UNIT 2 CLONING（03悦学知识）2018年高考英语一轮复习（人教选修8）

UNIT 2 CLONING（03悦学知识）2018年高考英语一轮复习（人教选修8）

‎1. differ vi.不同；相异；持不同看法 ‎ differ from不同于 ‎ differ in...在……上不同；对……持不同的看法 ‎ differ with/from sb.on/about sth.在某事上和某人意见不一致 ‎ ☞He differs greatly from his younger brother in character.‎ ‎ 他跟他弟弟性格上差别很大。‎ ‎ ☞Her method doesn't differ much from mine.她的方法跟我的没有很大不同。‎ ‎ ☞ We differ with each other about/on/over that question.关于那个问题我们相互之间有不同看法。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ different adj.不同的；各种的 ‎ differently adv.不同地 ‎ difference n.不同(之处)；差别 ‎ ‎ ‎ be different from...(in...)与……(在……方面)不同 ‎ tell the difference between A and B说出A与B的区别 ‎ make a difference有作用；有影响 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1) 用differ的适当形式填空。‎ ‎ British English is ①________ from American English. They ②________ in many small ways，such as spelling and pronunciation. All English speakers can understand each other，but it is helpful to know about some of the ③________.‎ ‎(2)补全句子 ‎ In our daily life，everyone fails every now and then.It is how you react that ________ ________ ________(有影响).‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎2. benefit ‎(1)n.益处，好处 ‎ gain/get benefits from...从……中受益 ‎ be of (great) benefit to...对……有(很大的)益处 ‎ for the benefit of...为了……的利益 ‎ to one's benefit 对……有利 ‎ ☞People in this area gain many benefits from increasing agricultural production.‎ ‎ 这个地区的人们从增加农业生产中受益颇多。‎ ‎ ☞Such a system will be of great benefit to society.这一制度将会对社会有很大益处。‎ ‎(2)vt.& vi.有益于；受益 ‎ benefit sb./sth.有益于某人/某物 ‎ benefit from/by...从……中受益 ‎ ☞The sea air will benefit you.海洋空气对你有益。‎ ‎ ☞The local farmers benefit greatly from the medical reform.当地的农民们从医疗改革中大大受益。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ beneficial adj.有利的；有益的；有助的 ‎ be beneficial to 对……有益＝be of benefit to ‎ ☞Such a system will be beneficial to society.‎ ‎ 这一制度将会对社会有益处。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①She________ ________ ________ ________ ________(从阅读中获益良多).‎ ‎②He held a concert to raise money________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(为了贫穷儿童).‎ ‎③It will be________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(早到将会对你有利).‎ ‎④Doing exercises will be________ ________your health(锻炼有益于健康).‎ ‎ (2)选词填空(benefit/beneficial)‎ ‎ That experience was of great ________ to you.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎3. undertake vt.(undertook；undertaken)着手；从事；承担；许诺 ‎ undertake sth.承担某事 ‎ undertake to do sth.许诺做某事；同意做某事 ‎ undertake that...保证……‎ ‎ ☞The lawyer undertook the case without a fee.‎ ‎ 这位律师免费承办那个案子。‎ ‎ ☞She undertook the organization of the whole scheme.‎ ‎ 她负责整个计划的组织工作。‎ ‎ ☞He undertook to be here at ten o'clock. 他答应十点钟到这儿来。‎ ‎【知识拓展】 ‎ ‎ undertake a task 承担任务 ‎ undertake an attack 发动进攻 ‎ undertaking n.任务；事业；企业 ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)补全句子 ‎①She __________ the responsibility for the changes.‎ ‎ 她承担了这些变革的责任。‎ ‎②He __________ __________ he would finish the job by Friday.‎ ‎ ＝He __________ __________ __________ the job by Friday.‎ ‎ 他答应在星期五之前完成这项工作。‎ ‎ (2)用恰当形式填空 ‎ China is the only nuclear state________(undertake)not to be the first to use nuclear weapons.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎4. breakthrough n.突破 ‎ ☞An important breakthrough in peacetalking has been achieved.‎ ‎ 和平谈判已经取得重大突破。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ make a breakthrough 取得进展 ‎ break through 突破；突围 ‎ ☞Doctors have made a great breakthrough in the treatment of lung diseases. ‎ ‎ 医生们在肺病治疗方面取得了重大突破。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ 由动词短语转化而来的合成词还有很多，例如：‎ break out发生→outbreak n.爆发；发作 break down损坏→breakdown n.故障 put out生产；输出→ output n.产量；输出 burst out迸发→outburst n.喷出；突发 come out出现；结果是→outcome n.结果；后果 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 新疫苗的发现是抵抗禽流感的重要突破。‎ ‎ The discovery of the new vaccine is ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ bird flu.‎ ‎【答案】an important breakthrough in the fight against ‎5. altogether adv.总共(表示总数或总额，多修饰数词)；‎ ‎ 完全地，全部地(相当于completely)；‎ ‎ 总而言之(常 作插入语)‎ ‎ ☞How much do the goods cost altogether？