the material it wants. Stripmining totally destroys the land. Gradually, the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon. │ 真题典例 　　 In 1968, Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world. Every year the government received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate. 　　 Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem—their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru was almost financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island. This will probably never happen. │ 真题典例 　　 1. What might be the author's purpose in writing the text? 　　 A. To seek help for Nauru's problems. 　　 B. To give a warning to other countries. 　　 C. To show the importance of money. 　　 D. To tell a heartbreaking story of a war. 　　 2. What was Nauru like before the Europeans came? 　　 A. Rich and powerful. 　　 B. Modern and open. 　　 C. Peaceful and attractive. 　　 D. Greedy and aggressive. │ 真题典例 　　 3. The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from________. 　　 A. soil pollution 　　 B. phosphate overmining 　　 C. farming activity 　　 D. whale hunting 　　 4. Which of the following was a cause of Nauru's financial problem? 　　 A. Its leaders misused the money. 　　 B. It spent too much repairing the island. 　　 C. Its phosphate mining cost much money. 　　 D. It lost millions of dollars in the civil war. │ 真题典例 　　 5. What can we learn about Nauru from the last paragraph? 　　 A. The ecological damage is difficult to repair. 　　 B. The leaders will take the experts' words seriously. 　　 C. The island was abandoned by the Nauruans. 　　 D. The phosphate mines were destroyed. │ 真题典例 　　 【要点综述】文章主要讲述了太平洋岛国瑙鲁如何从一个环境优美的天堂岛变成一个生态失衡、满目疮痍的小岛。 　　 1. B　写作意图题。由文章第一段的“Now it is an ecological disaster area. Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.”可以看出，作者的目的是给当前很多只注重发展经济而忽略环境保护的国家一个警告。故选B。 　　 2. C　细节理解题。从第一段提到的“太平洋上的国家瑙鲁岛曾经是一个美丽的地方”看出，瑙鲁岛attractive；由第二段第一句以及第三段第一句可知，上千年来，瑙鲁岛的人们生活在偏远的小岛上，过着平静的生活。故选C。 │ 真题典例 　　 3. B　细节理解题。由最后一段的“Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem—their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.”可以看出“磷酸盐逐渐减少，开采殆尽”。由此可以看出，“磷酸盐的过量开采”导致了生态灾难。故选B。 　　 4. A　细节理解题。由最后一段的“Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. ”看出，是领导人使用资金不当导致了财政问题。故选A。 │ 真题典例 　　 5. A　推理判断题。文章最后告诉我们：Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island，也就是说：瑙鲁岛上的生态损失弥补起来需要大量的资金和时间，即选项所说的“修复起来很难”。故选A。 │ 真题典例 │ 新题预测 (一) 　　 The Republic of Ecuador has a population of about 13 million, and 95% of them are Roman Catholic. Spanish is the official and main language in Ecuador. There are several Amerindian (American Indian) languages, but Quechua is widely spoken. Over 65% of Ecuadorians are mestizoes (混血儿), 25% Amerindians, 3% blacks and 7% others. It has the highest average population density (密度) in South America and the highest percentage of native Americans. 　新题预测 　　 The Republic of Ecuador is located in northwest South American, on the Pacific coast. Ecuador consists of four geographical regions: the Pacific coastal lowlands in the west, the highlands in the center, and the eastern lowlands. The last is Galapagos Islands which are 600 miles west in the Pacific Ocean. As its name shows, Ecuador extends over both sides of the equator (赤道). There is a monument of equator not far from its capital Quito. On the monument are the words: “Here is the centre of the earth. ”Ecuador is bordered in the north by Columbia and in the east and south by Peru. │ 新题预测 　　 Most areas of this country have a dry season and a wet season. No matter what the season is, typically, the best of the weather in the Andes will be around the full moon. Being on the equator gives Ecuador its weather conditions, and also allows it to have 12hour days year round. In the morning it gets light within 20 minutes of 6 a．m. and at night it is dark around 6 p．m. There is no long dusk. 　　 