专题04+阅读理解Ⅱ：细节理解题（讲）-2019年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题04+阅读理解Ⅱ：细节理解题（讲）-2019年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

‎【构建知识体系】‎ 细节理解题 考点1事实细节题 考点2细节转换与是非判断题 考点3数字计算题 考点4细节排序题 ‎2016-2018年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ 第一节 主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。‎ 说明文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。‎ 说明文 文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。‎ 记叙文 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。‎ 说明文 第二节 主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2017‎ 第一节 文章主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎7‎ ‎5‎ ‎2‎ 记叙文 救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。‎ 文章讲述了为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，联合国教科文组织 把4月30号定为了国际爵士乐日。然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人联接起来，爵士乐应该也随之进步。‎ 说明文 文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ 科普说明文 第二节 文章讲述了三年前，作者对露营一无所知，也不认为自己会喜欢露营。然而后来有过几次露营的经历，作者和他的家人开始爱上了露营，甚至为露营购买了设备齐全的房车。作者认为露营是回归大自然的一个方式，也建议读者找到适合自己的回归自然的方式。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2018‎ 第一节 本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎8‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。‎ 记叙文 议论文 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。‎ 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。‎ 科普说明文 第二节 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2016-2018年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ B 主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。‎ 记叙文 C 主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。‎ 说明文 D 主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。‎ 记叙文 ‎2017‎ A 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎5‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ 介绍了4则有关戏剧的广告。分别介绍了四个用不同语言演绎莎士比亚戏剧的文化盛事。‎ B 作者用深情追忆了自己和Paul Newman因为志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。‎ 记叙文 C 本文比较详尽地介绍了新型交通工具——陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。‎ 说明文 D 文章通过两位科学家的研究发现，植被也有奇特的自我保护和协作抗击害虫的方式。‎ 科普说明文 ‎2018‎ A 本文是一篇广告布告类说明文。文中讲述了家长和孩子一起挑选可以参加的活动。文中分别对这些活动的名称，活动内容，活动特色和活动组织工作人员还有活动的价格进行了详细的描述。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎6‎ ‎7‎ ‎1‎ B 本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。‎ 说明文 C 据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media 说明文 ‎ report报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。‎ D 这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。‎ 议论文 ‎2016-2018年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎10‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ B 文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。‎ 记叙文 C 介绍了苹果节的一些情况。‎ 说明文 D 讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。‎ 议论文 ‎2017‎ A 介绍了 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎1‎ 旧金山消防车旅游的四个旅游项目：旧金山酒庄之旅，五十年代怀旧之旅，万圣节幽灵之旅和假日花灯展之旅。‎ B The Plaza Theater，一座带着一座城市记忆的剧院，由于种种原因，要面临关门歇业。临关门前，老板选了一部合适的老电影播放。伤心的观众眼含不舍的泪水。‎ 记叙文 C 生物链中任何一个环节出了问题都会对生态造成灾难性的破坏。黄石公园由于人类活动导致灰狼几近消失，幸亏当地政府采取措施引进灰狼，亡羊补牢，逐渐恢复了生态平衡。‎ 科普说明文 D 主要介绍了为老年人研制的一款电动汽车。‎ 说明文 ‎2018‎ A 文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎8‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ B 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。‎ 说明文 C 这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。‎ 新闻报道 D 议论文 文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。‎ ‎【考纲解读】‎ 考试大纲 要求 考纲解读 要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。‎ 考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。‎ 主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。‎ ‎【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向 ‎1.【2018·全国I】A Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.‎ Duration Tour This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry blossoms—disappear!‎ Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours (4 miles)‎ Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.‎ Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.‎ Duration:3 hours ‎ Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most ,interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线）make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.‎ Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour ‎ Duration:3 hours(7miles)‎ Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.‎ ‎21. Which tour do you need to book in advance?‎ A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C.‎ B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.