专题11+直击高考考点之定语从句-备战2019年高考英语二轮复习语法点对点之直击高考考点

专题11+直击高考考点之定语从句-备战2019年高考英语二轮复习语法点对点之直击高考考点

专题11 直击高考考点之定语从句 ‎ ‎ 知识清单 ‎ ‎ 序号 知 识 要 点 ‎1‎ 定语从句的先行词必须是名词/ 代词 ‎2‎ 英语中，定语从句必须放在被修饰的词的后面；‎ 限制性和非限制性定语从句的六点区别：形式不同；功能不同；翻译不同；含义不同；先行词不同；关系词不同 ‎3‎ 关系代词，指人的有that, who, whom, whose,‎ 指物的有that, which, whose；‎ 关系副词有when, where, why；关系代词作宾语时，可以省略。‎ ‎4‎ 定语从句的引导词，首先决定于先行词，然后决定于功能；‎ 当先行词是物时，从句中缺主语，用that, which,缺宾语用：that, which;先行词指人时，定语从句缺主语，用that, who, 缺宾语，用that, who, whom;‎ 先行词指物时，从句不缺主语和宾语，则用whose ‎5‎ ‎(whose roof =the roof of which= of which the roof)‎ ‎6‎ 先行词为way，关系副词用that, in which, 或省略 先行词为occasion,关系副词用when 先行词为situation/case/point/system/job/race等关系副词用where ‎7‎ so/such…that… 结果状语从句和so/such… as… 定语从句；‎ the same… that…同一物和the same… as…同类异物 ‎8‎ one of the students 作先行词时从句中谓语动词用复数；‎ the only one of the students 作先行词时从句中谓语动词用单数 ‎9‎ Is this school…?和Is this the school…?后面如何接定语从句 Is this school the one (that) you visited yesterday?‎ Is this school the one where you studied 10 years ago?‎ Is this school (that/which) you visited yesterday beautiful?‎ Is this the school (that/ which) you visited yesterday?‎ Is this the school where you studied 10 years ago?‎ ‎10‎ As is known to us all,…… / It is known to us all that……‎ What is known to us all is that……‎ ‎11‎ He has three daughters, all of whom are teachers.‎ He has three daughters; all of them are teachers.‎ He has three daughters and all of them are teachers.‎ ‎12‎ You can use a large plastic bottle, whose top was cut off.‎ You can use a large plastic bottle, its top cut off.‎ ‎13‎ as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。‎ ‎ as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。‎ as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。‎ as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。‎ as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。‎ 注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。‎ ‎14‎ 先行词指物时，只用that 引导定语从句的五种情况 被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, one of, just等词修饰时。‎ 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。‎ 先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词应用that。‎ 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作表语时 ‎15‎ 先行词为人时，只用who/whom的情况：‎ ‎(1)当先行词为one, he, those, anyone及people并且前面那些代词指人时;‎ Those who break the law will be punished .‎ ‎ Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.‎ ‎=Whoever wants to go for a picnic must get to the gate by 6:10.‎ He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.‎ ‎(2) 表示人的先行词后有插入语时及在分隔式定语从句中先行词为人的话用who/whom而不用that ;‎ This is the boy who everybody knows has won the first place in the competition.‎ A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you maths.‎ 先行词为人时，只用that的情况：‎ ‎(1)主句中有疑问词who 时，为避免重复;‎ Who is the man that is talking to Mr. Smith at the gate?‎ ‎(2) 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只用that;‎ She isn’t the little girl that she was 20 years ago.‎ ‎___________________________________________________.‎ ‎ ‎ 高考考点直击 ‎◆定语从句的考查要点 ‎ 1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。‎ ‎2.位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。‎ Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.‎ ‎3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。‎ 先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some，any，every和no与body，thing的合成词；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。‎ ‎4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。‎ 关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等 关系副词：when，where，why等 ‎5.确定关系词的步骤：‎ ‎(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。‎ ‎(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。‎ 注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。‎ ‎(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。‎ This is the place which is worth visiting.‎ ‎(2)关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。‎ There are many places we can visit (them) in China.‎ ‎6.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which：‎ ‎(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。‎ ‎(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修饰时。‎ ‎(3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。‎ ‎(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。‎ He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.‎ ‎(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。‎ The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.‎ ‎(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。‎ Which are the books that you bought for me？‎ ‎7.宜用which而不用that的情况：‎ ‎(1)在非限制性定语从句中。‎ ‎(2)在关系词前有介词时。‎ ‎(3)当先行词本身是that时。‎ ‎(4)关系词后有插入语时。‎ ‎8.关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词。‎ ‎(1)当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。