【英语】2018届二轮复习：省略、倒装和强调学案（15页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习：省略、倒装和强调学案（15页）

‎2018届二轮复习 省略、倒装和强调 省略 为了使句子结构更加紧密或为了避免重复，而将前面或后面已经出现过的词语省略，或因习惯上的用法而省略部分词语，这样所形成的句子叫省略句。‎ 一. 简单句中的省略 ‎1. 省略主语 ‎ 在祈使句或某些习惯性的用法中常省略主语。如(You) Close the door at once.‎ ‎ (It) Sounds fine to me.‎ ‎2. 省略主语和谓语的一部分 ‎ 在表示建议的问句、比较状语从句、感叹句和there be句型中常省略。‎ ‎ 如What (do you think) about a cup of tea? He speaks English as well as you (do).‎ ‎ What a (good) girl (she is)! (Is there) anything elso to buy?‎ ‎3. 省略宾语、表语 ‎ 这种省略常见于对话的答语中。如---Which of the two is better?‎ ‎ ---It’s hard to tell (it).‎ ‎ He is hard-working and so is his sister (hard-working).‎ ‎4. 名词所有格后名词的省略 ‎ 名词所有格修饰的名词有上下文已出现或表示店铺、住宅、教堂等地点时常省略。‎ ‎ 如These are John’s books and those are Mary’s (books).‎ ‎ At her mother’s (house) she passed many happy days.‎ ‎5. 冠词的省略 ‎ 在某些固定短语the next day（morning，week，year …）中，有时为了使语气紧凑，定冠词the常可以省略；在副词的最高级前面定冠词常可以省略；另外在某些独立结构中和as引导的让步状语从句中，常可省略冠词。‎ ‎ 如We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.‎ ‎ He sings (the) best in the class. Child as she is, she knows a lot.‎ ‎6. 介词的省略 ‎ 一些动词搭配构成的短语，如prevent / stop sb（from）doing，have trouble / difficulty/ problems（in）doing，spend time（in）doing等中的介词常可以省略。‎ ‎ 如Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.‎ ‎ Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?‎ ‎ I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.‎ ‎7. 动词不定式中的省略 ‎ 如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现，为了避免重复，常常把不定式里的动词及其后续部分省略，只保留to。如---Will you go with me?---Well, I’d like to (go with you).‎ ‎ 动词不定式省略的八种情况：‎ 有些动词，如believe，find，think，feel，consider，imagine，prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj.中的to be可以省略。如I consider him (to be) lazy.‎ ‎ His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.‎ 当不定式在某些动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，不定式常省略。常见动词有wish，warn，invite，allow，ask，force，forbid，permit，persuade，order等。‎ ‎ 如Why didn’t he come earlier? He was told to (come early).‎ ‎ She didn’t come, though we had invited her to (come).‎ 在can not but，can not choose but，can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do，does，did，done时，也不带to，否则要带to。‎ ‎ 如I can not but admire his courage.‎ ‎ He has no choice but to accept the fact.‎ 当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略，常见动词有afford，agree，expect，forger，wish，want，refuse，remember，pretend，manage，know，hope等。‎ ‎ 如I would like to do it for you, but I don’t know how to (do it for you).‎ ‎ Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to (sleep).‎ 感官动词see，hear，feel，watch，notice等以及使役动词let，make，have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。‎ ‎ 如They made the boy go to bed early.---- The boy was made to go to bed early.‎ ‎ 注意：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略，也可以保留。‎ 当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常承前省略。如---Will you join us in the game?‎ ‎ ---I’ll be glad to (join you in the game).‎ ‎ You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to (answer the question).‎ 不定式在chance，courage，time等名词后作定语时可省略，此时to也常省去。‎ ‎ 如I haven’t read the book, but I wish I would have time (to read the book).‎ ‎ 温馨提示：如承前省略的不定式内容含有be或作助动词用的have，to后要保留be或have。‎ ‎ 如---Are you a student?---No, but I used to be.‎ ‎ John didn’t come, but he ought to have.‎ 当不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，不定式符号后的内容可省略。如I didn’t want to wait for him but I had to (wait for him).‎ ‎ They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).‎ 二. 并列句中的省略 ‎1. 如果后面分句中的谓语动词有与前面相同的部分，则省略谓语动词相同的成分。‎ ‎ 如Bob has done his homework, but Tom hasn’t (done his homework).‎ ‎2. 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。‎ ‎ 如He gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.‎ ‎3. 主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略。如She was poor but (she was) honest.‎ ‎ His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.‎ 三. 复合句中的省略 ‎1. 名词性从句中的省略 wh-特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将重复内容省略，而只保留特殊疑问词wh-。‎ ‎ 如Someone has used my bike, but I don’t know who (has used it).‎ ‎ He will come back, but he doesn’t know when (he will come back).‎ ‎ He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).‎ ‎ You are unhappy. Can you tell me why (you’re unhappy)?