【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题说明文类型模拟试题10篇训练之七（18页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题说明文类型模拟试题10篇训练之七（18页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题说明文类型模拟试题10篇训练之七 ‎[一]‎ You're sitting on the train home and the person opposite you yawns (打哈欠). Suddenly, you're yawning with him，though you're not tired.‎ This phenomenon confused scientists for years until a recent study found that people tend to sympathize with fellow humans. Supporting this claim was the discovery that those children who were unable to form normal emotional ties with others did not experience contagious (有感染力的) yawning，which showed that humans communicate regularly without words.‎ Hugo Critchley，a neuroscientist, has conducted an experiment recently, which will prove that happiness and sadness can spread like the common cold. According to Critchley，our mind and body are in constant exchange about how we're feeling."Emotions are closely linked with states of internal(内部的) responses，" he explained. "There are also more visible changes in our gestures and facial expressions. When we're in a group，these signals can spread to another person. For example，there's the obvious tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise, anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure."‎ Hugo Critchley further explained，"Our bodies synchronise and when we like the other person，we even copy his behavior. Next time you chat with a friend, take note of how you're sitting-it's pretty likely that you will be the same. Scientists believe it's our way of telling each other that we're partners. Through body ‎ language, humans give each other very subtle(微妙的) but clear signals that show emotions."‎ So，what lessons can we learn from this? "Spend time with happy people-otherwise your health could suffer，" said Critchley. "When we're sad, our body goes into fight or flight mode. But when we're happy，our body works normally and we feel relaxed and positive. So we look bright，our skin glows，we feel healthy and it affects everyone around us."‎ ‎5. According to Hugo Critchley，________.‎ A. emotions are as visible as facial expressions B. we yawn more frequently when we have a cold C. emotions are connected with states of internal responses D. the change of blood pressure is not linked with the change of emotions ‎[解析]细节判断题。从第三段"Emotions are closely linked with states of internal responses"可以看出C项是正确。从第三段"There are also more visible changes in our gestures and facial expressions."可知A项不对。从第三段最后一句话可见D项错误。[答案]C ‎6. The underlined word "synchronise" in Paragraph 4 means"________"．‎ A. move slowly B. change rapidly C. relax temporarily D. respond accordingly ‎[解析]词义猜测题。由synchronise后的"...when we like the other person，we even copy ‎ his behavior."可以看出答案：当我们喜欢对方时，我们就模仿他的行为。[答案]D ‎7. From the passage we can learn________.‎ A. sadness is as contagious as happiness B. anger is less contagious than friendliness C. surprise is more contagious than smile D. surprise is the most contagious among emotions ‎[解析]推理判断题。这四个选项是考查学生对第三段最后一句话的理解"For example，there's the obvious tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise，anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure."当人们对我们微笑时，我们显然有微笑的倾向；那些反映惊奇、生气或悲伤的情绪却不太容易受影响而变化。[答案]B ‎8. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?‎ A. Emotions have delicate influence on fellow humans.‎ B. Children like copying the actions of fellow humans.‎ C. Scientists are still confused about contagious yawning.‎ D. People tend to communicate more with body language.‎ ‎[解析]判断正误题。整篇文章都在论述情绪会对同伴有微妙的影响：第一段举例说明，第二段和第三段用理论说明，第四段讲我们喜欢一个人就会模仿他，因此A项正确。[答案]A ‎[二]‎ Having a husband means an extra seven hours of housework each week for women, according to a new study. For men, getting married saves an hour of housework a week. "It's a wellknown_pattern，" said lead researcher Frank Stafford ‎ at University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research. "Men usually work more outside the home, while women take on more of the housework."