2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何解决推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何解决推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何解决推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种形式：推断隐含意义，推断目的意图，推断文章出处或读者对象，推断观点态度。‎ ‎(一)明考纲，懂考查方式和考查角度 ‎[考纲解读]‎ ‎(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。‎ ‎(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。‎ ‎(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。‎ ‎[考查特点]‎ Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式 ‎(1)We can infer from the (first .../last) passage that ________．‎ ‎(2)The passage/author implies/suggests that ______．‎ ‎(3)It can be concluded from the passage that ______．‎ ‎(4)The main purpose of the passage is ________．‎ ‎(5)Where does this passage probably come from?‎ ‎(6)What's the author's attitude towards ...?‎ ‎(7)The writer developed the passage/his main idea by ________．‎ ‎(8)The first .../last paragraph serves as a(n) ________．‎ Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度 ‎(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。‎ ‎(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象。‎ ‎(二)推理判断题正确选项特征 推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：‎ ‎1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。‎ ‎2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, probably等。‎ ‎(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征 ‎1．曲解文意：‎ 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。‎ ‎2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。‎ ‎3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。‎ ‎4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。‎ ‎5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。‎ ‎6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。‎ 推断隐含意义——逻辑分析得结论 推断隐含意义题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出合情合理的判断和推论，即考生不仅需要读懂原文， 而且还要理解作者的弦外之音。其涉及的内容可能是文中某一句或某几句话，但做题的指导思想都要以文中提供的信息为依据。‎ 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：‎ ‎◆It can be inferred from the text that ________．‎ ‎◆It can be concluded from the passage that ________．‎ ‎◆The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________．‎ ‎◆What can we infer about ...?‎ ‎◆Which of the following statements does the passage support?‎ ‎◆What does the ... paragraph imply?‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B节选)‎ Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.‎ ‎26．We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to ________.‎ A．help students see their own strengths B．assess students' public speaking skills C．prepare students for their future jobs D．inspire students' love for politics ‎[解题示范]‎ 细研题干 定题型 由题干可知本题是对文章推断隐含意义的考查。‎ 甄别选项 定答案 细研干 扰项 B项与原文不符，颠倒是非，“评估学生的公开演讲技巧”不是其目的。‎ C项，曲解文意，这个项目虽然借助了“总统竞选”的形式，但是并没有涉及“使学生为他们将来的工作作准备”。‎ 断定 答案 D项曲解文意，文章没有提到“激发学生对政治的热爱”。‎ Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，他还希望学生学会自夸。故选择A项。‎ ‎[技法点津]‎ 第一步　确定题干中的关键信息 第二步　在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围，立足原文，再结合语境和生活常识进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。‎ 写作意图类——文体特点看意图 通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。‎ 关于整篇文章的写作意图的常见设问方式有：‎ ‎◆What is the main purpose of the text?‎ ‎◆What is the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ ‎◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage?‎ ‎◆For what purpose did the author write the passage?‎ ‎◆The writer writes this passage in order to________．‎ ‎[例]　(2018·6月浙江高考阅读A)‎ In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century — most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 — but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steampowered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.‎ In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an ‎ explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon (名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.‎ How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them.It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress.But it's also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.‎ ‎23．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To remember a great writer.‎ B．To introduce an English novel.‎ C．To encourage studies on culture.‎ D．To promote values of the Victorian age.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 细研题干定题型 由题干可知本题是对文章写作意图推断的考查。