2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十九)议论文之总分结构——找到论点、论证过程是关键

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十九)议论文之总分结构——找到论点、论证过程是关键

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十九) 议论文之总分结构——找到论点、论证过程是关键 ‎“总分结构”议论文最显著的特点是论点伴随事例在文章开头部分提出，事例往往是铺垫，是提出论点的前奏。随之而来的是论证过程。该论证过程中常常采用分层逐条论述。抓住了此类文章的结构特点，再结合题目要求，便能快速到原文中定位信息区间，从而正确解题。‎ ‎[找论点、论证过程]‎ ‎[高考典例]　2016•浙江卷•A篇 ‎[读文解题技法]‎ 总(1～3段) ◄‎ ‎　　论点 分：论证过程 影响1‎ 影响2‎ 影响3‎ ‎　提出建议 ‎[1]“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday？” Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ ‎[2]With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.”‎ ‎[3]Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip (闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip：it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ ‎[4]An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ ‎[5]If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor (传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.” In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority (优越感)．‎ ‎[6]Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with ‎ ‎1.速读全文找论点 本文以事例开头，引出全文的论点：闲话的三个方面的影响，即第三段的最后一句。‎ ‎2.细读文章找论证过程 本文按论点提出的顺序从三个方面论证了闲话对人们的影响。‎ ‎①闲话伤人(影响1)‎ ‎②闲话给人一种满足感(影响2)‎ ‎③闲话影响人的举止行为并举例加以说明(影响3)‎ ‎3.针对影响提出建议 is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ ‎[7]The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.‎ ‎[抓关键词定位信息区间]‎ ‎41．The author at the beginning of the passage to ________.‎ A．introduce a topic　　　 　B．present an argument C．describe the characters D．clarify his writing purpose ‎43．In the author’s opinion, it ________.‎ A．gives them a feeling of pleasure B．helps them to make more friends C．makes them better at telling stories D．enables them to meet important people ‎45．What does the author give in the passage?‎ A．Never become a gossiper.‎ B．Stay away from gossipers.‎ C．Don’t let gossip turn into lies.‎ D．Think twice before you gossip.‎ ‎[答案]　41.A　43.A　45.D ‎41．用对话――→定位第1、2段――→引出第3段的论点，由此便知答案。‎ ‎43．原因――→定位“影响2”，比对可得出答案。‎ ‎45．建议――→定位第七段――→总结得出答案。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2019•湖北八校联考)Leaders shape history and here is a selection of the most remarkable views into these public figures plus firsthand accounts by those with access to them.‎ Margaret Thatcher by Charles Moore (2013)‎ Before Moore published the first volume of his biography, there had already been a mountain of books on Thatcher. Moore’s account is different. He shows that far from being fearless, she could often be fearful without cause. The final volume will include her fall from power.‎ Harold Wilson by Ben Pimlott (1992)‎ Harold Wilson had become a ghostly figure when this book was published in 1992. The absence heightened a sense of mystery. Who was he? How to explain his seemingly contradictory characteristics? Pimlott solves some of the mysteries; the book is detailed until Wilson’s final phase as prime minister in 1974.‎ Churchill by Roy Jenkins (2001)‎ Jenkins writes as a politician as well as a historian, analyzing Churchill’s historic moves from the opinions of one who had also spoken in the Commons. Jenkins had resigned from high positions in battles over policy, and as one that changed parties, though not as frequently as Churchill did.‎ Roy Jenkins by John Campbell (2014)‎ Campbell calmly narrates many political and personal dramas, including Jenkins’ intense relationship with Anthony Crosland when they were both students at Oxford. Campbell also addresses Jenkins’ various affairs with women. Like Jenkins’ political heroes, he led many lives. Campbell is sharp in describing each of them.‎ Diaries, Volumes One to Six by Alastair Campbell (2017)‎ Love or hate him, Campbell remains the master of the inside story, not just because of his unusual ideas on the relationship between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. This is an incredibly detailed book on what it’s like to live inside No. 10: the cruel space of events; and the constant conflict with the media.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了五本有关改变历史的世界伟人的传记，书的作者是掌握这一伟人的第一手资料者。文章具体介绍了作者姓名、出版时间、书的内容等。‎ ‎1．Which of the following leaders has the largest number of books written about him/her?‎ A．Harold Wilson.　　　 　B．Churchill.‎ C．Margaret Thatcher. D．Tony Blair.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，在摩尔出版他的第一本传记之前，已经有很多关于撒切尔夫人的书了；其他四本书的介绍中都没有提及曾经有专门介绍该政治家的书出版。故C项正确。‎ ‎2．Which writer was once a politician?‎ A．Ben Pimlott. B．Charles Moore.‎ C．John Campbell. D．Roy Jenkins.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Jenkins writes as a politician as well as a historian ...”可知，詹金斯是一位政治家，也是一位历史学家。故D项正确。‎ ‎3．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage?‎ A．To introduce some histories on elections.‎ B．