‎ C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D. C.‎ D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.‎ ‎22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?‎ A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park.‎ C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories.‎ ‎23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?‎ A. City maps. B. Cameras.‎ C. Meals D. Safety lights ‎【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。‎ ‎23. 细节理解题。根据文章Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour中的All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.可知，所有骑行者都要装备反光背心和安全手电筒。故选D。‎ 点睛：本篇文章最容易出错的题是21题，究其原因是不熟悉词汇reserve的词义：预约。in advance意为：提前。因此，高考前熟悉词汇和短语是重中之重的事情。Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms — disappear在有效期和樱花消失前预约。‎ ‎2.【2018·全国II】A Summer Activities Students should read the list with their parents/careers, and select two activities they ‎ would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/careers will be asked to ‎ sign to confirm their child’s choices.‎ Activity Description Member of staff Cost Outdoor Adventure (OUT)‎ Take yourself out of your comfort zone for a week, discover new personal qualities, and learn new skills. You will be able to take part in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoor. Learn rock climbing and work as a team, and enjoy the great Mr. Clemens ‎£140 ‎ ‎ outdoor environment.‎ WWI Battlefields ‎ and Paris ‎(WBP)‎ On Monday we travel to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War I battlefields. On Day 3 we cross into Belgium. Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks. Our final day, Friday, sees us visit central Paris and tour the main sights. ‎ Mrs. Milson ‎£425‎ Crafty Foxes ‎(CRF)‎ Four days of product design centred around textiles. Making lovely objects using recycled and made materials. Bags, cushions and decorations...Learn skills and leave with modern and unusual textiles.‎ Mrs. Goode ‎£30‎ Potty about Potter ‎(POT)‎ Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic,‎ Miss Drake ‎£150‎ ‎ stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxford’s Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter.‎ ‎21. Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping?‎ A. OUT. B. WBP. C. CRF. D. POT.‎ ‎22. What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson?‎ A. Travel to London.‎ B. See a parade and fireworks.‎ C. Tour central Paris.‎ D. Visit the WWI battlefields.‎ ‎23. How long does Potty about Potter last?‎ A. Two days. B. Four days.‎ C. Five days. D. One week.‎ ‎【答案】21. A 22. D 23. A ‎22.D细节理解题。根据题干中的with Mrs. Wilson，我们可以锁定第二个活动，根据On Monday we travel to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War I battlefields.‎ 可知，星期一是去往伦敦并在伦敦住一夜，第二天也就是星期二到法国北部去参观一战的战场。故选D。‎ 点睛：做广告布告类说明文题型时一定要先看题干，再从文中找答案。我们可以清楚的看到：这三道题是互相之间没有联系的并且都是根据题干中的关键信息就可以锁定某一段落直接找答案的。‎ ‎3.【2018·全国III】A Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens Visitor Information How to Get to Holker By Car： Follow brown signs an A590 from JB6, M6.Approximale travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-I hour 30 minutes.z.x.xk By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston for connections to major cities & airports.‎ Opening Times Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday)11:00 am-4:00pm,30 March-2nd November.‎ Admission Charges Hall & Gardens Gardens Adults: £12.00 £8.00‎ Groups £9 £5.5‎ Producers: Market 13th April Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.‎ Holker Garden Festival 30th May The event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.‎ National Garden Day 28th August Holker once again opens is gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.‎ Winter Market 8th November This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifs while enjoying a live music ‎ show and nice street entertainment.‎ ‎21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?‎ A. 20minutes. B. 25 minutes.‎ C. 45 minutes. D. 90 minutes.‎ ‎22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens?‎ A. £l2.00. B. £9.00.‎ C. £8.0 D. £5.50‎ ‎23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?‎ A. Producers' Market. B. Holker Garden Festival.‎ C. National Garden Day. D. Winter Market.‎ ‎【答案】21. D 22. B 23. D ‎【解析】文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。‎ ‎【点睛】文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。（2）语言转述型。（3）语意理解型。（4）是非辨别型。（5）事实排序型。‎ 此题中的三题全为细节理解题。