2020届二轮复习专题三阅读理解第一讲细节理解题课件

2020届二轮复习专题三阅读理解第一讲细节理解题课件

江苏高考阅读理解近 5 年考情分布明细统计 年份 内容 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 体裁 记叙文 2 0 0 1 0 议论文 1 1 1 0 2 应用文 0 1 1 1 1 说明文 1 2 2 2 1 题型 细节理解题 10 7 7 8 5 推理判断题 2 6 6 3 7 主旨大意题 2 2 0 3 2 词义猜测题 1 0 2 1 1 总结近几年江苏高考阅读理解可知，选材上更注重体现现实生活。所选文章涉及话题广，蕴涵丰富的人文、科普知识，具有思想性、人文性、趣味性、实用性等特点和鲜明的时代特色。文章选材丰富多样，注重考查考生在不同的语言背景下灵活运用英语语言知识分析和解决问题的能力。 设题方式仍 以细节理解题和推理判断题为主 ，符合考试大纲要求，细节理解题的比重有所加大。总体来说，语篇的难易度呈现层次性，区分度较高，高分难得，有利于高考选拔。 【能力要求】 【图解题型】 1. 通读全文，抓两个重点： (1) 段中心句。核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题。 (2) 其他各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分略读，有重点地读。 2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考 3 个问题： (1) 文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ (2) 文章中有无提到核心概念？ (3) 作者的大致态度是什么？ 仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩，这一步要遵循两个定位原则： (1) 通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。 ( 关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等 ) (2) 自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 通过题干返回原文，判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，斟酌选项，选出答案。 第一讲　细节理解题 细节理解题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍电影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式以 5W1H(what ， who ， when ， where ， why 和 how) 等开头的特殊疑问句。 一、正确选项的特征 1. 同义替换。对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把 lose one’s job 换成了 be out of work 。有时候词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把 important 改成 of importance ；改变原文中句子的语态，即主动语态与被动语态的转换。 2. 语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化，设置为答案。 3. 正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 二、干扰选项的特征 1. 张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 2. 无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 3. 曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 4. 颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 5. 正误参半。部分正确，部分错误。 [ 典例 1 ] 　 (2018· 江苏卷，阅读 B) Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart ( 莫扎特 ).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender ( 薰衣草 ) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. 直接信息题 59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A.Playing classical music. B.Introducing lemon scent. C.Making the light brighter. D.Using plates of larger size. 答案　 A 　 [ 直接信息题。由题干中的 “ fine dining shop ” 快速定位到第二句，结合 “ One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round ： put on some Mozart ( 莫扎特 ).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. ” 可知，要想让顾客在餐馆多停留、多消费，餐馆可以播放古典音乐，故 A 项符合题意。 ] [ 典例 2 ] 　 (2019· 江苏卷，阅读 A) High __ minded Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery.There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events. 57.Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________. A.rides in small trains B.courses in modern arts C.artistic and cultural activities D.basic courses in horse riding 答案 　 C 　 [ 直接信息题。根据 High minded 部分的 “ ...its cultural life...with art ， music ， opera and the performing arts... ” 可知，巴克斯顿歌剧院和艺术展览中心的特别之处在于它提供适合所有有品位的文化和艺术活动。故选 C 项。 ] 解题技巧 —— 题干定位，寻找信息 题干定位法是做细节理解题最基本的也是最常用的方法。细节理解题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，可根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可以确定最佳答案。 “ 题干定位法 ” 分为三步： 第一步： 先通过题干信息来选择定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词等，即问题的核心信息。 第二步： 在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子。 第三步： 分析这些句子和选项，得出正确答案。 [ 典例 3 ] 　 (2019· 江苏卷，阅读 C) Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions.However, they have real impacts ， as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 间接信息题 61.Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________. A.a lack of confidence in technology B.a slow progress in technology C.a conflict of public opinions D.a waste of limited resources 答案 　 D 　 [ 间接信息题。根据第二段中的 “ However ， they have real impacts ， as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. ” 可知，这些误判有真正的影响，因为它们会导致稀缺资源的错误使用，故选 D 项。 ] [ 典例 4 ] 　 (2019· 江苏卷，阅读 C) In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world” . As a result ， in the last twenty years or so ， many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back.Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital ， labour and goods, with poor results. 63.What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations? A.Neglecting the impacts of technological advances. B.Believing that the world has become borderless. C.Ignoring the power of economic development. D.Over-emphasizing the role of international communication. 答案 　 B 　 [ 间接信息题。根据文中的 “ Believing in such a world...with poor results. ” 可知，正是因为相信有这样一个世界，所以许多政府终止了一些非常有必要的规定。 believing in such a world 即上文提到的 “ now we live in a ‘ borderless world ’” ，即相信世界已经变得无国界，故选 B 。 ] 解题技巧 —— “ 断章取义 ” 定答案 [ 典例 5 ] 　 (2018· 江苏卷，阅读 A) Admission $25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students ， includes the Main Building and The Cloisters( 回廊 ) on the same day ； free for children under 12 with an adult. Free with Admission All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours ， concerts ， gallery talks ， and family/children’s programs are free with admission. Ask about today’s activities at the Great Hall Information Desk. 数字计算题 56.How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum? A.$12. B.$37. C.$50. D.$62. 答案　 C 　 [ 数字计算题。根据题意并结合 Admission 部分中的 “ $25.00 recommended for adults ”“ free for children under 12 with an adult ” 可知，他们应付两个成年人的门票费用。一家三口共计花费： 25 ＋ 25 ＋ 0 ＝ 50 ( 美元 ) 。 ] [ 典例 6 ] 　 (2018· 全国卷 Ⅰ ，阅读 C) At present, the world has about 6 ， 800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages ； the Americas about 1 ， 000 ； Africa 2 ， 400 ； and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3 ， 200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number( 中位数 )of speakers is a mere 6 ， 000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6 ， 000 people at present? A.About 6 ， 800. B.About 3 ， 400. C.About 2 ， 400. D.About 1 ， 200. 答案　 B 　 [ 数字计算题。根据文章中的 “ At present, the world has about 6 ， 800 languages. ” 和 “ The median number ( 中位数 ) of speakers is a mere 6 ， 000, which means that half the world ’ s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. ” 可知，目前世界上大约有 6 ， 800 种语言，但是讲的人数少于 6 ， 000 人的占一半即 3 ， 400 ，故选 B 。 ] 解题技巧 —— “ 加减乘除 ” 得数据 1. 阅读题干，根据题干中的关键词寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。 2. 弄清题干询问数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。 3. 特殊信息应注意： (1) 特殊数字： decade 十年； fortnight 两周； double 两倍； couple 两个； score 二十； dozen 十二。 (2) 特殊词汇： off 削价，减价； discount 折扣。 [ 典例 7 ] 　 ( 山东卷，阅读 C) You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella.But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.That’s why he created Lampbrella ， a lamp post with its own rain-sensing umbrella. The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “ Once ， I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street and saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain.I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy( 伞蓬 ) built into a street lamp. ” he said. 细节排序题 The Lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy.It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand.Sensors ( 传感器 )then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. In addition to the rain sensor ， there’s also a 360°motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone is using the Lampbrella.After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed. According to the designer ， the Lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed ， so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides ， it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike.Each Lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people.Being installed( 安装 ) at 2 metres off the ground ， it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take the Lampbrella into production ， Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department ， and insists his creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 68.Which of the following shows how the Lampbrella works? A.motor → canopy → sensors B.sensors → motor → canopy C.motor → sensors → canopy D.canopy → motor → sensors 答案　 B 　 [ 细节排序题。根据原文第三段可知伞棚的打开或关闭是先由传感器来接收，然后通过发动机来进行操控，因此答案为 B 项。 ] 解题技巧 —— 首尾定位法 先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。