There are innumerable varieties of flowers, including many of Ecuador's 4,500 species of orchids(兰花), and many plants with medicinal value. Wildlife such as butterflies, bats, monkeys, is fairly easy to view. You can even find some extraordinary │ 新题预测 animals and plants. Many special species that inspired Darwin's The Origin of Species still thrive on the Galapagos today. The Ecuadorian Amazon offers a wide range of activities including swimming, canoe journeys, rain forest walks, bird watching, animal spotting and visits to local jungle communities. The Amazon also has some of the finest water raftings in the country. │ 新题预测 　　 1. The passage introduces the following subjects EXCEPT ________. 　　 A．Ecuador's history and culture 　　 B．Ecuador's geography and climate 　　 C．Ecuador's species of animals and plants 　　 D．Ecuador's language and people 　 │ 新题预测 　　 2. Which of the following maps shows the right position of Ecuador? 　　 Eqequator　CoColumbia　PuPeru 　　 Pothe Pacific Ocean 　　 Rethe Republic of Ecuador │ 新题预测 　　 3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? 　　 A．About 0.4 million of Ecuador's population is black. 　　 B．Ecuador has 12hour days year round because it is on the equator. 　　 C．Darwin completed his famous book on the Galapagos. 　　 D．You can't skate outside on the Ecuadorian Amazon all the year around. │ 新题预测 　　 4. The underlined word “thrive” in the last paragraph means ________. 　　 A．disappear completely 　　 B．change slowly 　　 C．are researched 　　 D．grow well │ 新题预测 　　 【要点综述】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Ecuador的地理位置、气候、动植物、语言和人口等各方面的情况。 　　 1．A　文中介绍了Ecuador的地理位置、气候、动植物、语言和人口等，并没有提及历史和文化。 　　 2．D　从文章第二段第一句和最后一句可知选D。 │ 新题预测 　　 3．C　从第一段的“…has a population of about 13 million”和“3% blacks”可以知道A项正确；从第三段的第三句可以知道B项正确；从第三段的第三句可以知道它的气候属于赤道气候，以及最后一段可以知道不能从事滑冰运动，故D项正确；C项内容文中未有论据证明，故选C项。 　　 4．D　从最后一段的第三句及第四句中的“still”可知D项正确。 │ 新题预测 (二) 　　 Seen from space the Earth is covered in a blue mantle. It is a planet on which the continents are dwarfed (相形见绌)by the oceans surrounding them and the vastness of the marine area. 　　 An astonishing 80 percent of all the life on Earth is to be found hidden beneath the waves and this vast global ocean pulses around our world driving the natural forces which keep life on our planet. │ 新题预测 　　 The oceans provide necessary sources of protein, energy, minerals and other products of use the world over and the rolling of the sea across the planet creates over half our oxygen, drives weather systems and natural flows of energy and nutrients around the world, transports water masses many times greater than all the rivers on land combined and keeps the Earth habitable. 　　 Without the global ocean there would be no life on Earth. 　　 It is seriously worrying, then, that we are damaging the oceans on a scale that is unimaginable to most people. │ 新题预测 　　 We now know that human activity can have serious influences on the vital forces working on our planet. We have fundamentally changed our global climate and are just beginning to understand the consequences of that. As yet largely unseen，but just as serious，are the influences we are having on the oceans. A healthy ocean has diverse ecosystems and strong and healthy habitats. The actual state of our oceans is a far cry from this natural level. │ 新题预测 　　 A large quantity of human pressures are being exerted both directly and indirectly on ocean ecosystems the world over. Consequently ecosystems are collapsing as marine species are driven towards extinction and ocean habitats are destroyed. With the decrease and removement of their diversity, ocean ecosystems are losing their natural recovery. │ 新题预测 　　 1．The 2nd and the 3rd paragraphs are given mainly to describe ________. 　　 A．what the oceans look like 　　 B．what the oceans are made up of 　　 C．what live in the oceans 　　 D．what functions the oceans have 　 │ 新题预测 　　 2．The oceans provide all the following EXCEPT ________. 　　 A．various marine creatures 　　 B．rich living resources 　　 C．all natural forces 　　 D．comfortable habitats for man 　　 3．Man has not yet realized ________. 　　 A．that he has done harm to the oceans 　　 B．that he has done harm to the planet 　　 C．that he has benefited from the oceans 　　 D．that he has benefited from the planet │ 新题预测 　　 4．