细节理解题首先要根据题干准确定位信息句，其次要对信息句进行准确的理解和判断，如第一题为转述型，1 hour and30 minutes，即90分钟。第二题和第三题则为简单的一一对应型，只要找到信息句即可得出答案。‎ ‎【高考预测】‎ 纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2019年全国高考试题还会 ‎①Ⅰ 卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.6。‎ ‎②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题2题左右。‎ ‎【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点　‎ 考点一 事实细节题【例1】B【2018·全国I】‎ Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.‎ In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.‎ ‎"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "‎ The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.‎ With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.‎ ‎24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?‎ A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.‎ C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a light budget for her family.‎ ‎25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?‎ A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.‎ C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.‎ ‎【答案】24. B 25. C ‎ ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。‎ 规律方法1： 如何解决事实细节题？‎ 做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ B【安徽省黄山市普通高中2019届高三11月“八校联考”】‎ In a recent announcement, Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）said that they have joined forces to offer free online courses in an effort to attract millions of online learners worldwide.‎ Beginning this fall, a number of courses developed by teachers at both universities will be offered online through a new $60 million program, known as edX. “Anyone with an Internet connection anywhere in the world can use our online courses,” Harvard President Drew Faust said during a meeting to announce the plan.‎ MIT has offered a program called OpenCourseWare for ten years that makes materials from more than 2,000 classes free online. It has been used by more than 100 million people. In December, the school announced it also would begin offering a special certificate, known as MITx, for people who complete certain online courses. Harvard has long offered courses to a wider population through a similar program.‎ The MITx will serve as the foundation for the new learning platform.‎ MIT President Susan Hockfield said more than 120,000 people signed up for the first MITx course. She said Harvard and MIT hope other universities will join them in offering courses on the open-source edX platform.‎ ‎“Fasten your seatbelts,” Hockfield said.‎ Other universities, including Stanford, Yale and Carnegie-Mellon, have been experimenting with teaching to a global population online.‎ The Harvard-MIT program will be monitored by a not-for-profit（非盈利的）organization based in Cambridge, to be owned equally by the two universities. Both MIT and Harvard have provided $30 million to start the program. They also plan to use the edX platform to research how students learn and which teaching methods and ‎ tools are most successful.‎ ‎5. According to this text, edX is _______.‎ A. a part of the free MIT OpenCourseWare B. a free computer program by MIT and Harvard C. a Harvard-MIT platform of free online courses D. a free program online for universities worldwide ‎6. What is said about online education in the text?‎ A. Universities have been trying online courses.‎ B. About 2,000 online courses have been offered.‎ C. Over 100 million people have finished courses online.‎ D. Stanford and Yale together have courses similar to edX.‎ ‎7. The underlined part in the text probably means “ ”.‎ A. Get ready for the difficulties B. Get ready for this educational change C. Get prepared to complete the online courses D. Get prepared to make materials for the edX courses ‎8. What can be said about MITx according to the text?‎ A. It is first offered as part of the edX learning program.‎ B. It is another free MIT-Harvard online learning program.‎ C. It is a standard to recognize online learners’ achievement.‎ D. It is a new kind of free online course of Harvard and MIT.‎ ‎【答案】5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C ‎【解析】‎ 本文为新闻报道类文体。文章报道了Harvard和MIT联手向全球免费提供网上课程的事情。‎ ‎【6题详解】‎ 细节判断题。B项应是2,000‎ ‎ classes；C项，应是100多万人使用，而不是完成了课程；D项文中没有谈到它们的课程是否相似。根据倒数第二段话“Other universities, including Stanford, Yale and Carnegie-Mellon, have been experimenting with teaching to a global population online”可知答案选A。