‎ He points out that differences among households (家庭) exist.But in general, marriage means more housework for women and less for men. "And the situation gets worse for women when they have children. "Stafford said.‎ Overall，times are changing in the American home. In 1976，women busied themselves with 26 weekly hours of sweepinganddusting work, compared with 17 hours in 2005. Men are taking on more housework, more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005.‎ Single women in their 20s and 30s did the least housework, about 12 weekly hours，while married women in their 60s and 70s did the most-about 21 hours a week.‎ Men showed a somewhat different pattern ，with older men picking up the broom more often than younger men. Single men worked the hardest around the house, more than that of all other age groups of married men.‎ Having children increases housework even further. With more than three children, for example, wives took on more of the extra work，clocking about 28 hours a week compared with husbands' 10 hours.‎ ‎[语篇解读]过去，对于女人来说，结婚意味着每周多做7个小时的家务；对于男人来说，结婚意味着每周少做1小时的家务。而如今，情况却发生了变化。‎ ‎1．According to the"wellknown pattern"in Paragraph 1, a married man________.‎ A. takes on heavier work B. does more housework C. is the main breadwinner D. is the master of the house ‎[解析]猜测词义题。第一段最后一句告诉我们：男人通常在外挣钱养家，而女人则更多负责家务。[答案]C ‎2．How many hours of housework did men do every week in the 1970s?‎ A. About 28. B. About 26.‎ C. About 13. D. About 6.‎ ‎[解析]事实细节题。第三段最后一句告诉我们：男人在20世纪70年代每周做家务6小时。[答案]D ‎3．What kind of man is doing most housework according to the text?‎ A. An unmarried man.‎ B. An older married man.‎ C. A younger married man.‎ D. A married man with children.‎ ‎[解析]事实细节题。第五段最后一句告诉我们：单身男子做家务最多。[答案]A ‎4．What can we conclude from Stafford's research?‎ A. Marriage gives men more freedom.‎ B. Marriage has effects on job choices.‎ C. Housework sharing changes over time.‎ D. Having children means doubled housework.‎ ‎[解析]主旨大意题。本文主要告诉我们：男女分担家务随着时间的推移发生了变化。[答案]C ‎[三]‎ Celebrity(名人) has become one of the most important representatives of popular culture. Fans used to be crazy about specific film，but now the public tends to base its consumption (消费)on the interest of celebrity attached to any given product. Besides，fashion magazines have almost abandoned the practice of putting models on the cover because they don't sell nearly as well as famous faces. As a result.celebrities have realized their unbelievably powerful market potential, moving from advertising for others'products to developing their own.‎ Celebrity clothing lines aren't a completely new phenomenon，but in the past they were typically aimed at the ordinary consumers，and limited to a few TV actresses. Today they're started by firstclass stars whose products enjoy equal fame with some world top brands. The most successful startups have been those by celebrities with specific personal style. As celebrities become more and more experienced at the market，they expand their production scale rapidly, covering almost all the products of daily life.‎ However，for every success story, there's a related warning tale of a celebrity who overvalued his consumer appeal. No matter how famous the product's origin is, if it fails to impress consumers with its own qualities it begins to resemble an exercise in selfpromotional marketing. And once the initial (最初的) attention dies down, consumer interest might fade, loyalty (忠诚) returning to triedandtrue labels.‎ Today, celebrities face even more severe embarrassment. The popcultural circle might be bigger than ever, but its rate of turnover has speeded up as well. ‎ Each_misstep_threatens_to_reduce_a_celebrity's_shelf_life,_and the same newspaper or magazine that once brought him fame has no problem picking him to pieces when the opportunity appears. Still，the ego's (自我的)potential for expansion is limitless. Having already achieved great wealth and public recognition，many celebrities see fashion as the next frontier to be conquered. As the saying goes, success and failure always go hand in hand. Their success as designers might last only a short time, but fashionlike celebrityhas always been temporary.