【英语】2020届二轮复习副词用法考点纵览学案

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【英语】2020届二轮复习副词用法考点纵览学案

‎2020届二轮复习 副词用法考点纵览学案 一、概述 副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式、条件等含义。‎ 本章从概念入手,进而从概念出发,从形式、意义和功能三个方面给予了副词不同的分类,并附有大量副词实例予以说明,接着分别从构成、作用、位置三个方面予以阐述,最后介绍了相关副词及副词短语的比较,使本章内容更加充实、丰满。章末阐述了本章的核心与精华,给予了应对副词的良策及副词知识网。‎ 本章内容比较整,要注意以概念、分类、构成、作用、位置为纲,结合副词知识网全面学习。‎ 二、定义及分类 ‎1、副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等条件。‎ ‎2、副词根据不同的分类标准可分为不同的种类 ‎(1)按形式分类 ‎①简单副词,如:just、now、well、back、out、in、really、near等。‎ ‎②复合副词,如:somehow、anywhere、therefore、whereupon、hereby等。‎ ‎③派生副词(多数派生副词带有后缀-ly,这些副词都是在形容词和分词的基础上加后缀-ly而构成的),如:happily、interestingly、excitedly、hopefully等。‎ ‎(2)按意义分类 ‎①方式副词,如:quickly、easily、heatly、skillfully、awkwardly等。‎ ‎②地点副词,如:here、there、up、away、in、outside、left、west等。‎ ‎③时间副词(时间副词可表示确定时间、不定时间、表时间序列或表时间频率),如:today、tomorrow、yesterday、just、recently、already、nowadays、now、first、later、before、always、often、seldom、sometimes等。‎ ‎④程度副词,如:very、pretty、too、quite、rather、exceedingly、fairly等。‎ ‎⑤态度副词,如:maybe、frankly、probably等。‎ ‎(3)按功能分类 ‎①疑问副词,如:when、where、how、why等。‎ ‎②连接副词:这类副词用以连接两个句子,类似句子副词,?修饰的也是整个句子,它们所表示的主要关系有以下几种:‎ a、表结果,如:therefore、hence、according等。‎ b、表添补(即对信息的添加),如:moreover、besides、also等。‎ c、表对比,如:nevertheless、however等。‎ d、表条件,如:otherwise。‎ e、表时间,如:then。‎ ‎③关系副词,如:when、where、why等用以引导定语从句(在“从句法”一章的定语从句部分再详细阐述,全面展开)。‎ ‎④解释性副词(这类副词用于举例或列举),如:namely、such as、for example等。‎ ‎⑤缩合连接副词 英语中除了缩合连接代词外,还有一种缩合连接副词。这种连接副词与一般连接副词不同,具有缩合性(内含关系副词),并在其所引导的名词性从句与主句之间起连接作用的副词,现将一些缩合连接副词的缩合性及其用法举例说明如下:‎ when=the time when如:‎ You don’t know when you are lucky.(when引导宾语从句)‎ where=the place where,如:‎ That’s where Lu Xun once lived.(where引导表语从句)‎ why=the reason why,如:‎ That’s why he didn’t come to class.(表语引导宾语从句)‎ whenever=any time when,如:‎ Whenever it is convenient for you, you can visit me.(whenever引导时间状语从句)‎ wherever=any place where,如:‎ Sit wherever you can listen carefully.(wherever引导地点状语从句)‎ ‎⑥句子副词,也称评注性副词(这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,而不是用以修饰某个具体的动词),如:fortunately、actually、indeed、evidently、obviously、presumably等。‎ 三、副词的构成 ‎1、大部分副词是派生而来的,即由形容词加上后缀-ly构成。‎ 构成法 举例 一般情况下直接加-ly quick—quickly、bad—badly 以y结尾的词变y为i加ly(但shy—shyly/shily、gay—gayly/gaily、dry—dryly/drily) happy—happily angry—angrily 以-le结尾的词省去-e再加y(但supple—supplely、sole—solely、whole—wholely) noble—nobly、able—ably、single—singly 以-ue结尾的词去掉-e再加-ly,以其他字母(即除l和u)加e结尾的直接加-ly true—truly、due—duly、wide—widely、wise—wisely 以ic结尾的词加-ally economic—economically、tragic—tragically 以ly结尾的词变y为i再加ly manly—manlily、chilly—chillily 以ll结尾的词只加y full—fully、dull—dully ‎2、有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成的,表示“向…”,如:upward(s)、downward(s)、backward(s)、forward(s)、northward(s)、rightward(s)、homeward(s)、inward(s)、onward(s)等。‎ ‎3、有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成的表示位置、方向、状态等含义,如:clockwise、sidewise、saleswise、taxwise、lengthwise等。