(全)2021近5年高考英语语法填空词性转换真题详解含答案

(全)2021近5年高考英语语法填空词性转换真题详解含答案

近5年高考英语语法填空词性转换真题详解含答案 ‎▲ 2019 年 ‎2019 全国 I 卷 It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 62 (poor) studied.‎ In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (believe) that populations are increasing.‎ ‎2019 全国 II 卷 Her years of hard work have 63 (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.‎ We are so proud of her. It’s 70 (wonder).‎ ‎2019 全国 III 卷 When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66 (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. They also shared with us many 67 (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were 68 (huge) popular with tourists.‎ ‎2019 浙江 When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can 60 (easy) see them.‎ Other American studies showed no 64 (connect) between uniforms and school performance.‎ School uniforms are 65 (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.‎ ‎2019 北京 Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend, and it’s never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and 10 (meaning) college experience.‎ ‎▲ 2018 年 ‎2018 全国 I 卷 To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 69 (energy).‎ ‎2018 全国 II 卷 A taste for meat is 63 (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.‎ This switch has decreased 66 (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.‎ According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67 (globe) fertilizer consumption.‎ ‎2018 全国 III 卷 My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a 66 (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.‎ ‎2018 浙江卷 The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be 62 (afford) but doing this most days adds up.‎ Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 64 (weigh) problems.‎ ‎▲ 2017 年 ‎2017 全国 I 卷 Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack (吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes.‎ ‎2017 全国 II 卷 Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been 66 (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.‎ This development was only possible with the 69 (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most 70 (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.‎ ‎2017 全国 III 卷 She is determined to carry on with her 66 (educate).‎ I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 70 (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.‎ ‎2017 浙江卷 But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57 (shine) object.‎ ‎▲ 2016 年 ‎2016 全国 I 卷 Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract).‎ The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.‎ ‎2016 全国 II 卷 If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of greater and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve).‎ Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 47 (regular).‎ ‎2016 全国 III 卷 Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 46 (gradual) turned into chopsticks. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C. influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks.‎ ‎▲ 2015 年 ‎2015 全国 I 卷 Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 69 (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.‎ ‎2015 全国 II 卷 In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.‎ Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 (slow) during cool nights.‎ As 69 (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.‎ 答案 ‎▲ 2019 年 ‎2019 全国 I 卷 62. poorly 66. belief ‎2019 全国 II 卷 63. finally 70. wonderful ‎2019 全国 III 卷 66. competition 67. traditional 68. hugely ‎2019 浙江 60. easily 64. connection / connections 65. traditional ‎2019 北京 10. meaningful ‎▲ 2018 年 ‎2018 全国 I 卷 68. strengthen 69. energetic ‎2018 全国 II 卷 63. actually 66. pollution 67. global ‎2018 全国 III 卷 66. scientist ‎2018 浙江卷 62. affordable 64. weight ‎▲ 2017 年 ‎2017 全国 I 卷 69. careful ‎2017 全国 II 卷 66. fairly 69. introduction 70. successful ‎2017 全国 III 卷 66. education 70. certainly ‎2017 浙江卷 57. shiny / shining ‎▲ 2016 年 ‎2016 全国 I 卷 61. attraction 63. officially ‎2016 全国 II 卷 42. achievement 47. regularly ‎2016 全国 III 卷 46. gradually 48. development ‎▲ 2015 年 ‎2015 全国 I 卷 69. regularly ‎2015 全国 II 卷 63. ability 65. slowly 69. natural 二、近五年考点分类总结 ‎1. 形容词 → 副词 poor — poorly；‎ final — finally；‎ huge — hugely；‎ easy — easily；‎ actual — actually；‎ fair — fairly；‎ certain — certainly；‎ official — officially；‎ regular — regularly；‎ gradual — gradually；‎ slow — slowly ‎2. 动词 → 名词 believe — belief；‎ compete — competition；‎ connect — connection；‎ pollute — pollution；‎ weigh — weight；‎ introduce — introduction；‎ educate — education；‎ attract — attraction；‎ achieve — achievement；‎ develop — development ‎3. 名词 → 形容词 wonder — wonderful；‎ tradition — traditional；‎ meaning — meaningful；‎ globe — global；‎ success — successful；‎ care — careful；‎ nature — natural；‎ energy — energetic ‎4. 动词 → 形容词 afford — affordable shine — shiny / shining；‎ ‎5. 形容词 → 名词 able — ability ‎6. 名词 → 动词 strength — strengthen ‎7. 名词 → 名词（人）‎ science — scientist 三、常见前缀后缀盘点 前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性；后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。