‎ 甄别选项 定答案 细研 干扰项 B项以偏概全，借小说Robinson Crusoe主要目的是为了介绍狄更斯。‎ C项张冠李戴，混淆了作者主要目的是纪念狄更斯的主旨。‎ D项以偏概全，文章不是主要“宣扬维多利亚时代的价值观”。‎ 断定 答案 根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。故选择A项。‎ ‎ [技法点津]‎ 写作意图通常有以下三种：‎ ‎(1)to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。‎ ‎(2)to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。‎ ‎(3)to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe ...‎ ‎ 多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。‎ 观点态度类——依据措辞定态度 高考对观点态度类的设题越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加，考查作者对文中人、事、物或内容的观点或态度的题量较多。对考生对文章的主旨大意和细节的理解提出了更高的要求，考生要利用多种阅读理解的技巧来仔细确定题干的关键信息，借此定位文中的原句并准确推断出答案。‎ 近几年高考真题中常见的设题形式有：‎ ‎◆How does the author feel about ...?‎ ‎◆What does the author think of ...?‎ ‎◆What is the author's opinion on/about ...?‎ ‎◆What is the author's attitude towards/to ...?‎ ‎◆How does the author sound in ... paragraph?‎ ‎◆How does the author sound when telling the story?‎ ‎◆The author thinks ... is ________．‎ ‎◆The author's attitude towards ... can be described as________．‎ ‎[例]　(2019·北京高考阅读C节选)‎ The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know.By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams (欺诈)．We are finally waking up to ‎ the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.Unfortunately, it's too little, too late.By the time these “solutions (解决方案)” become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.In the near future, it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt.Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.‎ ‎38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?‎ A．Panicked. B．Confused.‎ C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 细研题干定题型 由题干可知本题是对文章观点态度推断的考查。‎ 甄别选项定答案 细研干扰项 A项推己及人，脱离原文而进行主观臆断。‎ B项推己及人，用自己的观点代替作者的观点 ‎ C项推己及人，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。‎ 断定 答案 ‎“这些‘解决方案’被广泛使用时，诈骗者们就会有更‘高明’的手段”‎ 可推知，作者对骚扰电话的解决方案不乐观，感到失望(disappointed)。panicked惊慌的；confused迷惑的；embarrassed尴尬的。故选择D项。‎ ‎[技法点津]‎ ‎1．注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。‎ ‎(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。‎ ‎(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。‎ ‎(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。‎ ‎2．牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：‎ ‎(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。‎ ‎(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。‎ ‎(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。‎ 文章出处或读者对象类——语言特色推出处或读者对象 文章来源题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者预定的读者对象是什么人。‎ 该类题型常见设问方式有：‎ ‎◆From which is the text probably taken?‎ ‎◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found?‎ ‎◆The passage is probably taken out of ________．‎ ‎◆Where would the passage most probably appear?‎ ‎◆The passage is probably intended for ________．‎ ‎◆The text is written mainly for ________．‎ ‎◆Who are the intended readers of the passage?‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private espaces.At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.‎ Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart ‎ keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the ‎ pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities，and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to — regardless of whether someone gets the password right.‎ ‎31．Where is this text most likely from?‎ A．A diary. B．A guidebook.‎ C．A novel. D．A magazine.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 细研题干 定题型 文章出处题。‎ 文章内容 本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。‎ 文章语气 根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device ...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，lowcost device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道。‎ 确定答案 本文是介绍“智能键盘”的科研报道，科研报道最有可能出现在杂志上。所以D项正确。 ‎ ‎[技法点津]‎ 从文章的内容或结构判断其出处：‎ ‎1．报纸：前面常会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；‎ ‎2．广告：格式特殊，容易辨认；‎ ‎3．产品说明：常含有操作方式、使用方法等；‎ ‎4．网页：常含有网页的典型用语，如：click等。‎ ‎[课堂应用体验]‎ A ‎(2019·大连高三一模)‎ Rich as a King William Ⅰ， who conquered England some 950 years ago, had wealth, power and an army. Yet although William was very rich by the standard of his time, he had nothing like a flush toilet (抽水马桶), paper towels, or a riding lawn mower (割草机). How did he get_by?