‎ ‎4、某些副词是由名词构成的,如:daily、weekly、monthly、yearly、nightly、quarterly、fortnightly、leisurely、jolly等,此类词既可作副词,也可作形容词,如:‎ In our daily life, we should be careful all the time.(形容词)‎ He is paid daily in the small shop.(副词)‎ Every week, we will have several weekly reports in our class.(形容词)‎ I went to the library weekly.(副词)‎ He enjoys a jolly life.(形容词)‎ Her heart is jolly good now.(副词)‎ 注意:a、manly、costly等名词+ly构成的词只用作形容词。b、monthly(月刊)、daily(时报)、weekly(周报)、quarterly(季刊)、bimonthly(双月刊)等还可用作名词。‎ ‎5、有少数副词加后缀-ways、-long、-ling(s)等构成,如:sideways、lengthways、headlong、sidelings等。‎ ‎6、有些副词是加前缀a-、here-、there-、where-构成的,如:away、ashore、aside、herein、thereby、thereafter、wherein、whereon等。‎ 但有些带有前缀a-的副词同时也可作形容词,如:alike、alone、afoot、aboard、ahead等。‎ ‎7、可用作副词的名词(有些名词在一些固定词组中,可用作副词作状语),如:‎ ice cold冰冷的 day dream做白日梦 pitch black漆黑的 stone deaf全聋的 dog tired累极的 dirt cheap便宜极了 ‎8、可用作形容词 有些形容词有时可用作副词,如:pretty、right、bright、precious、dead、dark、white、devilish、real、icy、bitter、mighty、amazing、burning。如:‎ bright yellow鲜黄的 dark red深红的 icy cold冰冷的 devilish cold极冷的 real good真好的 dead asleep熟睡 burning hot火热的 mighty nice非常好看 此类用法还经常出现在习惯表达法中 stop cold突然停止 play it cool保持冷静 talk big说大话,吹牛等 ‎9、与介词同形的副词 英语中,大多数介词同时可充当副词,不过,作介词时接宾语,作副词时不可接宾语,如:in、off、beyond、up、about等,这类副词可用作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。如:‎ He is in the classroom.(介词)‎ Please, come in one by one.(副词)‎ He isn’t at home. He is out.(表语)‎ The bird above flies very quickly.(定语)‎ Shall we eat out this night? (状语)‎ The good news keeps him up until two o’clock.‎ ‎10、两种形式的同根副词 有些副词具有两种形式:一种与形容词同形,一种是形容词加后缀-ly构成的。这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同(前者一般指具体的东西,后者一般指较抽象的意义),有时意义完全不同。如:‎ ‎(1)deep与deeply ‎①表示静止的具体深度一般用deep,修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply。如:‎ He dives deep into the water.‎ I think you should think about it deeply.‎ ‎②在drink deep(痛饮)、work deep into the night(工作到深夜)、go deep into the matter(深入探讨)等词组中不用deeply。‎ ‎(2)full和fully,如:‎ Stand full on top of the table.(直接地)‎ hit sb. full on the face(正好)‎ He is fully sure that the price will go down soon.‎ ‎(3)bright和brightly,如:‎ The sun shines very bright at noon.(只能同shine连用,并放在shine后面)‎ The flat is decorated brightly.(鲜艳地)‎ ‎(4)clean和cleanly,如:‎ I clean forget to tell you the party.(完全地,十足地)‎ The man is clean out of poverty.(完全地,彻底地)‎ He completed the difficult project cleanly.(顺利地)‎ ‎(5)late和lately,如:‎ I’m sorry but I come late.(迟、晚)‎ He met a lot of old friends lately.(最近)‎ ‎(6)close和closely When I got close to the engine, I felt warmer.‎ The doctor examined my throat closely.(细心地)‎ He can keep a secret closely.(严密地)‎ ‎(7)slow和slowly,如:‎ Slow常和go、drive、walk等动词连用,置于动词之后,其他动词多用slowly。如:‎ The driver drives very slow at rush hour.‎ Sometimes, we should speak slowly to be understood by others.‎ ‎(8)right和rightly,如:‎ Everything went right in his work.(好)‎ We should start out right away.(立即)‎ Walk right to the end of the street.(直接)‎ The story told by him was right the one I read yesterday in the newspaper.(恰好)‎ The student rightly answers the question.