‎ ‎(2)先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。‎ ‎(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。‎ Who is that girl that is standing by the window？‎ ‎(4)whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。‎ ‎9.whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。‎ Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving？‎ There is a room，whose window faces the river.‎ ‎10.关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。‎ ‎(1)先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many(much)中，从句都用as 引导。‎ Such books as you bought are useful.‎ The school is just the same as it was 10 years ago.‎ 注意：①such...that...引导结果状语从句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much。②the same...that...引导定语从句。如：I want to use the same tool that you used just now.‎ ‎(2)无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。‎ 区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。‎ He didn’t pass the exam，as we had expected.‎ There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the cold out.‎ As is known，the earth is round.‎ 题组训练1‎ 用适当的关系代词填空 ‎1.The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.‎ ‎2.Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt， is a stupid thing to do in such weather.‎ ‎3.I have three foreign teachers， two of are from Canada.‎ ‎4.She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction of had taken more than three years.‎ ‎5.This is the only way we can find at present.‎ ‎6.The house in I used to live has become a shoe shop.‎ ‎【答案】1.whose 2.which 3.whom 4.which 5.that 6.which ‎11.关系副词when与where，why，that when 指时间＝in/at/on/during which where指地点＝in/at/from which why指原因＝for which that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为the way，the time，the day，the place等，在口语中that常被省略。‎ I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks.‎ This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.‎ 题组训练2‎ 用适当的关系副词填空 ‎1.Between the two parts of the concert is an interval， the audience can buy icecream.‎ ‎2.Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator， it will keep for two or three weeks.‎ ‎3.Can you work out a way we can solve this problem.‎ ‎4.The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.‎ ‎5.I didn’t know the reason he came late.‎ ‎【答案】1.when 2.where 3. (that/in which) 4.when 5.why ‎12.必须注意的问题：‎ ‎(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。‎ ‎(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。 ‎ ‎①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。‎ ‎②强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词。‎ ‎③去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。‎ It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句)‎ It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句)‎ ‎(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。‎ ‎①定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。‎ ‎②同位语从句的引导词被叫作连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省。‎ Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句)‎ We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句)‎ ‎(4)关系词在从句中省略的情况。‎ ‎①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。‎ ‎②关系词作表语。‎ ‎(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。‎ ‎(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：‎ ‎①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中one为先行词)‎ He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students为先行词)‎ ‎②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday？‎ Is this the place (that/which) we visited yesterday？‎ ‎③He stood at the window，from where he could see what was happening.‎ ‎④It may rain，in which case the match will be put off.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 高考考点过关训练 一. 单句语法填空 A ‎1.(江苏高考)Many young people，most of ________were well－educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. ‎ ‎【答案】whom ‎ ‎ 2. ‎(天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better. ‎ ‎【答案】when ‎ ‎ ‎3．(天津高考)One day，mentally exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons ________ this problem could not be solved. ‎ ‎【答案】why ‎【解析】句意：一天，精疲力竭，我写下这个问题不能解决的所有原因。考查定语从句。从句缺少原因状语，用why引导。‎ ‎4．(浙江高考)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ________ has been proved. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到了证明。考查定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用“代词＋介词＋关系代词which”引导。‎ ‎5．(浙江高考)I made friends with the natives，and their reaction amazed me.They gave me presents of their favorite artworks ________ they had refused to sell to tourists. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎【解析】句意：我和当地人交朋友，他sell后缺少宾语，用关系代词which。‎ ‎ 6．