‎ ‎01‎ 后缀 副词后缀 副词后缀 -ly：‎ absolutely, completely, exactly, extremely, frequently, obviously, particularly, similarly, suddenly 形容词后缀 ‎-able / -ible：‎ reasonable, flexible, reliable, valuable, accessible, considerable ‎-ive：‎ effective, sensitive, attractive, impressive ‎-al / -ial：‎ practical, beneficial, financial, facial, mental, personal ‎-ate：‎ considerate, fortunate ‎-ful：‎ powerful, successful, wonderful, fearful, respectful, skillful, thoughtful, shameful ‎-ly：‎ likely, lively, lonely, deadly, elderly, hourly, yearly, daily ‎-ent：‎ confident, convenient, independent, different, violent ‎-less:‎ countless, homeless, useless, breathless, effortless, selfless ‎-y:‎ guilty, healthy, hungry, sleepy, tasty, thirsty, wealthy, worthy, dusty ‎-ic：‎ energetic, scientific, fantastic ‎-ary / -ory：‎ contradictory, documentary, imaginary ‎-ous：‎ obvious, various, adventurous, ambitious, courageous, disastrous, mountainous 名词后缀 ‎-ity / -ty / -y：‎ curiosity, responsibility, safety, security, similarity, necessity ‎-ance / -ence：‎ appearance, performance, acceptance, confidence, preference, significance ‎-sion / -tion：‎ contribution, decision, impression, admission, concentration, discussion, donation ‎-th：‎ strength, depth, growth, length, warmth, width ‎-ment：‎ achievement, treatment, amusement, arrangement, excitement, improvement ‎-ure / -ture / -ature：‎ failure, pressure, exposure, mixture, signature ‎-ing：‎ building, suffering, understanding, warning ‎-al：‎ approval, arrival, survival ‎-cy：‎ accuracy, fluency, frequency, privacy ‎-ness：‎ awareness, coldness, weakness 动词后缀 ‎-ate:‎ concentrate, accelerate, advocate, regulate ‎-(e)n:‎ broaden, fasten, frighten, sharpen, strengthen, darken, deepen, harden, lengthen ‎-(i)fy：‎ satisfy, clarify, classify, identify, qualify, simplify, terrify ‎-ize / -ise:‎ apologize, organize, realize, recognize 名词后缀（人）‎ ‎-ar / -er / -or：‎ conductor, director, engineer, beggar, employer, instructor, interviewer, lawyer, liar ‎-ist：‎ artist, novelist, specialist, tourist, pianist, scientist, violinist ‎-ant ：‎ accountant, assistant, servant ‎02‎ 前缀 anti- 反对，对抗；相反；防(止)：‎ anti-aging, anti-anxiety, anti-virus, antifreeze dis- 不，否定，相反：‎ disadvantage, discourage, dishonest, dislike, disorder il- / im- / in- / ir- 不，非，无：‎ illegal, impatient, impossible, inexpensive, immoral, inconvenient, irregular mis- 错误的；坏的；不，相反：‎ misfortune, misunderstand, mislead, mistrust non- 无，不，非：‎ nonprofit, nonsense, nonsmoking, nonstop, non-recycling un- 不；表示相反的动作：‎ unable, unexpected, unfortunate, unusual, unfair, unforgettable, unnecessary co- 和……一起，共同：‎ cooperate, co-discover, co-renter, co-worker en- 使处于……状态，使具有……特性；围住：‎ enable, encourage, enjoy, endanger, enlarge, enrich, ensure extra- 在……之外，超出；非常，格外：‎ extraordinary, extra-large, extra-strong inter- 在……之间，相互：‎ interrupt, interview, interaction, international, Internet, interval micro- 极小的，微小的：‎ microbiology, microphone, microscope, microwave mini- (同类中) 特小的，微型的：‎ minibus, minicomputer, miniskirt multi- 多于一的，多的：‎ multimedia, multinational, multitask pre- 在……之前，预先：‎ predict, prejudice, prepaid, preview re- 再，重新：‎ remind, remove, replace, return, review, react, reaction tele- 远 (距离) 的；电视的；使用电话的：‎ telephone, telescope, television, telesales trans- 横穿，横贯；表示变化：‎ transform, translate, transport, transportation, transplant 附赠-‎ ‎16个传统文化考点素材 ‎1‎ 一. 长城（The Great Wall）‎ The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.‎ 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。‎ ‎2‎ 二. 饺子（Dumplings）‎ Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them.‎ ‎ With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.‎ 饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。‎ ‎3‎ 三. 筷子（Chinese Chopsticks）‎ The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking,‎ ‎ tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.‎ 中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。‎ ‎4‎ 四. 中国功夫（Chinese kung fu）‎ Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).‎ ‎ Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.‎ 中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。‎ ‎5‎ 五. 汉字（Chinese characters）‎ Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system,‎ ‎ which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).‎ 汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。‎ ‎6‎ 六. 秧歌舞（Yangko）‎ Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear ‎ the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.‎ 秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。‎ ‎7‎ 七. 针灸（Acupuncture）‎ Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and ‎ relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”‎ 针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。‎ ‎8‎ 八. 中国龙（Chinese Dragon）‎ Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.‎ 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。‎ ‎9‎ 九. 中国印章（Chinese Seal）‎ A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.‎ 印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。‎ ‎10‎ 十. 京剧（Chinese Beijing Opera）‎ Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).‎ 京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。‎ ‎11‎ 十一. 中国成语（Chinese Idioms）‎ Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.‎ 中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。‎ ‎12‎ 十二. 丝绸（Silk）‎ China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as ‎ the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.‎ 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。‎ ‎13‎ 十三. 中国园林 ‎（Chinese Classical Garden）‎ The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which ‎ systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.‎ 中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。‎ ‎14‎ 十四. 文房四宝 ‎（The Four Treasures of the Study）‎ The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint ‎ since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.‎ 笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。‎ ‎15‎ 十五. 中国印章（Chinese Seal）‎ A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.‎ 印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。‎ ‎16‎ 十六. 天干地支（Chinese Era）‎ The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.‎ 天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。‎