专题04介词-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员

专题04介词-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员

专题 04 介词 关键词：表时间的介词，表空间和方位的介词，表工具、手段的介词，表原因的介词，易混介词。‎ 难度系数：✱✱✱✱‎ 推荐指数：✱✱✱✱✱‎ ‎【基础回顾】‎ 考点归纳： ‎ 介词是英语中比较活跃的词，考纲词汇表中列出的必学的基本介词有50多个：about，above，according to，across，after，against，along，among，around，at，before，behind，below，beside，besides，between，beyond，but，by，down，during，except，except for，for，from，in，inside，into，like，near，of，off，on，onto，opposite，outside，over，past，since，through，throughout，till，until ，to，toward(s)，under，up，upon，with，within，without。常见的介词的考查主要有：‎ ‎1.介词的意义，尤其是一些介词的特定含义。‎ ‎2.介词的近义词的用法区别，主要包括：示时间的介词；表示空间、方位的介词；表示手段、工具的介词；表示原因、目的的介词等等。‎ ‎3.介词的固定用法。‎ ‎4. with的复合结构。单独列出来是因为with的这一用法非常重要，尤其是在语法填空题和短文改错题中考到。‎ 基础必读：‎ 一、介词的句法功能 ‎ 介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。‎ ‎1、作定语：The book on the table is mine.‎ ‎2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）‎ ‎3、作表语：My dictionary is in the bag.‎ ‎4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.‎ 二. 常用介词的用法 ‎1. 表示时间的介词 ‎（1）at, in, on和by]‎ A. at的用法：]‎ a. 时间的一点、时刻等，e.g. at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreak]‎ b. 较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子，e.g. at Christmas, ‎ at New Year, at the Spring Festival]‎ B. in的用法：‎ a. 表示在某个较长的时间内（如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等），‎ e.g. in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning b. 表示在一段时间之后，e.g. I’ll be back in an hour.‎ C. on的用法：‎ a. 用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等。e.g. on October 1st,‎ ‎ on a rainy day, on National Day b. 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。e.g. on the eve of victory (胜利前夕)，on the morning of January 3rd, on the afternoon of his arrival c. 准时、按时on time D. by的用法：‎ a. 表示“不迟于，在（某时）前”，e.g. He must have arrived there by now. ‎ b. 表示“在……间”“在……时间”，e.g. He worked by day and slept by night.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：当时间名词前被this，that，last，next，some，every等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。‎ ‎（2） after与in ‎ 二词均可表示在某一段时间后，但该时段的起点不同。‎ A. in的用法：‎ in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后，常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。‎ e.g. My father will be back from abroad in three days.‎ B. after的用法：‎ a. 与表示一段时间的词连用，常与过去时态的谓语动词连用，这时相当于“一段时间 + later”‎ e.g. He left home and went to the front after two days / two days later.‎ b. 与表示时间点的词连用，常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。‎ e.g. I’ll go and see her after three o’clock.‎ ‎ 易错误区：“in the past”意为“在过去”，与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如In the past, no villagers dared do that； “in the past / last + 时间段”意为“在过去的……中 / 内”，表示从现在算起过去的一段时间，包括此时此刻在内，常与现在完成时态连用。如In the past / last few years, great changes have taken place in this village.‎ ‎（3）during, for, from和since ‎ during除具备in表时间段的用法外，还可指在某一活动过程中，e.g. during the night，during the fire，during the meeting。for后接时间段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久，e.g. I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. from接时间点的名词词组，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短，e.g. My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. since接时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻，因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用，e.g. I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993.‎ ‎2. 表示空间和方位的介词 ‎（1）above, over, on, below, under, beneath A. above侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。‎ e.g. The sun is above the mountain in the east. The position he pointed to was below the sea level.‎ B. over侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是under。‎ e.g.Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it.‎ C. on侧重于与物体表面接触，其反义词是beneath。‎ e.g.There are some stamps on the desk.‎ ‎（2） across, over, through, past ‎ 四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿，穿越”，表示运动发生在物体的表面；over意为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生在物体的上方；through意为“穿过，通过”，表示运动发生在某物的空间；past意为“从旁边经过”，表示运动发生在某物旁边。‎ e.g. The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through ‎ valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.‎ After the meeting, I went past the past office straight to my home.‎ ‎（3） at, in, on 三者均表示地点，“在……处”‎ A. at a. 用于指较小的地方，e.g. We’ll meet each other at the park.‎ b. 用于门牌号码前，e.g. My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road.