‎ 在某些表虚拟语气的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。‎ ‎ 如It is important that we (should) speak to the old politely.‎ 在I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句时，后面跟“so”与“not”分别表示肯定和否定，宾语从句可省去。如---Do you think it will rain?‎ ‎ ---I hope not (that it will not rain).‎ ‎ 注意：I don’t hope so.(×)‎ ‎ ---Do you believe our team will win?---I guess so.‎ ‎2. 定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that，which，who（whom）常可以省略。‎ ‎ 如The man (who / whom) I saw is called Smith.‎ ‎ Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?‎ 有些定语从句，在不引起歧义的情况下，可省略一些成分，变为“介词 + 关系代词 + 不定式”形式，从而使语句更加简洁。‎ ‎ 如I was trying to find a place in which to lay all these books.‎ ‎ 上句的完整形式是：I was trying to find a place in which I could lay all these books.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：在这种句子里主句的主语必须与不定式的主语一致，否则不可改为省略式定语从句。如I was trying to find a place in which my brother could live.不能改为I was trying to find a place in which to live. ‎ 而I was trying to find a place in which I could live.可以改为I was trying to find a place in which to live.‎ 在限制性定语从句中“起”表语作用的关系代词可以省略。‎ 如He still talks like the man (who) he was ten years ago.‎ ‎ She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she was before.‎ 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语且定语从句为“there be”句型时可以省略。‎ ‎ 如Milk is the best food (that) there is for babies.‎ ‎ We must make better use of the time (that) there is left for us.‎ ‎3. 状语从句中的省略 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略从句中的主语和系动词be。‎ A. 在as，before，until，once，when，while等引导的时间状语从句中。‎ ‎ 如While (I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines.‎ B. 在though，although等引导的让步状语从句中。‎ ‎ 如Though (they were) tired, they went on working.‎ C. 在if，unless（= if … not）等引导的条件状语从句中。‎ ‎ 如You shouldn’t come to his party unless (you were) invited.‎ D. 在as，as if，as though引导的让步状语从句中。‎ ‎ 如He did as (he had been) told.‎ ‎ He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.‎ E. 在as（so）… as …，than引导的比较状语从句中。‎ ‎ 如I know you can do better than he (can do).‎ ‎ This car doesn’t run as fast as that one (does).‎ 当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略，此时构成连词（if，unless，when，whenever）+ 形容词的结构。‎ ‎ 如Unless (it is) necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.‎ ‎ 另外，还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用if + so /‎ ‎ not省略句式。‎ ‎ 如Get up early tomorrow, if not (you don’t get up early), you will miss the first bus.‎ ‎ He may not be at home then, if so (he is not at home), leave him a note.‎ 倒装 英语的基本语序是“主语 + 谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序叫做倒装语序。倒装的原因：一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句）；一是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装。‎ 一. 部分倒装 ‎ 部分倒装是把谓语的一部分（通常是助动词、情态动词）放在主语之前。‎ 如Never shall I forget the day.‎ ‎ Only in this way can we finish the work.‎ 下列情况需要使用部分倒装：‎ ‎1. 在一般疑问句和特殊疑问句中。‎ ‎ 如Does he play the guitar well? What are you doing?‎ ‎2. as作“尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，要采用倒装语序，把表语、状语（一般是程度副词）或动词原形提到句首，主谓顺序不变。‎ ‎ 如 Hero as he is, he still has shortcomings.‎ ‎ Much as I like it, I’ll not buy it.‎ ‎ Try as he might, he failed completely.‎ ‎ 注意： though引导的让步状语从句也可以采用这种倒装句式，但although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装。 将名词提前时，省去名词前的冠词。‎ ‎3. only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。‎ ‎ 如Only then did I realize that I was wrong.‎ ‎ Only in this way can you improve your pronunciation.‎ ‎4. 含有否定意义的副词，如never，hardly，seldom，little，nowhere，not once，ont a word，scarely，barely等放在句首时。‎ ‎ 如Little did he know who the woman was.‎ ‎ Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to deal with.‎ ‎5. 省略了if的条件句中，were，had或should可提到句首构成部分倒装（虚拟语气）。‎ ‎ 如Were I not so busy, I should go with you.‎ ‎ Had he been here yesterday, he would have come to watch the football match.‎ ‎6. so在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或物，其句型是：so + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语。如He has been to Beijing, so have I.‎ ‎ I saw the film last week, so did she.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：对前面所说的情况作一肯定，前后两句的主语指的是同一个人或物时，主谓不倒装，其句型是：so + 主语 + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词。‎ ‎ 如---You look tired.---So I do. I stayed up too late last night.