(四川高考)One important biological factor________helps women live longer is the difference ‎ in hormones between men and women. ‎ ‎【答案】that/which ‎【解析】factor后带有定语从句，关系代词作主语，用that/which。‎ ‎7.(北京高考)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. ‎ ‎【答案】whose ‎【解析】句中指的是那对夫妻的孩子，用whose 引导定语从句。‎ ‎8．(北京高考)So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo，________ they are treated with calcium EDTA，a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. ‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】先行词为地点，从句用where 引导作状语。‎ ‎9.(全国)A nurse ________ understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. ‎ ‎【答案】who ‎【解析】先行词为人，用who 在从句中作主语，引导定语从句。‎ ‎10．(全国)I had one trip last year________I was caught by a hurricane in America. ‎ ‎【答案】where ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ B ‎1．(江苏高考)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ ‎【答案】as ‎【解析】句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导的定语从句，在这里作主语，意为 “正如……，这一点”，代替整个主句的内容。‎ ‎2．(湖南高考)It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：which代替先行词place ‎，在定语从句中用作主语，引导非限制性定语从句。不可用that。‎ ‎3．(北京高考)Opposite is St.Paul’s Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music. ‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你可以听到一些优美的音乐。先行词是St.Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，故用where。‎ ‎4．(浙江高考)Creating an atmosphere in ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：创造一种使员工感到自己是团队一部分的an atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，此处in which相当于where。‎ ‎ 5．(重庆高考)He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of were published in the 1990s. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：他写了很多的儿童书，其中接近一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语。此处关系代词which代指前面的books，作介词of的宾语。‎ ‎6．(陕西高考)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.‎ ‎【答案】when ‎【解析】句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是盼望着他有独立的时间。定语从句的先行词是time，后面的从句是完整的句子，先when。‎ ‎7．(The books on the desk, ________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.‎ ‎【答案】whose ‎ ‎ ‎8．(天津高考)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work. ‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】句意：该公司的老板试图创造轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为an easy atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故要用where。‎ ‎9．(安徽高考)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________ school education depends. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：一些专家认为阅读depend on/upon依靠，依赖。先行词为物，介词后用which来构成定语从句的引导词。‎ ‎10．(福建高考)China Today attracts a worldwide readership, shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：《中国日报》吸引了全世界的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。先行词是前面的整个主句，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故用which来引导。不可用that。‎ ‎ 11．(浙江高考)I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade，________ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. ‎ ‎【答案】when ‎【解析】句意：我直到五年级才真正成为一个攀登者，那时，我爬到树上去拿一个被挂在树枝上的风筝。the fifth grade，设空处在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。‎ ‎12．(福建高考)Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience for growth. ‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】句意：学生应该参加社区活动，他们从中能获得成长经验。将先行词community activities代入定语从句后为：They can gain experience for growth from the community activities.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。‎ ‎13．(陕西高考)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position. ‎ ‎【答案】that ‎ ‎ ‎14．(四川高考)Until now，we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children，________ is quite unexpected. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：直到现在，我们已经为贫困的孩子们集资50 000英镑，这是相当出乎意料的。在非限制性定语从句中，代指前文提到的事件，并在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。‎ ‎15．(重庆高考)We’ll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year. ‎ ‎【答案】which/that ‎【解析】句意：一个月以后我们将会达到年初所定的销售目标。在本句中，先行词是the sales targets，关系代词在定语从句中作set的宾语，所以填关系代词which/that。设空处也可以不填，因为关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。‎ ‎16．(江苏高考)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work ________ a good impression is a must. ‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】句意：这本书对我的日常交流很有帮助，尤其是在那些必须给人留下良好印象的工作中。根据句意填关系副词where。where引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。‎ ‎17．(江西高考)Among the many dangers ________ sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog. ‎ ‎【答案】which/that ‎【解析】句意：在这么多海员不得不面对的危险中，很有可能最大的危险就是雾了。在这个定语从句中，先行词是dangers，在从句中作face逻辑上的宾语，所以关系代词用which或that。‎ ‎18．(江西高考)It was the middle of the night ________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game. ‎ ‎【答案】when ‎【解析】句意：时间是半夜，那时我的父亲叫醒了我并告诉我去看足球比赛。关系副词在从句中作时间状语，所以答案是when。‎ ‎19．(湖南高考)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. ‎ ‎【答案】when ‎【解析】句意：我正在盼望着我的女儿能够读懂这the day，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。