‎ History books are filled with wealthy people who were poor compared to me. I have storm windows, Croesus did not. Entire nations trembled before Alexander the Great, but he couldn't buy cat food. Czar Nicholas lacked an electric saw. ‎ Given how much better off I am than so many famous dead people,‎ ‎ you'd think I'd be content. The trouble is that, like most people, I compare my wealth with that of living persons: neighbors, school classmates, famous TV people. The greed I feel toward my friend Howard's new kitchen is not reduced by the fact that no kings ever had a refrigerator with glass doors.‎ There is really no rising or falling standard of living. Over the centuries people simply find different things to feel sad about. You'd think that simply not having disease would put us in a good mood, but no, we want a hot bath too.‎ Of course, one way to achieve happiness would be to realize that even by today's standards the things I own are pretty nice. My house is smaller than the houses of many investment bankers, but even so it has a lot more rooms than my wife and I can keep clean.‎ Besides, to people looking back at our era from a century or two in the future, these bankers' fancy counter tops and my own worn Formica will seem equally shabby. I can't keep up with my neighbors right now. But just wait.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要通过同富有的古人对比启迪读者：生活没有必要攀比，要知足常乐。‎ ‎1．What does the underlined phrase “get by” in the first paragraph mean?‎ A．Succeed as a king. B．Deal with complaints.‎ C．Live in a satisfactory way. D．Get some extra money.‎ 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“Given how much better off I am than so many famous dead people, you'd think I'd be content.”，并结合对第一段第二句的理解可推知，没有现代这些便利的生活设备，富有的威廉一世如何才能生活得称心如意呢？由此可推知，画线短语表示“以一种令人满意的方式生活”，故选C。‎ ‎2．How many historical figures are mentioned to compare lives in the past and present?‎ A．3. B．4.‎ C．5. D．6.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据对第一段和第二段的理解可知，古今生活对比中作者列举了四个历史人物，他们分别是：William Ⅰ， Croesus, Alexander the Great和Czar Nicholas。‎ ‎3．According to the passage, the author intends to ________．‎ A．tell us to be content with life B．warn us to live in a simple way C．teach us to learn lessons from life D．encourage us to struggle for wealth 解析：选A　写作意图题。根据文章的标题Rich as a King，并结合对全文的整体理解可推知，作者通过古今生活对比，告诉我们要知足常乐。‎ ‎4．What's the author's attitude towards life?‎ A．Doubtful. B．Optimistic.‎ C．Uncaring. D．Cautious.‎ 解析：选B　观点态度题。根据最后两段，尤其是最后一段最后两句“I can't keep up with my neighbors right now. But just wait.”可推知，作者对生活持乐观的态度。‎ B ‎(2019·安徽安庆二模)Spotify can tell if you're sad. Here's why that should scare you. Want to figure out if someone is a patient with a mental disability：Ask them what their favorite song is. A New York University study last year found that people who loved Eminem's Lose Yourself and Justin Bieber's What Do You Mean? were more likely to have trouble with mental disabilities than people who were into Dire Straits.‎ Over the past few years, Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs. They conclude this from the sort of music you're listening to, combined with where and when you're listening to it, along with thirdparty data that might be available.‎ Now, to be clear, there's nothing significantly illegal about what Spotify is doing with your information. I certainly don't think that they are working with shadowy consulting firms to serve you ads selling a culture struggle while you're listening to music that suggests you might be in a terrible situation. However, I find it disappointing that our ‎ personal, private moments with music are increasingly being turned into information points and offered to advertisers.‎ You can see where this could go, can't you? As ad targeting gets ever more accurate, businessmen will have the ability to target our feelings in potentially improper ways. According to one study, you are more likely to spend more on a product if you're feeling sad. You can imagine some companies might take advantage of that. And on that note, I'm feeling a little down about all this. Head off to treat myself to something expensive.‎ 语篇解读：音乐服务平台Spotify能通过用户所听歌曲的类型来判断用户的心情，进而将用户的信息提供给商人，帮助他们锁定消费者，促其消费，这种行为导致作者对其非常失望。‎ ‎5．What's the purpose of the first paragraph?‎ A．To introduce a new song.‎ B．To draw readers' attention.‎ C．To help more patients.‎ D．To promote a new medium.