(正确地)‎ ‎(9)fair和fairly,如:‎ The two teams play fair.(公正地)‎ He hit me fair on the eye.(恰好地)‎ All the countries must deal with each other fair and square.(公平地)‎ His performance is fairly good.(相当,非常)‎ ‎(10)wide和widely,如:‎ He lies on the grass with his arms wide apart.(宽阔地)‎ Her mouth is wide open.(完全地)‎ The twin boys differ widely in many ways.(很大地)‎ He is a man widely famous.(到处)‎ ‎(11)large和largely,如:‎ All the words are written large in order to be seen clearly.(很大地)‎ Talking large is a bad habit.(夸大地,自夸地)‎ His today’s success is largely due to his great efforts in the past.(主要地)‎ ‎(12)clear和clearly,如:‎ Please keep clear away from the danger.(避开)‎ What he said was clearly a lie.(显然)‎ His bitter experiences often appear clearly in his mind.(清楚地)‎ clear也可表示“清楚地”,但前面有程度副词修饰时,只能用clearly。如:‎ He gave a lecture clear and loud.(正)‎ He gave a lecture very clear and loud.(误)‎ He gave a lecture very clearly and loud.(正)‎ ‎(13)cheap和cheaply,如:‎ He bought the second-hand truck cheap.(便宜地)‎ The coat was cheaply bought.(便宜地)‎ He won the prize cheaply.(easily容易地)‎ 两者之间的区别:cheap和cheaply都可表示“便宜地,廉价地”,但cheap只能用于动词之后,不可用于动词前,并常同sell、buy连用,而cheaply则可用于动词前面或后面。如:‎ You can take a taxi to the post office cheaply.(正)‎ You can take a taxi to the post office cheap.(误)‎ His car was cheaply sold.(正)‎ His car was cheap sold.(误)‎ ‎(14)express和expressly,如:‎ Sending a letter express is very fast.(用快件寄送)‎ I come here express to tell you the good news.(特意地)‎ I told him expressly that he shouldn’t do that.(清楚地)‎ ‎(15)dear和dearly,如:‎ He bought the flat dear.(昂贵地)‎ His mother loves her little son dearly.(深情地)‎ Victory was dearly bought.(昂贵地)‎ I want dearly to meet my old friend.(非常,相当)‎ 注意:a、dear作“昂贵地”解时,是表面意义,常同sell、buy、pay、cost等连用,只能放在动词后面,dearly作“昂贵地”解时,用其比喻意义,大多表抽象含义。b、hold sth dear(cheap)珍视(轻视)某物,这里dear和cheap为形容词。‎ ‎(16)direct和directly,如:‎ I walk direct to the post office.(径直地)‎ He was refused directly.(直接地)‎ The train will arrive directly.(马上,立刻)‎ 对于这种有两种形式事物副词应注意以下几点:‎ a、要谨记:直接用形容词作副词时,一般表示表面上事物句义含义,而形容词+ly构成的副词一般表示的是深层的抽象含义,这有利于根据句意,准确判断应用哪种形式。‎ b、在句首或动词前面时,应用带-ly的副词。如:‎ Quickly, he ran to the bus.‎ c、与形容词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作被强调部分。如:‎ It was clear that the foreigner spoke Chinese.(误)‎ It was clearly that the foreigner spoke Chinese.(正)‎ It was loud and cleat that the foreigner spoke Chinese.(正)‎ d、greatly通常被用来修饰动词,除有时修饰形容词比较级或类似的词,如:superior、inferior、senior等,一般不修饰形容词。如:‎ The plan is greatly good.(误)‎ The plan is very good.(正)‎ My father is greatly senior to me.‎ I greatly agreed with what you said.‎ 四、副词在句中的作用 ‎1、作状语:副词在句中主要作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和全句。‎ ‎①修饰动词 He finishes his homework quickly and well.‎ ‎②修饰形容词 The flower is very beautiful.‎ ‎③修饰副词 He passed the ball very quickly to his partner.‎ ‎④修饰介词 He is much for the plan.‎ ‎⑤修饰连词 Just as he came in, the telephone rang.‎ ‎⑥修饰全句 Unfortunately, he lost his favorite watch.‎ ‎2、作表语 Time is up.‎ The train is near.