‎ 考点二 细节转换与是非判断题 ‎【例2】A【2018·天津卷】‎ Fire Prevention Information The University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals. They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems fire alarms and fire extinguishers (灭火器). They also provide educational programs or fire safety in the residence hall. Whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.‎ Fire Alarms The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的）fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull stations and pipes. Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers. For your safety, never tamper with(胡乱摆弄）these systems. False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.‎ Fire Drills A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill, please do the following:‎ ‎·Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.‎ ‎·Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.‎ ‎·Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.‎ Fire Extinguishers Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so. Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could ‎ result in damage to personal property.‎ Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.‎ Smoke Detector A smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room. Some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings. Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector:‎ ‎·If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.‎ ‎·Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.‎ ‎·If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.‎ ‎36. What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals?‎ A. To provide part-time jobs for students.‎ B. To lead the students to the nearest exits.‎ C. To check and maintain fire prevention equipment.‎ D. To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.‎ ‎37. What do the automatic fire alarm systems include?‎ A. Pipes and smoke detectors.‎ B. Smoke detectors and sprinklers.‎ C. Fire alarm pull stations and pipes.‎ D. Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations ‎38. In a fire drill, the students should ________.‎ A. rush quickly to a lift B. gather at the nearest exit.‎ C. shut the door and leave at once D. wait for instructions in the hall ‎39. What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers?‎ A. Using them wrongly results in punishment.‎ B. Irresponsible use of them can damage them.‎ C. Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.‎ D. Using them without a trainer present is forbidden.‎ ‎40. To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should_________.‎ A. contact the hall staff regularly B. cover the things that burn easily C. start the smoke detector in a fire D. make certain the red light is working ‎【答案】36. C 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从火警、消防训练、灭火器和烟雾探测器的使用等方面介绍了一些防火信息。‎ ‎38. 细节理解题。根据文章Fire Drills中的句子Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.和Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.可知，在消防演习中，学生锁好门并立即从最近的紧急出口离开。故选C。‎ ‎39. 细节理解题。根据文章Fire Extinguishers中的句子Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.可知，误用灭火器会导致罚款。故选A。‎ ‎40. 细节理解题。根据文章Smoke Detector中的句子If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.可知，烟雾探测器是否安全运行，看红灯是否闪动。故选D。‎ 点睛：文章内容较为简单，集中考查细节题，对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别。如小题3中C选择项中leave at once与文中的Exit immediately表达的同一个意思；小题4中考生要理解文中fines（罚款）是A选择项中punishment（惩罚）的一种，这些都考生需要比较它们之间的细微区别。‎ ‎【例3】(A)【上海市松江区2019届高三上学期期末质量监控】‎ Who would win in a fight, a lion or a tiger? Well, if size has anything to do with the matter, the tiger would win. That’s because tigers are the largest of all cat species. Tigers are not only large, they are also fast. They can sprint as fast as 40 miles per hour for short distances and leap as far as 30 feet horizontally. You might not think that such large,‎ ‎ fast, and fierce creatures need help to survive, but they do.‎ It is estimated that at the start of the 20th century, there were over 100,000 tigers living in the wild. By the turn of the century, the number of tigers outside of captivity dwindled to just over 3,000. Interestingly, the most serious threats that tigers face come from a much smaller species, one with an average weight of around 140 lbs. That species is Homo sapiens, better known as humans. Humans threaten tigers in primarily two ways: hunting and destroying habitat.