专题04+阅读理解议论文（冲关真题训练）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

专题04+阅读理解议论文（冲关真题训练）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 专题04 冲关真题训练 题组一 Passage 1（2017·江苏卷）‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 气候变暖 ‎ 698‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎9分钟 Old Problem, New Approaches ‎ While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.‎ ‎ When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: ＂There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.＂ Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.‎ ‎ Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity（连体） to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds prevent starvation during the wet season.‎ Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川)‎ ‎ there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000 m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.‎ Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.‎ In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its of "100 ideas to save the planet＂.‎ More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.‎ Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.‎ ‎65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ____________.‎ A. adaptation is an ever-changing process ‎ B. the cost of adaptation varies with time C. global warming affects adaptation forms D. adaptation to climate change is challenging ‎66. What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?‎ A. The project receives government support.‎ B. Different organizations work with each other.‎ C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.‎ D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.‎ ‎67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?‎ A. Storing ice for future use.‎ B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.‎ C. Changing the irrigation time.‎ D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.‎ ‎68. What do we learn from the Peru example?‎ A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.‎ B. The global warming tread cannot be stopped.‎ C. This country is heating up too quickly.‎ D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.‎ ‎69. According to the author, polluting industries should ____________.‎ A. adapt to carbon pollution ‎ B. plant highly profitable crops C. leave carbon emission alone ‎ D. fight against carbon pollution ‎70. What’s the author’s preferred solution to global warming?‎ A. Setting up a new standard. ‎ B. Reducing carbon emission.‎ C. Adapting to climate change. ‎ D. Monitoring polluting industries.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章大意：文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。‎ ‎66.C【解析】根据第三段中的＂Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.＂可知，Rezwan会从危机中看到机遇，会充分利用现有条件。‎ ‎67.A【解析】根据第四段中的＂Norphel’s inspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. ＂可知，把冰川融化后的水储存起来以备不时之需，是减少气候变暖危害的方法之一。‎ ‎68.D【解析】根据倒数第四段中的＂By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.＂和倒数第三段中的＂painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice＂可知，将墙壁涂成白色是利用了光的反射原理，这样可以缓解气候变暖。‎ ‎70.B 【解析】根据最后一段中的＂But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.＂可知，作者认为，最合理的方法仍然是减少二氧化碳的排放。‎ Passage 2（2017·天津卷）‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 三种不同种类的等待 ‎ 375‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎6分钟 I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of “waits”.‎ ‎ The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. ‎ A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. ‎ Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen. ‎ Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the ‎ optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody. ‎ We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy.‎ ‎51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________.‎ A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded C. grow anxious D. stay focused ‎52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?‎ A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control.‎ B. The Forced Wait makes people passive.‎ C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.‎ D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain. ‎ ‎53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?‎ A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.‎ B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result. ‎ C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.‎ D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope.‎ ‎54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?‎ A. Take it seriously.‎ B. Don’t rely on others.‎ C. Do something else.‎ D. Don’t lose heart.‎ ‎55. The author supports his view by _________.‎ A. exploring various causes of “waits”‎ B. describing detailed processes of “waits”‎ C. analyzing different categories of “waits”‎ D. revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”‎ ‎【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待而且说明作者自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。‎ ‎51.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. 可知选B。‎ ‎53.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段的句子Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.可知选B。‎ ‎54.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。‎ ‎55.C 【解析】考查推理判断。通读全文可以知道，作者通过二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。‎ Passage 3（2017·浙江卷 ）‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 睡眠问题 ‎ ‎ 308‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎7分钟 Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.‎ How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.‎ ‎＂More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,＂ says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.‎ Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.‎ ‎25. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?‎ A. American kids’ sleeping habits. ‎ B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.‎ C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. ‎ D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.‎ ‎26. How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?‎ A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours. ‎ C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours.‎ ‎27. Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?‎ A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.‎ B. They tend to do things that excite them.‎ C. They follow their parents’ examples.‎ D. They don’t need to go to school early.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。‎ ‎26.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal＂可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。‎ ‎27.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。‎ 题组二 ‎ Passage1(2016·全国新课标III)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 消息传播 ‎346 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎7分钟 Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎ ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂‎ ‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂‎ ‎32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A. News reports. B. Research papers. ‎ C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations. ‎ ‎33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A. They’re socially inactive.‎ B. They’re good at telling stories. ‎ C. They’re inconsiderate of others.‎ D. They’re careful with their words. ‎ ‎34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?‎ A. Sports news. B. Science articles. ‎ C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. ‎ ‎35. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.‎ B. Online News Attracts More People. ‎ C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.‎ D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.‎ ‎【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。‎ ‎32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media＂可知，像＂it bleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。‎ ‎34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。‎ ‎35.D 【解析】标题归纳题。根据第一段＂By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远；说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。‎ Passage 2 (2016·浙江卷)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 传言的危害 ‎414‎ ‎★★★★☆‎ ‎8分钟 ‎＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ ‎ With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂‎ ‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ ‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ ‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).‎ ‎ Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people ‎ should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ ‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.‎ ‎41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.‎ A. introduce a topic ‎ B. present an argument ‎ C. describe the characters ‎ D. clarify his writing purpose ‎42. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________.‎ A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences ‎43. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.‎ A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends ‎ C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people ‎44. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________.‎ A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors C. force schools to improve student handbooks ‎ D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors ‎45. What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ A. Never become a gossiper.‎ B. Stay away from gossipers.‎ C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies.‎ D. Think twice before you gossip.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。‎ ‎41.A 【解析】考查目的意图。根据文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题， 故选A。‎ ‎42.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。‎ ‎44.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。‎ ‎45.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might ‎ have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。‎ Passage3(2016·北京卷)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 大学生活 ‎ 437‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎7分钟 The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.‎ ‎ For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.‎ ‎ To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on＂ new ways of thinking about oneself bother intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.‎ ‎ Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.‎ Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.‎ ‎ It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.‎ Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.‎ ‎67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?‎ A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving. ‎ C. Supportive. D. Neutral.‎ ‎68. The underlined word ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.‎ A. change B. choice ‎ C. text D. extension ‎69. According to the author, what role should college play?‎ A. To develop a shared identity among students.‎ B. To define and regulate students’ social behavior.‎ C. To provide a safe world without tension for students. ‎ D. To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.‎ ‎70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?‎ A.      B. C.    D.‎ I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion ‎【文章大意】大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。‎ ‎68.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据＂from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。‎ ‎69.D 【解析】推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。‎