‎ ‎7. 在“so … that”句型中，当so + 形容词 / 副词放在句首时，则so所在的分句主谓要倒装。如So interesting was the book that he couldn’t help reading it in class. ‎ ‎ So fast does the boy run that I can’t catch up with him.‎ ‎8. 用于no sooner … than …和hardly … when …句型中。该句型中的no sooner和hardly位于句首时，它们所在的句子一般使用过去完成时的倒装句。‎ ‎ 如No sooner had he got to his office than he got down to work.‎ ‎ Hardly had we started when it began to rain.‎ ‎9. 含有no的词组出现在句首时，如at no time，by no means，in no way等句子采用部分倒装。如By no means will I give up.‎ ‎10. neither，nor放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物，其句型是：neither / nor + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语。如I didn’t go to the cinema, nor did he.‎ ‎ He seldom goes to the cinema, nor do I.‎ ‎11. Not until位于句首作状语，它所在的句子的谓语动词用倒装，如果句子是主从复合句，主句要用倒装。如Not until yesterday did I know he was going to come here.‎ ‎ Not until you told me did I realize I was wrong.‎ ‎12. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。如May you succeed! Long live the people!‎ ‎ May you all be happy!‎ 二. 全部倒装 ‎ 全部倒装就是整个谓语部分放在主语之前。‎ ‎ 如In front of the house stands a tree. Here comes the bus.‎ ‎ 下列情况需要使用全部倒装 ‎1、用于there be句型。eg: There are many students in the classroom.‎ ‎2、用于here，there，now，then等副词开头的句子里面表示强调。 eg: Here comes the bus.‎ 注意：代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。 eg: Now comes our turn.‎ ‎3、当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。‎ eg: South of the city lies a big steel factory.‎ ‎4、表语置于句首时，倒装结构采用“表语 + 连系动词 +主语”的结构。‎ 形容词 + 连系动词 + 主语：‎ eg: Present at the meeting were Doctor Li, Doctor Su and many other guests. ‎ 过去分词 + 连系动词 + 主语：eg: Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.‎ 介词 + 连系动词 + 主语：eg: Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers candles and toys.‎ ‎5、为了保持句子结构平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使上下文结构紧凑。‎ eg: They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.‎ 强调 一. 强调句型 ‎ 要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是“It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子的其余部分”。如果强调的部分是人，可用who代替that。‎ ‎ 如I met Tom in the street yesterday.‎ It was I who met Tom in the street yesterday. (强调主语)‎ ‎ It was Tom that I met in the street yesterday. (强调宾语)‎ ‎ It was in the street that (不用where) I met Tom yesterday. (强调地点状语)‎ ‎ It was yesterday that (不用when) I met Tom in the street. (强调时间状语)‎ ‎1. 时态的运用 ‎ 强调句中的时态要依原句的时态来确定。即原句为过去的某种时态，则强调句中的be动词就用过去时；若原句为现在的某种时态，强调句就用be的现在时态。‎ ‎ 如It was because I was caught in the traffic that I came late. (was与came时态保持一致)‎ ‎ It is Tom who loves football most. (is与loves时态保持一致)‎ ‎2. 人称和数的运用 ‎ 被强调的部分如果是句子的主语，that / who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。如It is I that / who am your friend that will come to help you.‎ ‎3、判断一个句子是否是强调句型的方法：如果将句中的It is / was… that / who / whom…去掉，仍能还原为一个完整的句子，那么此句就是强调句。否则，就是其他句型结构。‎ 请比较： It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. (定语从句)‎ ‎ It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States. (强调句型)‎ 二、强调句型的几种较为复杂的结构形式 ‎1、被强调部分为状语从句。‎ ‎ eg：It was when Tom was eleven years old that his talent for writing became obvious.‎ ‎2、被强调部分含有定语从句。‎ ‎ eg：It was on July 4 th, 1975 when he was born that his father died.‎ ‎3、not…until结构用于强调句型。‎ ‎ not…until作为被强调部分，起结构是：It is / was + not until…+ that + 其他部分。‎ ‎ eg：It was not until his father came back that he went to bed.‎ ‎4、强调句型的一般疑问句结构：Is / Was it + 被强调部分+ that + 其他部分。‎ ‎ eg：Was it last year that his cousin joined the army?‎ ‎5、强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：疑问词（被强调部分）+ is / was + it + that + 其他部分。‎ ‎ eg：When was it that the accident happened?‎ ‎ Where was it that your lost your wallet?‎ ‎6. 强调句型与定语从句、同位语从句、It is … since / before / when …句型的区别：‎ ‎ 如It was at three o’clock that we came back home. (强调句型)‎ ‎ It was three o’clock when we cane back home. 我们回家时是三点(定语从句) ‎ ‎ It was three days before he left.他过了三天就走了 (before引导的时间状语从句)‎ ‎ It’s three years since we last met. (since引导的状语从句)‎ ‎ It is a fact that he has lost the game by one score. (同位语从句)‎ 二. do / does / did + 动词原形 ‎ 如果句子中没有助动词，在肯定句中可以用do表示强调，一般译为“务必，一定、确实”，这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式。如She does come from America.‎ ‎ She did tell me about her address, but I forgot all about it.‎ ‎ Do be careful next time, please.‎