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。作者以令人感兴趣的话题引入，吸引读者注意力，进而在第二段中提出主题，由此可知，第一段的目的是引起读者的兴趣，故选B项。‎ ‎6．Why does Spotify improve its ability to analyze information?‎ A．To provide services for the government.‎ B．To work with shadowy consulting firms.‎ C．To get listeners' personal information.‎ D．To help businessmen attract consumers.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“... Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs.”可知，Spotify一直在提高其分析信息的能力，其目的是帮助商人吸引消费者，故选D项。‎ ‎7．What's the author's attitude toward Spotify?‎ A．Uncertain. B．Supportive.‎ C．Positive. D．Dissatisfied.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“However, I find it disappointing that ...”和最后一段中的“And on that note, I'm feeling a little down about all this.”可知，作者对Spotify很失望，故选D项。‎ ‎8．Who is the text probably designed for?‎ A．Music lovers. B．Officials.‎ C．Researchers. D．Managers.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“the sort of music you're listening to”和第三段中的“while you're listening to music”可知，本文主要针对音乐爱好者而写，故选A项。‎ C ‎(2019·黑龙江省大庆市第一次质量检测)Many of us love summer ‎ because it's the season when vegetables are in abundance. Fresh vegetables have almost all of the nutrients that our body requires.‎ Fresh cabbage is an excellent source of natural vitamin C. It also contains an adequate number of minerals. Sweet carrot is notably rich in antioxidants (抗氧化物), vitamins and dietary fiber. Onion is a rich source of chromium (铬), a mineral that helps cells respond appropriately to insulin (胰岛素) levels in the blood. As for me, tomato, juicy and delicious, is a wonderful gift to the world. Besides, it contains very good levels of vitamin A and vitamin C, and antioxidants, which are scientifically found to be protective against cancers.‎ Eat at least 5－7 servings of fresh vegetables every day. Seasonal vegetables should be encouraged. Whenever possible, go for organic farm vegetables to get maximum health benefits. Organic ones tend to be smaller but have rich flavor, possess some good concentration of vitamins and minerals and are loaded with numerous health benefiting antioxidants.‎ After shopping your choice of vegetables, the first thing you need to do is to wash them thoroughly, especially leafy green vegetables. Soak in salt water for a few minutes, and gently wash in cool water until you are satisfied with the cleanliness. This way you insure they are free from dirt sand and any chemical sprays. If you need to store them, then place inside plastic wrappings in order to preserve their nutrition for short ‎ periods until you use them. However, the best way is to use them early while fresh because, firstly, certain vegetables have very short period life and secondly, the heath benefiting qualities of a vegetable decline with time. ‎ 语篇解读：夏季的蔬菜不仅新鲜，而且营养丰富。本文介绍了卷心菜、胡萝卜及洋葱等蔬菜所包含的营养元素，当然，想要保持健康，除了了解蔬菜的营养成分之外，科学的饮食方法也十分重要。‎ ‎9．What does the author seem to like about tomatoes?‎ A．They contain chromium.‎ B．They are high in minerals.‎ C．They have a pleasant taste.‎ D．They can control insulin levels.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As for me, tomato, juicy and delicious, is a wonderful gift to the world.”可知，作者喜欢西红柿的美味。故选C项。‎ ‎10．Which of the followings is not the advantage of organic farm vegetables?‎ A．Having more vitamins and minerals.‎ B．Containing more antioxidants.‎ C．Having smaller size.‎ D．Being delicious.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Organic ones tend to be ‎ smaller but have rich flavor, possess some good concentration of vitamins and minerals and are loaded with numerous health benefiting antioxidants.”可知，有机蔬菜的优势是味美、富含维生素和矿物质及抗氧化物，大小不是其优势。故选C项。‎ ‎11．Which is the best choice about choosing vegetables?‎ A．Fresh and nutritious vegetables.‎ B．Delicious and bigger vegetables.‎ C．Juicy and smaller vegetables.‎ D．Seasonal and organic vegetables.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Seasonal vegetables should be encouraged. Whenever possible, go for organic farm vegetables ...”可知，选择蔬菜要重点考虑“应季”和“有机”这两个因素，故选D项。‎ ‎12．From which is the text probably taken?‎ A．A biology textbook.‎ B．A health magazine.‎ C．A research paper.‎ D．A travel brochure.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。本文开头说明夏季的蔬菜新鲜、富有营养且多种多样，接下来又介绍了富有营养的若干蔬菜及科学的食用方法，由此可知，本文的话题是健康饮食，所以文章应该选自“健康杂志”。故选B项。‎