‎ ‎5. Fashion magazines today________.‎ A. seldom put models on the cover B. no longer put models on the cover C. need not worry about celebrities'market potential D. judge the market potential of every celebrity correctly ‎[解析]细节理解题。由第一段"fashion magazines have almost abandoned the practice of putting models on the cover"可知答案。[答案]A ‎6. A change in the consumer market can be found today that________.‎ A. price rather than brand name is more concerned B. producers prefer models to celebrities for advertisements C. producers prefer TV actresses to film stars for advertisements D. quality rather than the outside of products is more concerned ‎[解析]　推理判断题。文章第三段论述名人如果高估了自己的形象价值而忽视了质量问题，人们还是最终会失去兴趣而信任质量过硬的品牌。[答案]D ‎7. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 indicates that any wrong step will possibly________.‎ A. decrease the popularity of a celebrity and the sales of his products B. damage the image of a celebrity in the eyes of the general public C. cut short the artistic career of a celebrity in show business D. influence the price of a celebrity's products ‎[解析]推理判断题。联系此句上下文：流行文化圈越来越大，但失败的风险也会越来越大，依靠名人效应的品牌一旦失足，影响的不只是名人自己的形象还有企业的效益。A项最全面，其他选项片面或偏离中心。[答案]A ‎8. The passage is mainly about________.‎ A. celebrity and personal style B. celebrity and market potential C. celebrity and fashion design D. celebrity and clothing industry ‎[解析]　主旨大意题。通过对文章的分析可以看出，文章讲的是名人和市场潜能的关系，而不是和个人风格、流行设计、服装工业的关系。[答案]B ‎[四]‎ Imagining being asked to spend twelve or so years of your life in a society which consisted only of members of own sex. How would you react? Unless there was something definitely wrong with you, you wouldn’t be too happy about it, to say the least. It is all the more surprising therefore that so many parents in the world choose to impose such abnormal conditions on their children – conditions which they themselves wouldn’t put up with for one minute!‎ Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education. Stuffing children’s heads full of knowledge is far from being foremost among them. One of the chief aims of educations is to equip future citizens with all they require to take their place in adult society. Now adult society is made up of men and women, so how can a segregated school possibly offer the right sort of preparation for it? Anyone entering adult society after years of segregation can only be in for a shock.‎ A co-educational school offers children nothing less than a true version of society in miniature. Boys and girls are given the opportunity to get to know each other, to learn to live together from their earliest years. They are put in a position where they can compare themselves with each other ‎ in terms of academic ability, athletic achievement and many of the extra-curricular activities which are part of school life. What a practical advantage it is ( to give just a small example ) to be able to put on a school play in which the male parts will be taken by boys and the female parts by girls! What nonsense co-education makes of the argument that boys are cleverer than girl or vice-versa. When segregated, boys and girls are made to feel that they are a race apart. Rivalry between the sexes is fostered. In a coeducational school, everything falls into its proper place.‎ But perhaps the greatest contribution of co-education is the healthy attitude to life it encourages. Boys don’t grow up believing that women are mysterious creatures – airy goddesses, more like book-illustrations to a fairy-tale, than human beings. Girls don’t grow up imagining that men are romantic heroes. Years of living together at school dispel illusions of this kind. There are no goddesses with freckles, pigtails, piercing voices and inky fingers. There are no romantic heroes with knobbly knees, dirty fingernails and unkempt hair. The awkward stage of adolescence brings into sharp focus some of the physical and emotional problems involved in growing up. These can better be overcome in a co-educational environment. Segregated schools sometimes provide the right conditions for sexual deviation. This is hardly possible under a co-educational system. When the time comes for the pupils to leave school, they are fully prepared to enter society as well-adjusted adults. They have already had years of experience in coping with many of the problems that face men and women.