To recommend some books on leaders.‎ C．To tell some mysteries about historians.‎ D．To think highly of some famous leaders.‎ 解析：选B　写作意图题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了五本有关改变历史的世界伟人的传记，书的作者是掌握这一伟人的第一手资料者，文章具体介绍了作者姓名、出版时间、书的内容等。据此可知，本文旨在推荐一些关于政治领导人的书籍，故B项正确。‎ B Reese Witherspoon was born on March 22, 1976 in New Orleans, Louisiana.She is the second child of the family.Reese spent the first four years of her life in Wiesbaden, Germany, where her father John Witherspoon served in the US Army Reserves.Shortly after, John moved the family back to the United States, settling in Nashville, Tennessee.‎ Reese was introduced to the entertainment industry at a very early age.At age 7, she began modeling.This led to appearances on several local television commercials.At age 11, she was placed first in a TenState Talent Fair.‎ In 1990, she landed her first major acting role in The Man in the Moon (1991)．Her role as a 14yearold tomboy earned her good reviews.Roles in bigger films such as Jack the Bear (1993) and A Far Off Place (1993) followed shortly after.‎ Following high school graduation in 1994, Reese decided to have a pause in her acting career and attend Stanford University where she would major in English literature.However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures.Although neither film was a huge boxoffice success, they did help to make Reese a rising star in Hollywood and open the door for bigger and better film roles.‎ Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde.In box office terms, the movie was a great success and made Reese one of the top female stars in Hollywood.In the year 2014, she produced both Gone Girl and Wild, for which she got nominated (提名) for a best actress Oscar again for her role.‎ Reese is actively involved in children’s and women’s advocacy organizations.She is a longtime supporter of Save the Children, an organization that helps provide children around the world with education, health care and emergency aid.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记。文章讲述了美国影视演员瑞茜•威瑟斯彭(Reese Witherspoon)的一些事迹。‎ ‎4．Why did Reese stop her studies at Stanford University?‎ A．Because she starred in two successful films.‎ B．Because she was more famous in Hollywood.‎ C．Because she didn’t want to get higher education.‎ D．Because she couldn’t balance studies and acting.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Following high school graduation ... However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures.”可知，Reese因为要主演两部电影，所以放弃了继续求学，由此可推知，由于无法兼顾学业和演艺事业，她放弃了学业，故答案为D。‎ ‎5．Which film made Reese most famous?‎ A．The Man in the Moon.　 　B．Legally Blonde.‎ C．A Far Off Place. D．Jack the Bear.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde ...one of the top female stars in Hollywood.”可知，Reese突破性的角色就是《律政俏佳人》中的Elle Woods，在票房方面，这部喜剧片取得了巨大的成功，并使Reese成为好莱坞最顶尖的女明星之一，故答案为B。‎ ‎6．What is the author’s attitude toward Reese?‎ A．Caring. B．Admiring.‎ C．Critical. D．Defensive.‎ 解析：选B　观点态度题。根据文章内容可知，作者在介绍Reese演艺事业的发展时，采用的都是正面的描述，再根据最后一段中对Reese积极参与一些旨在帮助儿童和妇女的公益组织的描述可推知，作者对Reese持赞赏的态度，故答案为B。‎ ‎7．How does the passage develop?‎ A．Giving examples.‎ B．Using figures.‎ C．Following the order of time.‎ D．Making comparison.‎ 解析：选C　写作手法题。文章开头从Reese的出生说起，随后讲述了她的童年、成年后的作品以及参加的其他活动，由此可知，文章是按照时间顺序来写的，故答案为C。‎ C ‎(2019•石家庄质检)Ireland’s Achill Island has always been a popular European tourist destination.However, since April in 2017, the small island of just 2,700 residents (居民) has gained worldwide fame thanks to the magical return of a beach that was washed away over three decades ago.‎ The chain of events began in 1984 when residents of Dooagh, one of the settlements on the island, awoke to a surprising sight: their beautiful sandy beach had been washed away by strong Atlantic storms.There were only rocks and rock pools left.For about 34 years, only small amounts of sand returned to the once unspoiled shores.The area’s tourism industry slowly declined, and the handful of beachside hotels, pubs, and restaurants gradually closed as well.‎ Then around Easter in 2017, something magical happened — an unusual tenday tide blanketed the barren 300meter long rock beach with hundreds of tons of soft golden sand.Scientists suspect that the sand had been gathering offshore for months and was transported to the beach by the high winds and powerful waves.‎ The locals are delighted to have their beach back, especially as it is attracting thousands of visitors wishing to witness the power of nature, with their own eyes.However, Sean Molloy, manager at Achill Tourism, cautions against going into the cold waters just yet, saying，“Because of the sand coming in, we don’t know how safe the beach is now because currents (水流) could be changed and it’ll take a little bit of time.” He instead recommends visitors enjoy the soft sand and leave the swimming to the dolphins that frequent the area.