‎ B. in 用于指较大的地方，e.g. She lived in Hong Kong for 20 years.‎ C. on 一般指与面或线接触，e.g. Put the pictures on the wall.‎ ‎（4） near, by, beside, at 四个词都表示“在……附近”，但侧重点不同。‎ A. near表示相对的“近”，而实际距离可能并不近。‎ e.g. A new hospital is being built near our school.]‎ B. by和beside都表示“靠近”，但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。‎ e.g. I planted an apple tree by the river. The girl was sitting beside her mother.‎ C. at表示“在……旁边”之意，但多表示有目的的和所处的位置，而by和beside仅表示位置关系。‎ e.g. We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher.‎ ‎（5） to, for, toward(s)‎ ‎ 用于表示来往行动动词之后，表示行动的方向，多用to，e.g. go，come， walk，run，dash，rush，move，fly，return，lead，take等；用于表示“起程，出发，离开”的动词之后，多用for，e.g. leave，start，set off等；用于表示“朝……方向”时，to和towards是同义词，不表到达，而to不仅表方向，还表到达。‎ e.g. After the soldiers got well prepared, they set off for the front. ‎ The plane is flying towards the north, but it’s difficult to decide which area it’s flying to.‎ ‎（6）in, on, to在方位名词前的区别，三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系。‎ ‎ in表示在范围之内，e.g. Shandong Province is / lies in the east of China.；to表示在某范围之外的地方，e.g. Japan is / lies to east of China.；on表示“毗邻、接壤”，e.g. Mongolia is / lies on the north of China.。‎ ‎（7） between，among 二词均表示“在……中间，在……之间”。‎ ‎ between表示在二者之间，有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语，但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系，e.g. This secret is only between you and me. ‎ ‎ 而among指在三者或三者以上之间，e.g. We’ll visit a town among the mountains.‎ 温馨提示：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。‎ e.g.：Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。e.g.：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。e.g.：They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.‎ ‎（8） in，on二词均可表示“在……上”，描写两个物体的接触情况。‎ ‎ in侧重于接触的深度，e.g. We found a square hole in the west wall. ‎ ‎ on侧重于表面接触，e.g. There is a map of the world on the wall.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：‎ ‎①英语中若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时，用in，e.g. They hit the boy in the face and then ran away.而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时，用on，e.g. The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.‎ ‎ ②表示植物本身生长出来的叶、花、果等，用on，e.g. There are lots of apples on the tree.‎ ‎ ③表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”，用in the tree，意指被枝叶遮掩其中。‎ ‎ e.g. Birds often play in the tree.‎ ‎（9）after，behind二词表示“在……之后”。‎ ‎ after多指动作顺序的先后，behind表示静态位置的前后。二者表示位置时常可通用。‎ ‎ e.g. Winter comes after autumn. Behind the hospital stood a school.‎ ‎ Shut the door after / behind you.‎ ‎3. 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 ‎（1） by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式 A. by a. 不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词，e.g. by sea, by water, by land, by rail b. 涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语，e.g. by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship / boat, by train, by spaceship B. 当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语，e.g. travel to New York in this plane; leave on an early train; go to school on my bike ‎ 温馨提示：步行、骑马等均可用on，如on foot, on horseback, on a horse, on the camel ‎（2） with，by，in三词均译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。‎ A. with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。‎ 如They are digging with a pick / spade. ‎ We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.‎ B. by，in，on，over，through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。‎ 如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope ‎ 温馨提示：‎ ‎①使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示，e.g. in English / Japanese, in blue ink ‎ ②表达“用……方法 / 式”时，所用介词分别为：in this / that / the same … way;‎ ‎ by this / that … means, by means of …; with this / that … method ‎4. 表示原因的介词 ‎（1）at，for，with三词均可组成介词短语，表示行为或状态的原因、动机或理由。‎ A. at常与表示感情色彩的动词、形容词或过去分词搭配，后接表示具体事物的名词。‎ e.g. We were excited / happy / frightened at the news. I was angry at her words.‎ B. for和with后接表示感情的抽象名词，其中with侧重于随着心理变化而发生的感情变化。‎ e.g. She often hangs down her head for shame. He went red with anger.‎ ‎（2）because of，due to，thanks to三个词组均意为“由于，因为”‎ A. because of“因为，由于”，通常作状语，位于句首或句尾。‎ e.g. The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.‎ B. due to“因为，由于”，通常作表语。‎ e.g. His illness was due to smoking and drinking.‎ C. thanks to“幸亏，多亏”，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多位于句首。‎ e.g. Thanks to the Party’s good policy, the famers are now living a happy and rich life.