‎ The electricity is off.‎ What’s up?‎ The light is still on without anyone in the room.‎ ‎3、作定语:副词作定语修饰名词,常放在名词后,如:‎ Her experience abroad is good for her English.‎ Only he knew the truth.‎ People here are very kind.‎ The cloud above is so white and beautiful.‎ ‎4、作介词宾语:某些时间副词可以在by、from、until、since、expect、before、after等后作介词宾语,如:‎ She looked everywhere except here.‎ I didn’t get in touch with her until quite recently.‎ ‎5、作宾语补足语:作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with或without的宾语补足语。如:‎ She didn’t allow me in.‎ She was very sad at the bad news, with her head down.‎ 五、位置 ‎1、程度副词的位置 程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面,但如实义动词前有情态动词或助动词,程度副词应位于情态动词或助动词之后,实义动词之前。如果是be动词,程度副词要放在be动词之后,如:very、rather、too、fairly、so、much、little、awfully、utterly、slightly、extremely、exactly、absolutely、perfectly、quite、deeply、completely、greatly、partly、dreadfully、hardly、scarcely、almost等。‎ He is very happy to be the winner.(修饰形容词)‎ The cat climbed to the top of the tree so quickly.(修饰副词)‎ I nearly come close to the dangerous animal.(行为动词前)‎ I don’t quite understand your meaning.(助动词和行为动词之间)‎ Until now, I can exactly remember the scene of the serious accident.(情态动词和行为动词之间)‎ The problem is dreadfully difficult for us to understand.(修饰形容词)‎ 注意:a、quite同否定词连用时,位于not前后意义不同,not quite是部分否定表示“不十分…有点不…”,而quite not是全部否定,表示“完全不,非常不”,如:‎ I don’t quite agree with you.(不十分同意,有点不同意)‎ I quite don’t agree with you.(十分不,一点也不)‎ b、副词及被修饰的副词不能同时都以-ly结尾,以避免语音上的不和谐。如:‎ He runs greatly quickly.(误)‎ He runs greatly quick.(正)‎ ‎2、频率副词的位置 频率副词通常放在行为动词前,当句中有情态动词、助动词或be动词时,则放在这三类词后面,如:often、never、seldom、ever、rarely、sometimes、always、usually、frequently。如:‎ I often go to school by bike.(行为动词前)‎ He has ever been to Beijing.(助动词后)‎ She can never have the courage to face the fact.(情态动词后)‎ The good student is seldom late for school.(be动词之后)‎ 注意:a、由上述可知程度副词和频率副词,如:still、almost、never、already、just等经常放在情态动词、助动词、be动词之后,但有时,这些词也可放在be动词之后,情态动词与助动词之前,表示强调,应重读,被强调的不是这类副词,而是be动词、助动词和情态动词,但在以be动词、助动词和情态动词结尾的句子中这些副词应前置。如:‎ He never can do it.‎ I already have done what I could do.‎ He really is good at math.‎ ‎—He is seldom late.‎ ‎—Yes, he seldom is.‎ b、当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时,通常程度副词放在频率副词前,用以修饰频率副词。如:‎ I quite often go to see my grandpa.‎ ‎3、方式副词的位置(方式状语一般放在动词后)‎ ‎(1)在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中,方式副词既可放在介词前也可放在宾语后;在“动词+宾语”结构中,方式副词放在宾语后。如:‎ The girl sings well.‎ He can speak a few languages fluently.‎ The man pointed angrily at the woman.或The man pointed at the woman angrily.‎ ‎(2)在“动词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语较长,常把副词置于动词之前,以免造成歧义。如:‎ The terrorists secretly plan to attack the high building.(“计划”是秘密地)‎ The terrorists plan to attack the high building secretly.(“袭击”是秘密地)‎ 方式副词可表示多种含义 ‎(1)方式副词表示状况、状貌,如:beautifully、politely、bravely、gently、loudly、fast、quietly、skillfully、carefully、humbly、graciously、courteously等。如:‎ The man behaves politely.