‎ Interestingly, this is not the first time Dooagh Beach has pulled a disappearing and reappearing act.It disappeared in the 1890s, for over 30 years, before returning in 1927.However, the locals are optimistic that this time around, the beautiful sand is here to stay.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了爱尔兰的Achill岛消失的海滩时隔三十多年再次出现的事件。‎ ‎8．What has brought Achill Island worldwide attention recently?‎ A．An unusual storm.‎ B．The decrease in the number of residents.‎ C．The return of its beach.‎ D．The building of a new tourist destination.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However, since April in 2017, the small island of just 2,700 residents (居民) has gained worldwide fame thanks to the magical return of a beach that was washed away over three decades ago.”可知，消失了三十多年的海滩的回归使得Achill岛引起了全世界的关注。‎ ‎9．What happened to Dooagh in the past three decades?‎ A．Tourism went down gradually.‎ B．Restaurants developed slowly.‎ C．Storms attacked frequently.‎ D．Rock pools disappeared completely.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The area’s tourism industry slowly declined, and the handful of beachside hotels, pubs, and restaurants gradually closed as well.”可知，随着海滩的消失，在过去三十多年里Dooagh地区的旅游业逐渐衰落。‎ ‎10．What does the underlined word “barren” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?‎ A．Noisy.　　　　　　　　 　B．Soft.‎ C．Bare. D．Golden.‎ 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“tenday tide blanketed the barren 300meter long rock beach with hundreds of tons of soft golden sand”可知，由于潮水的力量，300米长的岩石海滩被松软的金沙覆盖了。画线词修饰岩石海滩，结合文章内容可知，海滩消失之后，三十多年来岩石海滩表面什么都没有，所以画线词与bare同义，意为“空的，荒芜的”。‎ ‎11．What should tourists avoid according to Sean Molloy?‎ A．Spoiling the shores.‎ B．Getting into the rock pools.‎ C．Playing with dolphins.‎ D．Swimming near the beach.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“He instead recommends visitors enjoy the soft sand and leave the swimming to the dolphins that frequent the area.”可知，Sean Molloy建议游客享受松软的沙子，把游泳让给海豚，即他建议游客不要在海滩附近游泳。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•广州市综合检测二)Mary went through a personal experience 40 years ago that changed her life path and established her connection with Chinese herbal medicine.‎ Still childless after 13 years of marriage, Mary longed to become a mother. For years she travelled from country to country and visited top experts in the field, but without success.__1__ However, her Chinese herbalist grandmother gave her hope through a herbal treatment.‎ After three and a half years she became pregnant.__2__ The expectant mother’s delight was shared by the rest of her family too. This was the point when she made up her mind to carry on her grandmother’s work and devote her life to herbal medicine research, development and promotion. To this end, she invested in a large herbal garden in the suburbs of Jakarta, where more than 30,000 plants are grown.__3__‎ Through the application of great effort and resources over many, many years, Mary’s career has developed vigorously, as has her garden. __4__ When she was asked whether it was worthwhile to have devoted so much of her life to this research, she firmly responded，“What I have done is to fulfill a promise I once made. More importantly, I want to bring Chinese herbal medicine to all those in need.__5__”‎ A．More than 7,000 of these can be used as medicine.‎ B．The moment the news was confirmed, she burst into tears of happiness.‎ C．I believe it can help relieve pain and enable the sick to regain their hope of life.‎ D．Mary decided to make great contributions to the development of Chinese herbal medicine.‎ E．The heartbreak and disappointment was so great that she came close to giving up.‎ F．I’m so happy that the local people like to use Chinese herbal medicine for treatment.‎ G．Although she is now 80 years old, she is still committed to the study of Chinese herbal medicine.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要讲述了玛丽和中草药结下不解之缘的励志故事。‎ ‎1．选E　根据上文中的“Still childless after 13 years ...but without success.”可推知，多年来求子无果的经历让玛丽很是伤心和失望，所以E项符合语境。E项承接上文且与空后一句形成转折。‎ ‎2．选B　根据下文中的“The expectant mother’s delight was shared by the rest of her family too.”可知，通过中草药疗法，多年不孕的玛丽终于怀孕了，梦想达成，自然是喜出望外，所以选B。‎ ‎3．选A　根据上文中的“devote her life to herbal medicine research”及“To this end, ...where more than 30,000 plants are grown.”可推知，玛丽决定致力于中草药研究工作，这些植物很多可以用作中草药，所以A项符合语境。‎ ‎4．选G　根据下文中的“When she was asked whether it was worthwhile to have devoted so much of her life to this research, she firmly responded”可推知，玛丽后来多年一直致力于中草药的研究工作，所以选G。‎ ‎5．选C　根据上文中的“More importantly, I want to bring Chinese herbal medicine to all those in need.”并结合玛丽自身的经历可知，玛丽认为中草药能帮助有需要的人，所以C项承接上文，符合语境。‎