‎ ‎1.What is the best title for this passage?‎ ‎[A] only co-education can be in harmony with society.‎ ‎[B]people are in great need of co-education.‎ ‎[C] any form of education other than co-education is simply unthinkable.‎ ‎[D] co-education has many features.‎ ‎2.what does co-education offer to children?‎ ‎[A] A society.‎ ‎[B]A true small model of society.‎ ‎[C] A real life.‎ ‎[D] True version of social condition.‎ ‎3.According to the passage, what is one of the chief aims of education?‎ ‎[A] It is for students to acquire knowledge.‎ ‎[B]It is to equip future citizens with scientific technology.‎ ‎[C] It is to equip future citizens with what is required in getting a position in society.‎ ‎[D] It is for students to get academic achievements.‎ ‎4.Why do boys and girls in co-education have no illusion about each other?‎ ‎[A] They live together and know each other too well.‎ ‎[B]Years of living together at school dismiss such illusion.‎ ‎[C] co-education encourage them to have an healthy attitude toward life.‎ ‎[D] They are familiar with each other’s problems.‎ 文章论及“男女合校制的优越性和男女分校制的缺陷。”‎ 采用因果、对比写法。首先假设单一性别社会，人所不能容忍，那单一性别的学校培养的人又怎能适应社会。因为社会是男女组成的。然后分别对比合校和分校的优缺点。比较合校的优点，分校的缺点，最后得出结论：之后合校的学生，在离校进入社会，已做好一切准备，而不会感到震惊，因为他们已有好几年的经验，会处理面临男女的许多问题。‎ ‎1.C 除了男女合校，其他形式的教育简直难以想象。答案见第一段“设想请你在一个只有你一样性别的人存在的社会生活12年光景，你会如何反应呢？除非你本人确实有毛病，否则，你至少不会太高兴。因此，世界上有那么多的父母愿意把这种不正常的环境（他们自己一分钟都受不了的环境）强加给他们的孩子们，这太令人惊讶！”第二段讲“教育的目的之一就是为未来的公民在成人社会中找一席之地，准备好需要的一切。而社会由男女组成，那分校又怎能准备？”后两段讲合校之优点，分校之缺点，具体对比突出主题。这都说明C 最合适。‎ ‎2.B 一个真实社会的缩影。这在第三段第一句“男女合校确实能给孩子们提供一个社会真实的缩影。”下面的内容都是围绕这个主题而写的具体情况。如：生活在一起，彼此了解，对比等。A. 社会。C. 一种真实的生活。D. 真实的社会情况。都没有B项那样确切。‎ ‎3.C 为未来公民在社会上拥有一席之地，准备好所需要的一切。这在第二段“这个话题的讨论必然会引出教育目的的问题。把各种知识塞进孩子头脑远不是教育主要的目的，教育的主要目的之一是为未来公民在成人社会求得一席之地，准备好所需一切。”A. 学生学到只是。B. 以科技武装未来公民。C.为学生缺德学术成就。都只是知识学习的一个部分。‎ ‎4.B 几年学校共同生活打消了幻想。答案在第四段中,“在学校中，几年生活在一起消除这一类的幻想。没有什么脸上有雀斑，梳着鞭子，涂着指甲，尖的噪音的女神，也没有膝部有疙瘩，指甲脏兮兮，头发乱蓬蓬的浪漫英雄。棘手的青春期明显呈现出来的成长过程中身体上和感情上的问题，在男女合校环境中得到很好的解决。”‎ 这是一篇论及“博士生辍学”的文章。采用对比和因果手法。文章一开始就提出教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学达50％的问题。而调查报告证明，只有31％。辍学造成不良后果，有人建议中途退学者回炉再念博士学位学业。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。‎ ‎[五]‎ Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television? How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the goggle box. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do – anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the programme. The monster demands and obtains absolute silence and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced.‎ Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost. The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living-room and turning on the set. It doesn’t matter that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence – so long as they are quiet.‎ There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television ‎ consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programmes are so bad: it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programmes, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in preliterate communities. We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication: pictures and the spoken word.‎ Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. We get so lazy, we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be s splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic tyranny of King Telly.‎ ‎1.What is the biggest harm of TV?‎ ‎[A] It deprives people of communication with the real world. [B]People become lazy.‎ ‎[C] People become dependent on second-hand experience.‎ ‎[D] TV consumes a large part of one’s life.‎ ‎2.In what way can people forget TV?‎ ‎[A] Far away from civilization. [B]To a mountain.‎ ‎[C] By the sea. [D] In quiet natural surroundings.