‎ The doctor made an operation on the patient carefully.‎ ‎(2)方式副词表示情感、意愿等,如:happily、sadly、angrily、willingly、proudly、merrily、fervently、deliberately、warmly、heartedly、nervously、coldly、excitedly、bitterly、determinedly等。如:‎ The girl received her birthday present happily.‎ The waiter serves the customers heartedly.‎ ‎(3)方式副词表示方式、手段,如:medically、legally、telegraphically、surgically,如:‎ We should do anything legally.‎ Sometimes the doctors heal the disease medically.‎ ‎4、连接副词和评注性副词的位置 这两类副词通常位于句首,有时也位于句中或句尾 ‎①连接副词,如:‎ However, it is a fact.‎ Besides, we should take everything into consideration.‎ Finally, he failed to win the game, however.‎ ‎②评注性副词表示推断,常见的有rightly、wisely、cleverly、reasonably、justly、sensibly。如:‎ Wisely, he changed his mind.‎ The lady reasonably refused the man’s offer.‎ ‎③评注性副词表示怀疑或不怀疑,真实或非真实,常见的有obviously、clearly、possibly、likely、maybe、undoubtedly、seemingly、plainly、certainly、definitely、decidedly、actually、formally、essentially、supposedly、naturally等。如:‎ Maybe, what the boy said was true.‎ He is seemingly a foreigner.‎ Such a little boy can’t certainly do this difficult job.‎ ‎④评注性副词表示情感或方式,常见的有fortunately、unexpectedly、curiously、amusingly、broadly、bluntly、frankly、honestly、seriously、briefly、confidentially、unfortunately、inevitability、incredibly等。如:‎ Frankly, I like English more than math.‎ Inevitably, it will rain in such bad weather.‎ ‎⑤评注性状语表示方面,常见的有personally、generally、financially、literally、technically、generally speaking、strictly speaking、broadly speaking等,如:‎ Personally, you aren’t fit for the job.‎ Strictly speaking, there are many mistakes in your composition.‎ 应注意,并不只是单个副词才可以作评注性状语,形容词短语、分词短语、介词短语、不定式短语和句子也可作评注性状语,评注性状语通常用逗号同句子隔开。‎ ‎5、时间副词的位置 时间副词尤其是表示具体时间的副词,一般位于句首或句尾,常见的有:today、tomorrow、finally、early、late、then、recently、lately、soon、now、presently等。如:‎ I’ll attend a meeting tomorrow.‎ He is cleaning the floor now.‎ ‎6、地点副词的位置 ‎①地点副词通常位于句尾或句首,常见的有:here、there、abroad、downstairs、upstairs、around、below、near、up、down等。如:‎ He is studying abroad.‎ His mother cooks downstairs.‎ ‎②以下地点状语连用时,大地方放在最后,一般按照小地点到大地点的排列顺序。如:‎ He lived in a small hotel in Hongqiang district in Shanghai.‎ ‎7、多个副词的排列顺序 ‎①地点副词——时间副词 ‎ 方式副词——时间副词 ‎ 方式副词——地点副词——时间副词(有时时间副词亦可放在句首)。如:‎ He has studied English well abroad in the past few years.‎ ‎ 方式 地点 时间 Yesterday, she danced happily in the party.‎ ‎ 时间 方式 地点 I met my aunt in the street on Sunday.‎ ‎ 地点 时间 The boy is watching TV excitedly now.‎ ‎ 方式 时间 ‎②具体的——笼统的,小的——大的 The driver came back at twelve o’clock yesterday night.‎ ‎ 确切具体时间 笼统时间 The hotel is located in Xingfu street in the centre of the city.‎ ‎ 小地点 大地点 ‎③go、run、drive+地点副词——方式副词——时间副词,如:‎ He went to school quickly after breakfast.‎ ‎ 地点 方式 时间 六、相关副词或副词短语用法比较 ‎1、fairly和rather fairly和rather都有“相当,颇”的意思,fairly多用于修饰褒义的形容词或副词,但不能修饰比较级,修饰单个可数名词时,冠词放在fairly前。rather主语用于修饰贬义的形容词或副词,可以修饰原级也可以修饰比较级,修饰单个可数名词时,冠词放在rather后,但当名词前有形容词修饰时,冠词a/an放在rather前后皆可,此外rather还可和too连用,而fairly不可。‎ John is fairly wise, but Tom is rather stupid.