‎ ‎20．(北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，________ my classmates recommended to me. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎ ‎ ‎21．(天津高考)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of ________ uses it differently. ‎ ‎【答案】which ‎【解析】句意：英语是一种被好几种不同的cultures且关系词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，所以填which。‎ ‎22．(山东高考)A company ________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. ‎ ‎【答案】whose ‎【解析】句意：从国内市场得到的利润正在下降的公司可以去国外寻找机会。本题考查定语从句。先行词为company，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The company’s profits from home markets are declining.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作定语，故填whose。‎ ‎23．(安徽高考)The exact year ________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. ‎ ‎【答案】which/that ‎【解析】句意：Angela和她的家人一起在中国度过的准确的年份是2008年。这个定语从句的先行词是year，在从句中作spent的宾语，所以要填能够作宾语的关系代词，用which或that。‎ 二.语法填空 Passage 1‎ ‎ There was a time ___1___I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English. And ‎ this was the reason ___2___my father forced me to join in a 30－day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club, ___3___I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home. Fortunately, my guide, ____4__teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me face－to－face, from ____5__ I gained some useful instructions. He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities ___6______we did. I should be grateful to my father and the guide,____7__ encouraged me to fall in love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into ___8__ I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud. In class I join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages, through _____ I can memorize a large number of new words. ______ our English teacher says, “As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later.”‎ 作者在英语俱乐部遇到了一位好老师，他使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，并养成了学习英语的好习惯。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5．【答案】which 【解析】先行词为my guide communicated with me face－to－face；先行词在定语从句中作from的宾语，且介词from提前，故填which。‎ ‎6．【答案】that/which/不填 【解析】先行词是activities，将先行词代入定语从句后为：We did the activities.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作宾语，故用that或which引导或省略关系代词。‎ ‎7．【答案】who 【解析】先行词为my father and the guide，关系词在定语从句中作主语，且指“人”，所以用who引导。‎ ‎8．【答案】which 【解析】先行词为English，关系词在定语从句中作介词into 的宾语，且介词into已被提前，故填which。‎ ‎9．【答案】which 【解析】句意：每天入睡前我总是回忆所学的文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的英语生词。先行词为the passages，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语，且介词已被提前，故用which引导。‎ ‎10．【答案】As 【解析】句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于句首，后面引号内直接引语的内容为先行词，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用as引导。‎ Passage 2‎ In the summer of 1848, in Guatemala, a man called Ambrosio Tut went into the jungle ____1__ he usually worked every day. Tut was a gum－collector(树胶采集者), looking for gum in the jungle. To do this, he had to climb the trees. On one particular day, he got to the top of one tree and something caught his eye. He looked out across the trees and saw the tops of some old buildings.‎ Tut didn't really know ___2___he had seen but he knew it was something special. He ran to tell the local governor, and together they walked into the jungle. There they found Tikal(蒂卡尔), the city___3___the Mayans had built many hundreds of years before. The two men saw temples and pyramids, squares and houses, and places ____4__ kings had lived ___5___the Mayan people ruled the region.‎ For a long time before that day, local people had known ___6___somewhere in the jungle there was an old Mayan city, but no one had seen it for centuries. Between 200 and 900 AD, the city of Tikal had been the center of Mayan civilization in the region, but then the Mayans left there, nobody knows ___7___! After 1000 AD, the jungle began to cover it and people forgot that it was there.‎ Seven years ___8__Tut looked out for the trees, two British explorers had gone to Guatemala and had written a report about Mayan treasures in the jungle, but they didn't mention Tikal. Even earlier than this, local Indians had told European travelers about a great city hidden in the trees, ___9.__ no one would listen to them. Then the news ___10__the lost city had been found again made archaeologists(考古学家) extremely glad.‎ 语篇导读：1848年，Tut意外发现玛雅城市遗址。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5．【答案】when 【解析】引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎6．【答案】that 【解析】句意：那天之前的很长一段时间，当地人就知道丛林里的某个地方有一个古老的玛雅城市。从句中不缺少成分，且意义完整。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