‎ Tigers are hunted for many reasons. People have long valued the famous striped skins. Though trading tiger skins is now illegal in most parts of the world, tiger pelts are worth around $10,000 on the black market. Though the fur would be incentive enough for most poachers, other parts of the tiger can also fetch a pretty penny. Some people in China and other Asian cultures believe that various tiger parts have healing properties. Traditional Chinese medicine calls for the use of tiger bones, amongst other parts, in some prescriptions.‎ Tigers have also been hunted as game. In other words, people hunted tigers solely for the thrill and achievement of killing them. Such killings took place in large scale during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when an English hunter might claim to kill over a hundred tigers in their hunting career. Though this practice is much less popular today than it was in the past, it has not ceased entirely.‎ Humans have done considerable damage to the world’s tiger population through hunting, but perhaps more damage has been caused through the destruction of habitat. Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, all the way from Turkey to the eastern coast of Russia. But over the past 100 years, tigers have lost 93% of their historic range. Instead of spanning all the way across Asia, the tiger population is now isolated in small pockets in southern and southeastern Asia. This is because humans have drastically changed the environments. Humans have built towns and cities. Road and transit systems were created to connect these towns and cities. To feed the people living in these areas, forests and fields have been cleared to create farmland.‎ A major obstacle to preserving tigers is the enormous amount of territory that each tiger requires. Each wild tiger demands between 200 and 300 square miles. Tigers are also both territorial and solitary animals. This means that they are protective of the areas that they claim and they generally do not share with other tigers. Because tigers need so much territory, it is really difficult for conservationists to acquire enough land to support a large population of tigers.‎ ‎56. Which of the following is NOT a reason in the article explaining why tigers are hunted?‎ A. Because tiger skins are worth a lot of money.‎ B. Because tiger parts are used as medicines in some cultures.‎ C. Because some tigers attack local villages.‎ D. Because tigers are hunted for enjoyment by some people.‎ ‎57. The underlined word “incentive” in the third paragraph probably means ________.‎ A. attractive B. innovative C. alternative D. respective ‎58. Which best explains why tigers have lost so much of their habitat according to the text?‎ A. Because tigers are under threat from other animals.‎ B. Because tiger skins are extremely valuable.‎ C. Because the environment has been changed.‎ D. Because tigers need so much space to survive.‎ ‎59. Which of the following best describes the author’s main purpose in writing this article?‎ A. To provide readers with interesting information about the lifestyles of tigers.‎ B. To persuade readers to help the world’s tiger population and to offer ways to help.‎ C. To entertain readers with stories about how tigers hunt and are hunted.‎ D. To explain to readers why the world’s tiger population is endangered.‎ ‎【答案】56. C 57. A 58. C 59. D ‎【解析】‎ 本文为议论文。文章主要叙述了体型大速度快的老虎由于人类对虎皮，虎骨的贪婪及人类的娱乐遭到人类的捕杀。更为重要的是人类为了养活自己，改变了环境，使老虎的栖息地急剧减少，老虎的数量也在减少，由此造成老虎种群濒临灭绝。‎ ‎【57题详解】‎ 猜测词义题。根据划线词的上一句“tiger pelts are worth around $10,000 on the black market.” 可知“黑市上的虎皮价值约10000美元”，可推断出“皮毛对大多数偷猎者来说有吸引力的，”，分析选项：A. attractive诱人的，吸引人的；B. innovative创新的；C. alternative 可供选择的；D. respective各自的，分别的。可知A项，‎ attractive“诱人的”，就是有“吸引人的”,故选A。‎ ‎【58题详解】‎ 推理判断题。第五段的内容可知，“人类通过狩猎对世界老虎种群造成了相当大的破坏，但可能更多的破坏是由于栖息地的破坏。但是在过去的100年里，老虎已经失去了93%的历史领地。现在，老虎的数量已经被孤立在亚洲南部和东南部的小地方，这是因为人类已经彻底改变了环境”，可知C项（环境的变化是考上失去如此多的栖息地的主要原因）‎ 规律方法2：如何解决细节转换与是非判断题?‎ 细节理解题也叫间接理解题，包括语意转换题、图文转换题和是非判断题。‎ ‎(1)语意转换题，需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，两者存在表述上的差异。解答这类题目时可带着问题，有针对性地扫读全文，迅速锁定相关语句，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。‎ ‎(2)图文转换题，在阅读理解题中，有的图表、图画出现在阅读理解题的正文中。在解答这类题时，可采用“文字锁定法”，找出描述图形中的句段，采用按图寻找答案的方法，按图索骥，图文互相参照、互相验证，便可确定正确答案。‎ ‎(3)是非判断题，采用对号入座法和排除法。对号入座法就是根据关键词返回原文，找出相关内容，从中找出答案。正确答案与原文表述可能有出入，但意思一样，万变不离其宗。排除法，针对是非判断题中的“三错一对”或“三对一错”类试题，要求仔细阅读文章，比较选项与原文的异同，然后做出正确判断。