‎ He is a fairly student. (=He is rather a student.)‎ The girl is a fairly good singer. (=The girl is a rather good singer.或The girl is rather a good singer.)‎ The patient felt rather better today than yesterday.‎ It is rather too hot.‎ ‎2、just和just now ‎①just表示“恰好,只是,刚才”,不过just与现在完成时连用时才作“刚才”解,与其他时态连用一般不表示“刚才”。如:‎ That’s just the book I want.‎ He is just a common teacher.‎ I have just finished my homework.‎ ‎②just now用于过去时,意为“刚才”。如:‎ I went to have dinner just now.‎ ‎③just now与现在时连用时,表示对now而定强调,意为“现在,此刻”。如:‎ I don’t have much money just now.‎ ‎3、still、yet和already ‎①yet和still在句中位置不同,yet位于句尾,常用于否定句或疑问句。still位于be动词后或其他动词、形容词和副词前。如:‎ He hasn’t graduated yet.‎ He is still strict with his son.‎ I still remember the days in the childhood.‎ ‎②already多用在肯定句中,有时可用于疑问句(表惊讶语气)或if条件状语从句中,期望给予肯定回答。‎ He has already left.‎ Have you made the final decision already? (真没想到)‎ If she hasn’t already understood this point, she will go to ask her teacher.‎ ‎③从意义上,yet表示“尚,还”,含有期望的含义;still表示“仍然”,带有持续性;already表示“已经”,强调结果。如:‎ Has he arrived yet?‎ He may be successful yet.‎ There’s still chance for us to study hard.‎ ‎④still和yet还可同be to do连用,强调将来意义,带有否定意义。‎ The chance to succeed is yet to come.成功的机遇还没到。‎ The summer is still to come.夏天还没来。‎ ‎4、hardly、barely、rarely和scarcely 这四个词看似意义相近都表示否定概念,但有些细微处的区别。‎ ‎①hardly表示“几乎不,简直不,很难”,往往指能力上有困难。如:‎ He can hardly ride two in his bike.‎ ‎②rarely表示“难得,不常”,相当于not often。如:‎ She rarely got up before 6 o’clock.‎ ‎③scarcely往往强调不足,常同enough、sufficient、any等词连用,表示“不太,简直没有”。如:‎ We have scarcely time left, so we must hurry.‎ ‎④barely与hardly和scarcely意思相近,表示“几乎勉强”。如:‎ He barely has the ability to support his family.‎ I hardly (barely/scarcely) know how to get to the post office.‎ 但如果跟有ever、any、at、all等词,只能用hardly或scarcely,不能用barely。如:‎ There’s hardly any milk left in the icebox.‎ He’s scarcely at all interested in the boring film.‎ ‎5、such和so ‎①such后紧跟名词短语,常用以下结构:such + a/an+单数名词,such+复数可数名词,such+不可数名词。当然,三种结构中名词前都可加上适当的形容词加以修饰。so是副词要先接形容词,然后再接a或an,常用以下结构:so+形容词+a/an+单数名词(这种结构中只能用单数名词)。如:‎ How can you make such a (stupid) mistake?‎ We should take an umbrella in such bad weather.‎ There are such nice coats in the shop.‎ He is so good a worker in his factory.‎ ‎②如果被修饰的是复数名词或不可数名词,就要such,而不能用so。如:‎ They are such beautiful flowers.(正)‎ They are so beautiful flowers.(误)‎ Such pure water must be purified for several times.(正)‎ So pure water must be purified for several times.(误)‎ ‎③如果名词前有many、much、few、little(表示“少”,若表示“小”‎ 时,应和such连用)等表示数量多少的词,要用so不用such,但such可用于many、much、a few、a little等的后面。如:‎ The boss has so much money.‎ So little milk is left in the bottle.‎ Such a little boy should play the game very well.‎ He has a few such pictures.‎ ‎6、dead和deadly dead既可作形容词,也可以作副词。作副词表示“完全地、绝对地”,而deadly可以用作副词,表示“非常,极度地”,也可用作形容词表示“致命的,有毒的,有害的”。如:‎ I’m dead sure of it.‎ He is deadly concerned about that.‎ The patient developed a deadly disease.‎ We should try our best to get rid of those deadly habits.