‎ ‎3.What does a mother usually do to keep her children quiet?‎ ‎[A] Let them watch the set. [B]Put them in the living room.‎ ‎[C] Let them watch the rubbish. [D] Let them alone.‎ ‎4.What does the first sentence in the first paragraph mean?‎ ‎[A] We found it difficult to occupy our spare time. [B]We become addicted to TV.‎ ‎[C] What we used to do is different from now [D] We used to enjoy civilized pleasures.‎ 这是一篇论说“电视有害”的文章。采用对比分析手法。先提出问题，对比过去和现在“过去在业余时间，我们享受文明的欢乐，有各种嗜好，招待朋友，访友，外出娱乐，在家读书听音乐……现在一切受电视支配。匆忙赶回家，狼吞虎咽地吃完饭为的是准时看某个电视节目。只要不干扰节目，吃什么都可以！一块三明治，一杯啤酒就行。看时，谁都不许说话，完全没有了过去的那种悠闲，坐在一起吃晚饭，相互交谈白天的一切。”‎ ‎1.A 它剥夺了人们和真实世界的联系。文章多次提到现在我们不能探亲访友，一家人互不交流，而一旦离开电视就进入了真是世界。‎ ‎2.D 在安宁的大自然的怀抱中。答案在最后一段最后一句“在安详宁静的大自然环境中，我们很快发现我们对催眠的电视暴君连想都不怎么想！”‎ ‎3.A 叫他们看电视。这在第二段第三句起“电视是一个万能安静器。母亲为使孩子们安静，就把他们放在起居室内，打开电视看。这是现在最权威的一招。至于孩子们看的使垃圾般的商业广告，还是施淫虐或暴力片都无关紧要，只要他们安静不闹。”‎ ‎4.B 我们都成了电视迷。第一句“是的，可是没有电视之前，我们常干些什么？”这说明人们已经习惯于电视，以来电视，到了没有电视怎么办的境地。不知道没有电视前的情况。第二段“整个几代人越来越迷上了电视，饭不吃，家务不干，不睡觉。”‎ 可以说整篇文章都描写了人们对电视迷恋，依赖。第一句话是引言。所以B对。‎ ‎[六]‎ If you smoke and you still don’t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain for instance, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death.‎ You don’t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivable, be harmful, it doesn’t do to shout too loudly about it.‎ This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.‎ Of course, we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you’d think they’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisement always depict virile, clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!‎ For a start, governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning – say, a picture of a death’s head – should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals, we are certainly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously, they could protect us from ourselves.‎ ‎1.Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking?‎ ‎[A] because they are afraid of people. [B]Because diseases cost a lot.‎ ‎[C] Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue.‎ ‎[D] Because they are afraid of manufacturers.‎ ‎2.The tone of this passage is ‎[A] critical. [B]ironical. [C] distaste. [D] amusing.‎ ‎3.What does the sentence “because you are in good company” mean?‎ ‎[A] you are backed by the government. [B]You are not alone.‎ ‎[C] You have good colleagues. [D] Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.‎ ‎4.What is the best title of this passage?‎ ‎[A] World Governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.‎ ‎[B]World governments take timid measures against smoking.‎ ‎[C] smoking is the most important source of income to many countries.‎ ‎[D] tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research.‎ 这是一篇“要求政府禁烟”的论说文，采用因果对比手法。先以讽刺口吻指出政府对禁烟的态度――软弱无力。然后点明软弱的原因――大量税收。再以抽烟大严重后果，机器所花去的钱说明得不偿失。而烟草工业广告泛滥，毒化人们。从而提出政府应从禁止烟广告作起。‎ ‎1.C 因为他们害怕收入减少。答案见第二段。“你不用看得很远就能发现为什么官方对医学成果的反应如此冷淡，答案就是钱。烟草是征税的最奇妙的商品，几乎就像日用面包的税收。光烟草税收一项，英国政府就从抽烟人身上征到足以支付整个教育措施的费用。所以在当局那么谨慎地指出吸烟有害时，可以想象，喊叫得太响时不行的。”‎ ‎2.B 讽刺语气。特别表现在第一段、第四段。‎ ‎3.D 政府对吸烟的恶果也是视而不见。A.政府支持。太明朗化。B.你不是单独一人。和C.你有好同事，都是似是而非的答案。‎ ‎4.A 世界各国政府应该开展眼里的禁烟运动。‎ ‎[七]‎ President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, education reforms, and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.‎ The most liberal wing of the President’s party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an incomes policy to check inflation while federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs.‎ The Republicans, however, decry even the modest, graduated tax increases in the President’s program. They want tax cuts and more open market. They say if federal money has to be injected into the economy, let it through defence spending.‎ Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances, then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this, no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keep it profitable for long. Without the profits and experience of technological excellence to reinvest, that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors.‎ So the crux is the technology and that is where the President’s program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed, it is that the ideologues of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economic restructuring plan should be ‎ passed intact. If we fail to restructure our economy now, we may not get a second chance.‎ ‎1.The focus of the President’s program is on ‎[A] investment.[B]economy.[C] technology.[D] tax.‎ ‎2.What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party?‎ ‎[A] They want a more direct action.[B]They want an incomes policy to check inflation.‎ ‎[C] They want to rebuild industry.[D] They want a wall of protective tariffs.‎ ‎3. What is the editor’s attitude?‎ ‎[A] support. [B]distaste.[C] Disapproval. [D] Compromise.‎ ‎4.The danger to the plan lies in________.‎ ‎[A] the two parties’ objection.[B]different idea of the two parties about the plan.‎ ‎[C] its passage.[D] distortion.‎ ‎5.The passage is_________.‎ ‎[A] a review.[B]a preface.[C] a advertisement.[D] an editorial.‎ 这是一则有关总统向国会提交的经济计划评论。作者采用对比手法来突出其计划之正确性。‎ ‎1.C 工艺技术。最后一段第一句“问题的症结就在于工艺技术，这就是总统计划的要点所在。”第四段：“对掌握新技术的人来说，新技术使他们大大增产，而新技术对不能掌握它的人来说，在世界经济中他们面临沦为永久性的二等公民的危险。如果不能做到这一点，那么任何政府保护主义，进入国际市场都不能有效地竞争。如果不能有技术优势的利润和经验再投资，工业只能进一步落后于国外竞争对手。”这些都说明总统计划的重点再工艺技术。‎ ‎2.A 更直接行动。第二段“总统的党内几段自由翼要求更强硬、更直接行动。他们要求用收入（税收）政策来制止通货膨胀；联邦财政在关税保护下，帮助重建工业。”‎ ‎3.A支持。第四、五段集中了评论者的观点，支持的理由和论点。‎ ‎4.D歪曲。最后一段第二句：“其危险不在于计划将不被通过，而在于左和右的思想理论家们用修正案来歪曲提案，使计划要点蒙尘模糊不清，经济重建计划应原封不动地通过。”这是作者的态度，也是他所担心之处。‎ ‎5.D 社论。A.评论。社论也是评论的一种，但它是报纸主编所撰，常常是有关国内外大事评论。B.前言。C.广告。‎ ‎[八]‎ In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.‎ The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into ‎ violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.‎ Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. ‘Talk, talk, talk,’ the advocates of violence say, ‘all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.’ It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. ‘Possible, my lord,’ the barrister replied, ‘none the wiser, but surely far better informed.’ Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.‎ ‎1.What is the best title for this passage?‎ ‎[A] Advocating Violence.‎ ‎[B]Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.‎ ‎[C] Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.‎ ‎[D] The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.‎ ‎2.Recorded history has taught us ‎[A] violence never solves anything.‎ ‎[B]nothing.‎ ‎[C] the bloodshed means nothing.‎ ‎[D] everything.‎ ‎3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men ‎[A] can’t get a hearing.‎ ‎[B]are looked down upon.‎ ‎[C] are persecuted.‎ ‎[D] Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.‎ ‎4.“He was none the wiser” means ‎ ‎[A] he was not at all wise in listening.‎ ‎[B]He was not at all wiser than nothing before.‎ ‎[C] He gains nothing after listening.‎ ‎[D] He makes no sense of the argument.‎ ‎5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is ‎ ‎[A] law enforcement.[B]knowledge.‎ ‎[C] nonviolence.[D] Mopping up the violent mess.‎ 作者主要以对比的手法写出了暴力是有些国家用以解决种族差异的公认方法，这是人本性没有进步的表现，真正理智的人提出了法制才是解决问题的唯一途径，而这些人遭人轻视、迫害。作者指出如果我们把使用暴力的一半精力放在消除贫民窟，改善生活水平，提供教育和就业，清除暴力造成的后果，也就是通过对它以法治理是能真正解决种族问题的。尽管这些暴力者采取充耳不闻的态度。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.B 暴力难以消除种族偏见。文章一开始就提出有些国家种族偏见严重，而暴力却是公认的一种解决方法。白人采用暴力镇压，黑人以防火、掠抢为反抗。而双方的大人物平静地论及暴力，似乎这是一种合法的解决方案。作者就此指出人类的进步只在于表面――衣饰等，人类的本能没有改变。整个有记录历史的文件没有教会人类任何东西。这是真正令人可怕的事件。‎ ‎2.B没有什么。第一段中就明确提出整个人类有记录历史又长又臭的暴力文件记录，一点都没有教给我们任何东西。‎ ‎3.D在鼓吹法制方面有困难。答案在第二段，真正有理智的人鼓吹法制，遭到同类们的轻视、不信任和迫害。他们发现要人倾听他们的意见越来越困难。‎ ‎4.C听后无所得。None the wiser一点也不比以前聪明（这是按字面翻译）。实际就是C项。‎ ‎5.A法制。第二段最后一句，如果我们在法律的构架中进行工作，真正的持久的解决总是能实现的。第二段第二句，他们遭到迫害是因为他们鼓吹法制这种显然令人不能容忍的事。‎ ‎[九]‎ It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite，it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.‎ I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers' opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we're often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down. Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work.