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ ‎【安徽省江淮十校2019届高三第二次联考】‎ Kong Qiu, better known as Confucius, was born in 551 B. C. , in the Lu state of China. His teachings, preserved in " Lunyu ", focused on creating models for good behavior and setting educational standards. He died in 479 B. C. Confucianism later became the official philosophy of the Chinese empire, and was extremely influential during the Han, Tang and Song dynasties.‎ Little is known of Confucius ' childhood. " Records of the Historian" , written by Ssu-ma Chi’en, offers the most detailed account of Confucius ' life. However, some modem historians question its accuracy, regarding it as myth, not ‎ fact. The book says that Confucius was born into a royal family while others say that Confucius was born into poverty. One fact is clear, though: Confucius lived during a time of great trouble in China.‎ Over 2 ,500 years ago , China ' s Chou Empire began to fall apart. Warring Chinese states caused it to break down. Traditional Chinese values then began to decline. Confucius saw this as an opportunity to strengthen the old Chinese values and customs. His ideas were based on the principle of " ren" or "loving others" while practicing self-control. He believed that ren could be put into action using the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule is" do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself. "‎ Confucius ' political beliefs were likewise based on the concept of self-control. He believed that a leader should stay humble and treat his followers with care. In doing so, he would lead by positive example. According to Confucius, leaders could motivate their subjects to follow the law by teaching them virtue.‎ His philosophy of education focused on the " Six Arts". To Confucius, the main objective of being an educator was to teach people to be honest and kind. He tried to encourage people to be more polite to each other.‎ By the second century B. C. , during China ' s first Han Dynasty, his ideas became the foundation for the state government. Today, he is widely considered one of the most influential teachers in Chinese history.‎ ‎13. Each of the following affected Confucius ' ideas EXCEPT .‎ A. the Han Dynasty . B. the Chou Dynasty.‎ C. traditional Chinese values . D. the war time experience.‎ ‎14. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?‎ A. Confucius led a bitter life in his childhood.‎ B. Traditional values were gone because of the end of Chou.‎ C. Confucius ' ideas influenced the leadership of the country.‎ D. Confucius devotedly promoted ideas contrary to traditional ones.‎ ‎【答案】 13. A 14. C ‎ ‎【解析】‎ ‎【分析】‎ 这是一篇人物传记。介绍了孔子以及他的思想。‎ 考点三 数字计算题 ‎【例4】 A【2018·江苏】‎ The Metropolitan Museum of Art ‎1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028‎ ‎211-535-7710 www.metmuseum.org Entrances Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street Hours Open 7 days a week.‎ Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30‎ Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00‎ Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,January 1,and the first Monday in May.‎ Admission ‎$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.‎ Free with Admission All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/children's programs are free with admission.‎ Ask about today's activities at the Great Hall Information Desk.‎ The Cloisters Museum and Gardens The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.‎ Hours: Open 7 days a week.‎ March-October 10:00-17:15‎ November-February 10:00-16:45‎ Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,and January 1.‎ ‎56. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?‎ ‎ A. $12. B. $37. C. $ 50. D. $ 62‎ ‎57. The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that ________.‎ ‎ A. it opens all the year round ‎ ‎ B. its collections date from the Middle Ages ‎ C. it has a modern European-style garden ‎ ‎ D. it sells excellent European glass collections ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了英国艺术博物馆和修道院博物馆的参观指南，包括参观时间、价格、特点等。‎ 规律方法3：如何解决数字计算题？‎ 先理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。‎ ‎1、仔细阅读文字说明部分，准确把握图表信息。‎ ‎2、仔细分析题干，抓牢关键词。‎ ‎3、运用数学公式计算，注意巧算。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ ‎1. A【安徽省江淮十校2019届高三第二次联考】‎ EXPERIENCE COLUMBIA HOT ATTRACTIONS ‎◆RIVERBANKS ZOO&GARDEN It is home to more than 2.000 animals and one of the nation's most beautiful botanical gardens.With more than 350 species from around the world,Riverbanks is one of the largest mid— sized zoos in the country.‎ Hours:9:00a.m．一5:00p.m.daily.