‎ ‎7、especially和specially especially表示“特别,尤其”,specially表示“专门地”。如:‎ The mother especially loves the little son.‎ I come here specially to see you.‎ ‎8、almost和nearly ‎①在表示程度或可以衡量的事物时,两者差别不大,只是almost比nearly程度更深。如:‎ He nearly got run over.(几乎)‎ He almost got run over.(差一点)‎ 但若不是表示程度或可衡量的事就只能用almost,不可用nearly。如:‎ The robot is almost human.‎ The man seems almost a beast.‎ ‎②almost可以同否定的不定代词,如no one、nothing、no、none、nobody等搭配,而nearly则不可,但nearly可被not、pretty修饰,而almost不可。如:‎ Almost none of us are absent from the meeting.‎ The man pretty nearly enters the room without permission.‎ ‎9、altogether和all together altogether是副词,意为“总之,完全,总共”,all together是个副词性短语,表示“每个…都,全都,无一例外”,在表示“总共”用altogether和all together均可。如:‎ That’s altogether impossible.‎ The flat costs the man two hundred thousand altogether/all together.‎ I finish the papers all together within two hours.‎ ‎10、too much和much too ‎①too much可用作形容词修饰不可数名词,作副词修饰动词,作名词短语在句中充当主语或宾语、表语等。‎ Drinking too much beer is bad for our health.‎ The professor was too much bothered by the noise upstairs.‎ Don’t think too much about your failure.‎ You’ve put in too much of oil.‎ Too much has been done to solve the problem.‎ She talks too much.(too much还可放在句尾修饰动词)‎ ‎②much too的主体是too,much只起到对too的强调作用,too是副词,所以此结构常用以修饰形容词或副词。如:‎ The lake is much too deep.‎ The thief escaped much too quickly.‎ ‎11、all but和for all ‎①all but表示“简直是,几乎”。如:‎ That’s all but a lie.‎ He all but lost his way.‎ ‎②for all相当于in spite of或with all,引导让步状语短语或从句。如:‎ He will continue to try for all several failures.‎ For all others disagree, I will stick to the point.‎ ‎12、little用作副词,表示否定含义 ‎①little可以修饰动词表示“不,没有,很少”等含义。如:‎ It matters little.‎ He little minds it.‎ ‎②同dream、think、realize、hope、expect等词连用,表示“毫不,完全不”,相当于not at all。如:‎ I little dreamed that he could survive from the deadly disease.‎ He little thought that he would become such a successful boss.‎ ‎③little还可修饰形容词或副词。如:‎ He is little interested in literature.‎ The boy did little well in the exams.‎ ‎13、aside和a side ‎①aside作副词表示“在一边,在旁边”。如:‎ Please put the dirty clothes aside.‎ ‎②a side是副词短语作状语,表示“方,每一边”。如:‎ There are eight desks a side in our class.‎ ‎14、over night和overnight ‎①over night是介词短语,表示“一夜,整夜,在前一夜”,作时间状语。如:‎ I stayed over night in the small hotel.‎ ‎②overnight不仅可作副词,还可作副词或形容词。副词表示“在夜间,在整个夜里,在一夜之间突然”,动词表示“过夜”,为不及物动词,形容词表示“在夜间的”。如:‎ She packed up all the luggage overnight in order to start out early.‎ As a child, he usually overnighted in his grand man’s family.‎ He became an overnight millionaire.‎ ‎15、for long和for a long time ‎①用于肯定句或疑问句中时,只同延续性动词连用,两者表达的含义相同。如:‎ The old man has been dead for a long time (或for long).‎ Will our manager be away for long? (for a long time)‎ ‎②在否定句中,for long只能同延续性动词连用,for a long time则可以同延续性或非延续性动词连用且表的含义不同。如:‎ He hasn’t lived there for long.他住在那儿的时间不长。‎ He hasn’t lived there for a long time.他不住那里已经很久了。‎ I haven’t gone to the theatre for a long time.(go为非延续性动词,不可用long)‎ 注意:要在具体的语言环境中去体会for long和for a long time在意义上的差别。