The best title for this passage should be “________”． 　　 A．Protecting our planet 　　 B．Defending our oceans 　　 C．Making good use of our oceans 　　 D．A glimpse of the oceans │ 新题预测 　　 【要点综述】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍海洋资源及人类对海洋的影响。 　　 1. D　段落大意题。第二段中的“this vast global ocean pulses around our world driving the natural forces which keep life on our planet.”和整个第三段都在说明海洋的作用，故选D项。 　 │ 新题预测 　　 2. C　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“An astonishing 80 percent of all the life on Earth is to be found hidden beneath the waves”可知，A项正确；根据第三段中的“The oceans provide necessary sources of protein, energy, minerals…”可知B 项正确；根据倒数第二段中的“A healthy ocean has diverse ecosystems and strong and healthy habitats”可知D项正确。而C项是对文章的错误理解。 │ 新题预测 　　 3．A　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“As yet largely unseen，but just as serious，are the influences we are having on the oceans.”可知答案。 　　 4. B　标题概括题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍海洋的作用，以及人类对海洋造成的破坏，故B项“保护海洋”作为标题最合适。 │ 新题预测 │ 备用习题 (一) 　　 The Hawaiian Islands are in the Pacific Ocean almost 4,000 kilometres west of California.Tourism is very important to Hawaii.The tropical weather and beaches bring people from all over the world.But Hawaii is also experiencing problems from the downturn(经济衰退)． 　备用习题 　　 Last year was the first year since 2004 that Hawaii has had fewer than seven million visitors.The state had 6,800,000 arrivals in 2008.That was a decrease of 10% from the year before.State officials expect a decrease this year of another 2%.And they expect no growth in the economy through most of the year. The Hawaiian Islands were formed millions of years ago by hot liquid rock flowing from undersea volcanoes.Visitors can still watch the process take place on the largest island, which like the state is named Hawaii.People usually just call it the Big Island. │ 备用习题 　　 Experts say Polynesian people first sailed to Hawaii about 2,000 years ago.A king ruled the islands when the 18th century British explorer James Cook arrived.At first, Hawaiians treated Captain Cook like a god.But in the end, he was killed on the Big Island in 1779. 　　 Britain gave the islands their independence in 1843.Then, fifty years later, a group of American businessmen ousted the ruler and founded the Republic of Hawaii.It became an American territory in 1900. │ 备用习题 　　 That was three years after the United States set up a naval base at Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, which served as the command base for American operations in the Pacific during World War Two. 　　 After the war, most Hawaiians required that Hawaii should be an independent state.In Congress(国会), though, there was resistance from southern states because of Hawaii's nonwhite native population.But Congress passed the Hawaii Statehood Bill in 1959.Hawaiians accepted it, and on August 21st, President Eisenhower declared Hawaii the fiftieth state. │ 备用习题 　　 1．The number of visitors to Hawaii in 2009 is expected to be about ________. 　　 A. 5,984,000 B. 6,664,000 　　 C. 6,800,000 D. 6,936,000 　　 2．When did the US set up a naval base at Pearl Harbor? 　　 A. In 1893. 　　 B. In 1897. 　　 C. In 1900 　　　 D. In 1959. 3．What does the underlined word “ousted” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Forced out. B. Picked out. C. Elected. D . Became. │ 备用习题 　　 4．Which of the following is the correct order in the history of Hawaii? 　　 a．It was ruled by a Polynesian king. 　　 b．It became an American territory. 　　 c．The Republic of Hawaii was founded. 　　 d．It was under the rule of the British. 　　 e．It became independent in 1843. 　　 f．It joined the United States. 　　 A. a, b, d, c, e, f B. a, e, d, c, b, f 　　 C. a, d, e, c, b, f D. a, e, c, d, b, f │ 备用习题 　　 [解析] 1．B　细节理解题。第二段“The state had 6,800,000 arrivals in 2008.That was a decrease of 10% from the year before.State officials expect a decrease this year of another 2%.”可知。 　　 2．B　细节理解题。倒数第二、三段“It became an American territory in 1900.”和“That was three years after the United States set up a naval base at Pearl Harbor”可知。 　　 