‎ Admission:Adults(13—61)一$19.95‎ Children(2—12)——$16.95‎ ‎◆EDVENTURE The Soutll's largest children's museum has 300 exhibits to mspire children to expenence the joy of learning. where else but EdVenture can children drive a real fire truck, anchor the news or visit another country?‎ Hours : Monday - Sunday :9 a. m. -5 p. m.‎ Admission : Members Free Children and Adults - $ 11. 95‎ ‎◆SOUTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM The stories of South Carolina come alive through the exhibits and collections of the State Museum. Plus, a new 4-D theater provides popular movies that excite all ages. Museum members are invited to night-sky observing and more on Tuesday nights !‎ Hours : Mon. ,Wed. - Fri. :10 a. m. -5 p. m. ,Tues. :10 a. m. -10 p. m. ,‎ Sat. :10 a. m. -6 p. m. ,Sun. :Noon -5 p. m.‎ Admission:Adults (13 -61) : $ 8.95‎ Children (3 - 12) : $ 6. 95‎ ‎◆SALUDA SHOALS PARK Saluda Shoals Park is a sensitive riverfront park that invites visitors to experience the treasures of the Saluda River through exceptional educational and cultural opportunities.‎ Fun-filled Family Activities Nightly! ( except Thanksgiving, Chnstmas Eve and Christmas night)‎ Free for activities : apply with Holiday Lights admission ( $ 20/car; $ 40/15-passenger vehicle; $ 60/bus) .‎ ‎1. Which attraction best suits a child interested in broadcasting news?‎ A. EdVenture. B. The State Museum.‎ C. Saluda Shoals Park. D. Riverbanks Zoo & garden.‎ ‎2. How much should a young couple with a 4-year-old son pay to enjoy various plants and animals?‎ A. $ 24.85. B. $ 20.‎ C. $ 56.85. D. $ 35.85.‎ ‎3. Which of the following is available to all tourists in the State Museum?‎ A. Having a fantastic visual feast at l : 00 p. m.‎ B. Visiting the exhibits on Sunday morning.‎ C. Enjoying free family activities every night.‎ D. Observing the amazing night sky on Tuesday nights.‎ ‎【答案】1. A 2. C 3. A ‎【解析】‎ ‎【分析】‎ 这是一篇应用文。介绍了哥伦比亚热门景点的相关信息。‎ ‎【2题详解】‎ 细节理解题。由“RIVERBANKS ZOO&GARDEN”中的Admission:Adults(13—61)一$19.95‎ Children(2—12)——$16.95‎ 可知，一对夫妇和一个4岁大的孩子应该支付$19.95+$19.95+$16.95=$56.85。故C选项正确。‎ ‎【3题详解】‎ 推理判断题。由“SOUTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM”中的Hours : Mon. ,Wed. - Fri. :10 a. m. -5 p. m. ,Tues. :10 a. m. -10 p. m. ,‎ Sat. :10 a. m. -6 p. m. ,Sun. :Noon -5 p. m.‎ 可知，游客在周一到周天的下午1点都会欣赏到一场美妙的视觉盛宴。故A选项正确。‎ ‎2. A【贵州省遵义航天高级中学2019届高三第五次模拟】‎ UK is becoming a popular destination for people who wish to study abroad. However, Britain is quite an expensive place to study and live in. Tuition fees have now reached £ 9,250 a year and students also face some of the highest living costs in the world.‎ Fortunately, there are a number of countries where universities offer degree programs entirely in English, along with the chance to learn the local language while you live there. Here are three of the options.‎ Tianjin University Moving to China is not for the faint- hearted. Undergraduate degree courses at Tianjin last four years. Living ‎ costs are only around £ 400 a month and tuition fees are £ 2,300 a year. Flights will cost £ 3,600 over the four years. The total cost, at £ 28,800, is still around half that of a three-year degree in Britain. Tianjin is one of the world's latest cities and is only a half-hour train ride from Beijing. Three undergraduate programs are offered in English: Chemical Engineering, Environment & Energy and Pharmaceutical Science.‎ University of Amsterdam The Dutch capital is not a cheap city to live in, but standard tuition fees of £ 1,800 a year make it significantly cheaper than a British degree. There are 14 bachelor's degrees on offer that are taught in English, including Political Science, Economics & Business Economics and Actuarial Science. Nearly all Dutch people speak English, making it an easy country to get by in.‎ University of Milan The University of Milan's fees range from £ 140 to £3,650 a year. The one bachelor's degree offered entirely in English―Political Science is a three-year course. While living costs in Milan are high, the significantly lower fees make it a cheaper option than a British university.‎ ‎1. What is probably the total cost of a three-year degree in Britain?‎ A. £ 14,400 B. £ 27,750‎ C. £ 28,800 D. £ 57,600‎ ‎2. Where can you major in Political Science?‎ A. London and Tianjin.‎ B. Amsterdam and London.‎ C. Amsterdam and Milan.‎ D. Tianjin and Milan.‎ ‎3. What is the purpose of the text?‎ A. To encourage people to study abroad.‎ B. To introduce some affordable universities.