‎ ‎16、no more和no longer ‎①no more(not…any more)与no longer(not…any longer)在很多场合下都是可通用的,但no more多用于表示数量及程度,而no longer多表示时间,no more表示时间时,通常指将来或过去将来,表示“将来不再,永远不在”,谓语动词常用将来时态,no longer通常表示现在或过去,一般不用于指将来。如:‎ The lost time will come back no more.‎ I won’t tell a lie any more.‎ He promised that he would waste time no more.‎ The plan is no longer practicable.‎ He was not a student any longer.‎ ‎②在下面句子中not any more不可改为not any longer。如:‎ He is not any more than a farmer.(not any more than相当于no more than,表示“仅仅”)‎ Jack is not any more satisfied with the result than Tom.(not any ‎ more+多音节形容词+than=no+比较级+than,表示“和…一样不…”)‎ ‎③no more还可表示“也不(相当于neither或nor),再也没有,不更多,死去”等含义。如:‎ If you don’t go to the park, no more will I.‎ I want no more rice.‎ The winter has been no more.‎ ‎17、for all I know、for all I care和for all that ‎①for all I know表示“就我所知,就我而言”,相当于as far as know,to my knowledge等,但for all I know结构多用于肯定句,在否定句中要用as far as I know。如:‎ For all I know, he is the eldest writer alive.‎ As far as know, he hasn’t lived here.(不用for all I know)‎ ‎②for all I care表示否定意义,意为“与我无关,我不在乎”。如:‎ You can disagree with what I said, for all I care.‎ ‎③for all that表示“尽管如此”。如:‎ He had said sorry to me; for all that I couldn’t forgive him.‎ ‎18、what with…and what with和what by…and what by 前者表示“一半由于…一半由于”,后者表示“一方面由于…一方面由于”。如:‎ What with hard work and what with her bad health condition, she broke down finally.‎ What by his ability to work and what by a good chance, he was appointed boss of the company.‎ 这种结构中的第二个what with常可省略,with也可换为for或between。‎ ‎19、let alone、to say the least、not to speak of、to say nothing of和not to mention(say)‎ ‎①以上几个短语均表示“更不用说”,let alone后可接名词、动名词、谓语动词、过去分词或介词短语等,但to say nothing of和not to mention(say)后只能接名词或动名词。如:‎ He couldn’t speak English, let alone other languages.‎ The baby couldn’t walk, let alone run.‎ He had never met his grandpa, let alone talked with him.‎ The traffic accident had hurt several people, not to mention damaging the car.‎ ‎②not to say有所不同,表示“虽然不说,姑且不说,虽达不到那种程度”。如:‎ Today is warm, not to say hot.‎ ‎20、anything like与like anything anything like表示“有点像”与not连用,意为“完全不像”;like anything表示“非常,拼命地”。如:‎ Is he anything like his father?‎ This pen isn’t anything like that one I lost.‎ The thief escaped like anything after stealing something.‎ ‎21、if ever、if any、if at all和if anything ‎①if ever常同seldom、few、little、rarely等否定词连用,表示“几乎,即使也”,具有否定意味。如:‎ The man seldom, if ever, did any housework.‎ ‎②if any为if(there is)any的省略形式,表示“如果有的话,即使有…也”。如:‎ Few men, if any, could be as successful as the manager.‎ ‎③if at all表示“即使…也”。如:‎ The bad student put little energy into his study, if at all.‎ ‎④if anything表示“如果说,几乎不,与其说…还不如,至少,正相反等”,if anything通常表示委婉客气或把握不大,在否定结构之后表示“相反”。如:‎ If anything, you should correct your bad temper.(你倒应该…)‎ It is, if anything, a common college.(如果说)‎ He is not rich, if anything, he is so poor.(正相反)‎ He has made, if anything, a little progress.‎
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