3．A　词义猜测题。结合语境可知ousted此处意为“驱逐”，A项“强行驱逐”与之意义一致。 　　 4．C　细节理解题。按照文中的时间和事件顺序即可选出答案。 │ 备用习题 (二) 　　 Nature responds to climate change.To understand it, we need to monitor key life cycle events—flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring—all around the world.But scientists can't be everywhere so they're turning to nonscientists, some times called citizen scientists, for help. A group of scientists and educators set up an organization last year called the National Phenology Network.“Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature. One of the group's first efforts depends on scientists and nonscientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and │ 备用习题 leafing every year.The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on different kinds of usual plants from across the United States. 　　 “People don't have to be plant experts—they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood，” says Jennifer Schwartz, an adviser with the project.“As we collect this data, we'll be able to predict how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.” That data will help scientists predict not only how natural communities may change but also how these changes will affect people. │ 备用习题 　　 Scientists monitoring lilac flowering in the western United States reported that in years when lilacs bloomed early—before May 20th—wildfires later in the summer and fall are larger and more severe.Lilac blooming could serve as an alarm bell, Jennifer says. 　　 Improved monitoring is an important step toward predicting how natural communities will respond to climate change. │ 备用习题 　　 “The best way for us to increase our knowledge of how plants and animals are responding to climate change is to increase the amount of data we have，” he says.“That's why we need citizen scientists to get as much information from as many places on as many species over as long a time period as we can.” 　　 1．The National Phenology Network is set up to ________. 　　 A．research how nature makes response to climate change 　　 B．keep a record of what is happening in nature 　　 C．make a study of the first frog calls of the spring 　　 D．judge what plants will die out in the future │ 备用习题 　　 2．The task of Project BudBurst is to ________. 　　 A．grow more plants to improve the climate 　　 B．collect information about usual plants 　　 C．make citizens tell different plants 　　 D．find out how many kinds of plants there are in America 　 │ 备用习题 　　 3．By saying “Lilac blooming could serve as an alarm bell” in Para 6, Jennifer meant ________. 　　 A．lilac flowers could make people feel anxious or afraid 　　 B．lilacs could warn people of the danger of wildlife 　　 C．the blooming of lilacs could predict the happening of wildfires 　　 D．the flowers of lilacs could be used to wake people up │ 备用习题 　　 4．The main idea of this passage is ________. 　　 A．why we need to collect data about nature 　　 B．when an alarm bell sounds for nature 　　 C．what citizen scientists are in America 　　 D．how nature responds to climate change 　　 【要点综述】 自然界如何随着气候的变化而产生相应的反应，科学家们为了得到更充分的数据，与有关人员成立了专门组织进行研究。 　　 1．A　细节理解题。根据第一、二段内容可推知，成立这个组织是为了发挥众人的作用，协助科学家更好地研究自然界如何对气候变化产生反应。 │ 备用习题 　　 2．B　细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，Project Budburst的任务是收集普通植物的信息。 　　 3．C　推理判断题。根据第六段内容可推知，Jennifer的意思是丁香花开花可以预测野火的发生。 　　 4．D　主旨大意题。文章第一段的第一句开门见山地点明了主题，由此可判断D项正确。另外，最后两段的内容也是线索提示。 │ 备用习题 (三) 　　 If you are looking for an animal to take the title of “most violent fish in the sea”， then the tiger puffer fish (虎斑河豚) would have to be a strong contestant.Not only is it deadly poisonous—though that doesn't stop people trying to eat it—but it is also able to scare off enemies by inflating itself to become much larger than normal. When it is young it even chews on its own brothers and sisters. │ 备用习题 　　 Tiger puffer fish attach their eggs to rocks near the bottom of the sea, often at the mouths of bays.Then the larvae (幼鱼) move to the entries of rivers and lakes once they have grown a little.Then, having put on a lot of weight, they head out to sea.There‘s no innocent