‎ Different from popular belief, we do not usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas (known as "mentalese" ) , and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language.But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form of a complex tapestry (织锦), writing can only be composed one thread at a time. Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produce new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.‎ When people write as if some strict critics (批评家) are looking over their shoulder, they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Pierre Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem. When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it, as wonderful and worth putting down. It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.‎ ‎[语篇解读]　作者感到奇怪的是，很多著名的作家不喜欢看自己写的作品。分析原因，其中之一便是，写的时候，头脑里面的构思非常不错，可是一旦写出来以后，却往往发现与本意有很大的不同。‎ ‎5．What do we learn from the text about those famous writers?‎ A. They often regret writing poor works.‎ B. Some of them write surprisingly much.‎ C. Many of them hate reading their own works.‎ D. They are happy to review the publishers' opinions.‎ ‎[解析]细节理解题。由第二段第一句话可知答案为C。[答案]C ‎6．What do people generally believe about the way human minds work?‎ A. People think in words and sentences.‎ B. Human ideas are translated into symbols.‎ C. People think by connecting threads of ideas.‎ D. Human thoughts are expressed through pictures.‎ ‎[解析]细节理解题。由第三段第一句话可知答案为A。[答案]A ‎7．What can we conclude from the text?‎ A. Most people believe we think in symbols.‎ B. Loving our own writing is scientifically reasonable.‎ C. The writers and critics can never reach an agreement.‎ D. Thinking and writing are different stages of mind at work.‎ ‎[解析]推理判断题。综观全文可知，思考和写作是大脑工作的不同阶段。[答案]D ‎[十]‎ Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions-mistaken ideas.‎ One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one's own culture's way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It's ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it's necessary to study the different elements (组成部分) of culture：language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.‎ Language A knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. First, people can communicate directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communication with someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better.‎ Values and Attitudes Values are people's basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is a way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. For example，many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it.‎ Customs and Manners Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is the custom to have salad (色拉) before the main course at dinner, not after. It's not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn't sell well because the French don't usually drink juice with breakfast.‎ ‎[语篇解读]成功的国际商人之所以能取得成功，一个重要原因是他们能够理解不同的民族文化，并能够根据不同的文化而改变自己的行为。针对如何避免每个人心中由来已久的"民族优越感"，文章就态度和价值观及风俗习惯等几方面提出了建议。‎ ‎1．A knowledge of the local language allows international business people________.‎ A. to be more open with their customers B. to communicate without outside help C. to express their thoughts indirectly D. to have a better idea of their own culture ‎[解析]事实细节题。由第三段中的First，people can communicate directly.可知本题选B。[答案]B ‎2．The act of many people buying chocolate of Switzerland shows the role of________.‎ A. manners B. values C. attitudes D. customs ‎[解析]推理判断题。由Values and Attitudes这一部分An attitude is a way of thinking or acting.可知答案为C。[答案]C ‎3．What would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Misconceptions in Business B. Basic Beliefs in Business C. International Business Culture D. Successful International Business ‎[解析]主旨大意题。第二段是文章的主题段，由本段可知本题选C。[答案]C ‎4．The author's purpose of writing this article is to tell people________.‎ A. how to take a right attitude in business B. how to avoid misunderstandings in business C. how to use a local language in business D. how to act politely and properly in business ‎[解析]推理判断题。由第二段可知作者的写作意图是针对如何避免每个人心中由来已久的"民族优越感"提出建议，故本题选B。[答案]B