‎ C. To advertise some degree programs.‎ D. To compare tuition fees and living cost ‎【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B ‎【解析】‎ 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个学费和消费都比英国低的完全用英语授课且提供学位课程的几个大学。‎ ‎【1题详解】‎ 细节理解题。根据第三段的The total cost, at £ 28,800, is still around half that of a three-year degree in Britain可知，在英国学习三年的花费是57600英镑，故选D。‎ ‎【3题详解】‎ 推理判断题。第一段提到英国的留学费用是世界上非常贵的，接着又提到了几个国家的相对比较便宜的大学，可推断出本文的目的是介绍几个学生们能负担得起的大学，故选B。‎ 考点四 细节排序题 ‎【例4】 ‎ You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella.But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.That’s why he created Lampbrella，a lamp post with its own rainsensing umbrella.‎ The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia.“Once，I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street and saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain.I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(伞篷)built into a street lamp，” he said.‎ The Lampbrella is a standardlooking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy.It has a builtin electric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand.Sensors(传感器)then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining.‎ In addition to the rain sensor，there’s also a 360° motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone is using the Lampbrella.After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed.‎ According to the designer，the Lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed，so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides，it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike.Each Lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people.Being installed(安装) at 2 metres off the ground，it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians.‎ While there are no plans to take the Lampbrella into production，Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department，and insists his creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter.(2013·山东，C)‎ ‎68．Which of the following shows how the Lampbrella works?‎ A．motor→canopy→sensors ‎ B．sensors→motor→canopy ‎ C．motor→sensors→canopy ‎ D．canopy→motor→sensors ‎【答案】B 规律方法4：如何解决细节排序题？‎ 做此类题目可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ ‎ Planning to go to a gym? If you are one of those who spent many days planning to join a gym or to attend it regularly, then why not choose some home exercise? Here are some home exercises without equipment.‎ ‎ Jumping jacks ‎ This one is the best home workout without weights which is a great exercise that will work your hands and legs. Perform this exercise by standing with your feet placed together and arms at your sides. Now tuck in your abs(收腹) and jump by bending in your knees. At the same time, move your feet apart as much as you can and raise your hands to bring in line with your shoulder. While you come back you must be in a starting position, feet together, hands at sides and knees bent. You must land on your heels and again jump.‎ Jogging Jogging is one of the best home exercises without weights. You don’t need to have a lawn or jogging track at home to perform this exercise. There are many benefits of jogging. It will work your entire legs. Moreover, it is a classic cardiovascular(心血管) workout. Make sure you wear jogging footwear even if you are jogging at home to avoid any stress on your feet. Also, you can gradually increase the jogging time and speed.‎ Rotating(旋转) exercise Start by rotating your wrists, clockwise(顺时针地) and anticlockwise. Now, alternately rotate your feet in the same fashion. Now place both your hands on the shoulder and start rotating your shoulder clockwise and anticlockwise. Place an exercise mat and lie flat on your back. Now lift your left leg and rotate it clockwise; do not ‎ bend you knees. Now rest the left leg, lift your right leg and rotate it anticlockwise. ‎ It is necessary to set a perfect mood for exercise which will help you stick to the exercise routine and excitement. Make sure you wear proper exercise clothes to perform the workout with ease. Also, putting on your favorite music will make your exercise session more lively. If you get bored with exercises, just dance, after all it’s also one of the best home exercises.‎ ‎3. What is the right order of your body parts during rotation exercise?‎ A. hands—legs---back----legs. B. wrists—hands---feet---shoulders C. wrists---feet---shoulders---legs D. hands---shoulders---knees---legs