childhood for the puffer fish, as Shin Oikawa of Kyushu University in Japan and his colleagues found out when they put the larvae of tiger puffer fish in the lab and monitored them for two months.They found that the larvae went through three steps in which their metabolic(新陈代谢) rates increased dramatically when they reached body weights of 0.002g, 0.01g, and 0.1g. │ 备用习题 When a larva went through one of these steps, its behaviour also changed.For instance, once a larva had passed the first level it would have grown its first tooth and could start attacking larvae that had not yet reached that stage.Similarly, any larva that had reached the 0.01g or 0.1g levels would start attacking lighter larvae. 　　 The researchers noted that the baby fish had a “relatively small mouth”， so rather than swallowing their brothers and sisters whole, they would bite pieces out of them.Despite this limitation, the fish caused plenty of deaths—up to 12 per cent of the deaths that happened in the lab each day. │ 备用习题 　　 Those fish that grew fast enough to be able to chew on their fellows had an advantage.The extra food accelerated their growth and development.Tiger puffer fish are likely to be faster and swifter, so they can deal better with enemies. 　　 As the name suggests, puffer fish can inflate to make themselves seem much larger than they really are, thus scaring off enemies.They do this by filling their stomachs, which are extremely elastic(弹性的), with water.If that's not enough of a threat, the tiger puffer fish—like most of the other puffer fish in the family—carry a deadly toxin(毒素)．Eat one puffer fish and the poison will paralyse (瘫痪) your muscles, including the │ 备用习题 muscles responsible for breathing, so death is usually caused by a lack of oxygen.Famously, the fish is a delicacy in Japan, where highly qualified chefs produce dishes that contain the safe level of the poison.Interestingly, the puffer fish does not go to the trouble of producing the poison itself.Instead, it hosts bacteria (细菌) that produce the stuff.It obtains these bacteria from its diet, so the youngest adult fish are not poisonous. │ 备用习题 　　 1．All of the following statements account for the violence of puffer fish EXCEPT that________. 　　 A. they are very difficult to catch 　　 B. they can become larger to threaten enemies away 　　 C. they kill their younger companions as they grow up 　　 D. they are deadly poisonous 　 │ 备用习题 　　 2．We can learn from the second paragraph that puffer fish ________. 　　 A. can only grow to a weight of 0.1g 　　 B. do not change their behavior as they grow up 　　 C. like to find a safe place to hatch the next generation 　　 D. begin to grow teeth when they reach the third level 　　 3．Where does the poison in the puffer fish's body come from? 　　 A. Its inner organs. 　　 B. The air it breathes in. 　　 C. The diet it eats. 　　 D. The bacteria around it. │ 备用习题 　　 4．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? 　　 A. Puffer fish can only produce poison when they face danger. 　　 B. People like eating puffer fish even though they are poisonous. 　　 C. The larvae are more aggressive than adult puffer fish. 　　 D. Young puffer fish taste better than adult puffer fish. │ 备用习题 　　 【要点综述】 本文介绍了tiger puffer (河豚) fish的特性！ 　　 1．A　细节理解题。最后一段第一句“puffer fish can inflate to make themselves seem much larger than they really are”说明B正确。第二段倒数第二句“…it would have grown its first tooth and could start attacking larvae that had not yet reached that stage.”说明C正确。最后一段第三句“…carry a deadly toxin(毒素)”说明D正确。A没有提及。 │ 备用习题 　　 2．C　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Tiger puffer fish attach their eggs to rocks near the bottom of the sea, often at the mouths of bays.”可知它们把卵产在入海口，然后小鱼进入淡水，长大一点以后再进大海。说明它们是想找一个安全的地方孵化下一代。 　　 3．C　细节理解题。根据文章最后一句“It obtains these bacteria from its diet, so the youngest adult fish are not poisonous.”可知答案。 │ 备用习题 　　 4．B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段倒数第四句“Famously, the fish is a delicacy in Japan, where highly qualified chefs produce dishes that contain the safe level of the poison.”可知答案。 │ 备用习题