‎ 三、常考的一些易混介词归纳。‎ ‎1.about，on，of表示“关于”‎ A. about侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。]‎ e.g. The Red Army man told us a story about Chairman Mao.‎ B. on侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。‎ e.g. Who made the report on the situation in the Middle East?‎ C. of在与tell，read，know，think等动词连用时，侧重于粗略涉及，而about涉及的情况则详细得多。‎ e.g. ---Do you know about that man over there?---No, I know little of him.‎ ‎2. in和of表示比较范围，均可引出一个可供比较的范围，适用于形容词和副词的最高级，指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。‎ A. in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。e.g. Mary sings best in my class.‎ B. of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级；用于同类两者之间的比较，但比较级前须加定冠词 the。e.g. Of all the boys, Tom runs the fastest.‎ ‎3.表示“包括、排除”的介词的区别：besides，except，but，other than，except for，except than / when A. 用于否定句时，besides，except与but可相互替换。如No other students passed the difficult maths exam except / beside / but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.‎ B. 用于肯定句时的用法 a. except意为“除……之外”（不再有），e.g. We all passed the exam except Tom.‎ b. besides意为“除……之外”（还有……），e.g. We all passed the exam besides Tom.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：besides在句中的位置较灵活，可放在句首，亦可放在句中；而except多放在句中。此外，except前几乎总有all，any，every，no及其复合词等；而besides前可用，也可不用，依句意而定。‎ E.g. He answered all the questions except the last one. I have a few friends besides you.‎ c. except for意为“除了因为……”，表示除去整体中的一部分，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正句子的主要意思。‎ E.g. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.]‎ C. except和but / other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形，可以互换；但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时，but / other than不可替换except。‎ e.g. He has always been in high spirits except recently. ‎ The window is never opened except in summer.‎ D. but，except后都可接that 从句作宾语，二者可互换。‎ e.g. I asked nothing from him but / except that he should write to me every other week.‎ E. 以上比较了except，besides，but作介词的区别，另外，besides还可用作副词，意为“而且，还有”。‎ e.g. I don’t want to go; besides, I am too tired. This is my best suit; I have two other besides.‎ ‎4.表示时间的at, in, on：‎ at表示片刻的时间，e.g.：at 8 o’clock ，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间，e.g.：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。‎ ‎5.表示时间的since和from：‎ since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。‎ e.g.：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.‎ ‎6.表示时间的in和after：‎ 两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后”，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。‎ e.g.：We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?‎ 温馨提示：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。e.g.：After two months he returned.‎ ‎7、as, like：‎ as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。e.g.：Let me speak to you as a father.（事实是父亲）；like作“象……一样”解。e.g.：Let me speak to you like a father.（事实上不是父亲）。‎ ‎8、in, into：‎ into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。e.g.：We walked into the park.；in通常表示位置。e.g.：We walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。e.g.：I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋 ‎【技能方法】‎ 介词知识是高考中的必考内容，也是教学的重点和难点。‎ 解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：‎ ‎1.应重点掌握介词的基本用法；‎ ‎2.注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法；‎ ‎3.注意与同形的连词或者副词的区别；‎ ‎4.着重记住用法相似的介词。‎ ‎【基础达标】]‎ ‎1．The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism ________ the wildlife in the area.‎ ‎【答案】on ‎2．Little Tom cured himself ______ the habit of lying.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查固定搭配。句意：小汤姆改正了自己说谎的毛病。cure sb. of sth.“改正某人的不良行为”。‎ ‎3．Andrew was very tired ________ shopping for a whole afternoon but his wife still wanted to go to another shop.‎ ‎【答案】from ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查固定搭配。be tired from因……感到累。句意：Andrew因为整个下午购物而感到很累，但是他的妻子仍然想要去另一家商店。故选B。‎ ‎【知识归纳】‎ be tired of对……厌烦；be tired from因……感到累。‎ ‎4．If you are not familiar ________ the topic, you may write something that is familiar ________ you.‎ ‎【答案】with; to ‎5．He was warned ________ the dangers he would have to face.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查固定短语。warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事。句意：他收到了他将不得不面对的危险的警告。‎ ‎【能力提升】‎ ‎1．(2016·浙江高考)—Are you sure you’re ready for the test?‎ ‎—No problem. I’m well prepared ________ it.‎ ‎【答案】for ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：——你确定你准备好考试了吗？——没问题。我已经做好准备了。 be prepared for 为……做好了准备。‎ ‎2．(2016·浙江高考)That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.________ short，he’s reliable.‎ ‎【答案】in ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：这个年轻人是诚实的，有合作精神的，当你需要他的帮助的时候，总是在那里。简言之，他是可靠的。in short简言之。]‎ ‎3. (2016· 天津高考)The dictionary is out________ date: many words have been added to the language since it was published.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：这本字典过时了：自从它被出版，很多单词被增加到这个语言中。考查介词短语。out of date过时的。‎ ‎4. (2016•四川高考)Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because________the calcium content，which helps people to relax.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：最新研究显示牛奶对睡眠非常好，因为牛奶钙的含量高，这有助于人们放松。because of后接名词the calcium content作宾语。‎ ‎5.(2016·甘肃河西五市部分普通高中一联)One well of the oil field was still burning with huge fire twisting crazily ________ the night sky.‎ ‎【答案】against ‎6. (2016·安徽教研素质测试)In the final，we narrowly won the game. ________ be honest，I didn’t expect we had a chance of winning at first.‎ ‎【答案】To ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查介词。句意：最后，我们勉强赢了比赛。说实话，最初我没想到我们有赢得比赛的机会。To be honest说实话。‎ ‎【终极闯关】‎ ‎1. (2016·四川高考) 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ The giant panda__1__(love) by people throughout the world. Chinese scientists __2__(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. She was a very __3__(care)mother. For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something __4__(eat)！She would not let any other pandas come near. She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean. Any smell might attract natural __5__(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda. The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.__6__it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. The mother continued to care for the young panda __7__more than two years. By that time，the panda no longer needed __8__(it)mother for food. However，it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest. Then，after two and a half years，the mother __9__(drive)the young panda away. It was time for her to have a new baby，__10__it was also time for the young panda to be independent.‎ ‎【答案】1．is loved 2．recently 3．caring/careful　4．to eat　5．enemies　‎ ‎6．When/If　7．for　8．its　9．drove　10．and　‎ ‎3．caring/careful　考查形容词。作定语应用形容词形式。caring体贴人的，careful细心的。]‎ ‎4．to eat　考查动词不定式。不定式作定语。‎ ‎5．enemies　考查名词单复数问题。前面没有限定词，因此本空应填名词复数形式。‎ ‎6．When/If　考查连词。如果小熊猫哭了，她来回摇晃它，给它安慰。when既可表示时间也可表示条件。‎ ‎7．for　考查介词。妈妈继续照顾年轻的熊猫两年多的时间。for＋一段时间。‎ ‎8．its　考查代词。这里指熊猫的妈妈， 作定语，用物主代词形式。‎ ‎9．drove　考查时态。文章主要时态为一般过去时。两年半之后，母亲把小熊猫赶走。‎ ‎10．and　考查连词。上下句之间为并列关系。是她有一个新宝宝的时候了，也是小熊猫独立的时候了。]]‎ 考点：考查语法填空 ‎2. 【四川省成都市2017届高三第一次诊断性检测】]‎ 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中 共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ ‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ ‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。‎ ‎ 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ ‎ 注意：1.每处错误及修改均仅限一词。‎ ‎ 2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。‎ ‎ During my second month of nursing school, our professors gave us a quiz. I had ‎ smoothly finished the others' questions when I got stuck on the last one: "What’s the first ‎ name of the woman who clean the school ?" I had seen, many times, the woman, tall and]‎ ‎ in her fifty, but how could I know her name? I handed in my paper, leave the last question ‎ blankly. After a class ended, one student asked for the answer for the question. The ‎ professor said, "As you know, that in your careers you will meet many people. You ‎ should respect them and care about them, even you just smile and say 'hello' to them. J,]‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. professors改为professor ‎2. others'改为other ‎3. clean改为cleans ‎4. fifty改为fifties ‎5. leave改为leaving ‎6. blankly改为blank ‎7. a改为the ‎8. for改为to ‎9. that去掉 ‎10.even后加if/though ‎4. fifty改为fifties考查数词。此处为固定用法，in one’s fifties:某人50 多岁。‎ ‎5. leave改为leaving考查非谓语。此处由于不是句子，须把动词leave 变成非谓语，它的逻辑主语是I，两者之间是主动关系，故变成leaving。‎ ‎6. blankly改为blank考查固定结构。此处为leave 的固定结构，leave+宾语+宾补，此处需用形容词做宾补，故改为blank。‎ ‎7. a改为the考查冠词。此处为特指上的这节课，用定冠词the。‎ ‎8. for改为to考查介词。此处为固定用法，answer to a questions：问题的答案，故用介词to。‎ ‎9. that去掉 考查连词。此处是主句，无需加连词，故去掉that。‎ ‎10.even后加if/though考查固定搭配。此处意为即使，尽管，用even if/though。‎ 考点：语篇理解以及语法知识。‎