‎ ‎ 这些货物一共花费多少钱？‎ ‎ ☞The train went slower and slower until it stopped altogether.‎ ‎ 火车越来越慢，最后完全停了。‎ ‎ ☞Li Ping works hard；she always helps others.Altogether，she is a good girl.‎ ‎ 李萍工作努力，总是帮助别人。总之，她是个好女孩。‎ ‎【易混辨析】‎ all together/altogether ‎(1)作“总共”解时，它们可互换使用。‎ ‎ ☞There were altogether / all together 40 students in the class. 班上共有40名学生。‎ ‎(2) all together还可作“一道，一起”解，不能用altogether替换。‎ ‎ ☞They came all together. 他们一起来了。‎ ‎(3)altogether意为“完全地，彻底地，总计”，不可与all together互换，用于否定句时是部分否定。‎ ‎ ☞It’s altogether out of the question. 那是完全不可能的。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)写出下列句中altogether的含义 ‎①The food was good and we loved the music.Altogether it was a great evening.(　　)‎ ‎②Altogether，about 50 NATO aircraft took part in the attack.(　　)‎ ‎③I don't altogether agree with you.(　　)‎ ‎(2)用恰当词语填空 The hotel was nice；the weather was warm；the beaches were beautiful.________，I'd say it was a great trip.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①总之　②总共　③完全地 ‎（2）Altogether　句意：旅馆很不错，天气很暖和，海滩很漂亮。总之(altogether)‎ ‎，我得说这是一次很棒的旅行。‎ ‎6. objection n.不赞成，反对，抗议；物体；目标 ‎ raise/voice an objection to...对……提出异议 ‎ There is no objection to ...没有什么不可以的 ‎ have no objection to (doing) sth.不反对(做)……‎ ‎ ☞Nobody offered any objection.没有人提出反对意见。‎ ‎ ☞My main objection to the plan is that it costs too much.‎ ‎ 我反对该计划的主要理由是它费用太高。‎ ‎ ☞I feel a strong objection to getting up early.我极不愿意早起。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ object v.不赞成；反对；抗议 ‎ object to (doing) sth.反对、抗议(做)某事 ‎ ‎ objective adj.如实的，客观的，无偏见的 ‎【易混辨析】object / oppose object 表示“反对”，为不及物动词，接宾语时需加介词to oppose 表示“反对”，为及物动词，接宾语时不需加介词to。be opposed to...表示“反对……”，“和……相反”‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①句型转换 ‎ 他们反对你在会上提出的计划。‎ ‎ They ___________ the plan that you put forward at the meeting.‎ ‎ →They ___________ the plan that you put forward at the meeting.‎ ‎ →They ______________ the plan that you put forward at the meeting.‎ ‎ →They ______________ the plan that you put forward at the meeting.‎ ‎②单句改错 ‎ They objected to go there by bus because it would take a long time.‎ ‎ _________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】①objected to；had an objection to；opposed；were opposed to ‎ ②go→going ‎7.forbid vt.禁止；不准 ‎ ‎ forbid sb. sth.禁止某人做某事 ‎ forbid doing sth.禁止做某事 ‎ forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事 ‎ forbid sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事 ‎ ☞If you want to marry her, I won't forbid you.‎ ‎ 如果你要娶她，我不会禁止你。‎ ‎ ☞Smoking should be forbidden in public places.‎ ‎ 公共场所应禁止吸烟。‎ ‎ ☞Her father forbids her to go out alone.‎ ‎ 她父亲不许她单独外出。‎ ‎ ☞I forbid you entering my study.zx.x.k ‎ 我不许你进入我的书房。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎ forbid 后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语，而是跟动名词作宾语，但可以用forbid sb to do sth，类似的动词还有advise，allow，permit等。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ forbidden adj.被禁止的；禁止的 ‎ strictly forbidden 严格禁止 ‎ It's forbidden to do sth.禁止做某事 ‎ forbidden fruit/zones 禁果/禁区 ‎ the Forbidden City 紫禁城 ‎ Parking forbidden！＝No parking！ 禁止停车！‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)单句语法填空。‎ ‎①We forbid _____ (smoke) here. Who has permitted you ________ (smoke) here?‎ ‎②Mary wanted to travel all around the world by herself，but her parents forbade her ________ (do) so.‎ ‎(2)完成句子。‎ Her father ________________ when she was a child.(forbid)‎ 小的时候，她的父亲不许她在河里游泳。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎8. ‎ ‎(1)obtain vt.获得；赢得 ‎ obtain sth.(for sb.)取得某物；(经买、借、拿等)获得，得到某物 ‎ ☞I obtained this record for you with difficulty. 我好不容易为你弄到了这张唱片。‎ ‎ ☞She obtained her doctor's degree in 2017.‎ ‎ 她2017年获得了博士学位。‎ ‎ ☞I haven't been able to obtain that book.‎ ‎ 我还没能得到那本书。‎ ‎(2)attain vt.获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)‎ ‎ ☞He attained his ambition at last.他终于实现了她的抱负。‎ ‎ ☞On attaining 20，she will apply for the job.一到20岁她就要申请这份工作。‎ ‎【易混辨析】attain/obtain/achieve/earn/gain/get/win/acquire attain 常指经过不懈努力获得未曾预料的结果；也可指达到某一目标。‎ obtain 一般用于正式文体中。指经过较长时间的努力或奋斗获得所需之物，强调愿望得到满足。‎ achieve 多指取得成就、目标、幸福。‎ earn 表示经过艰苦努力而得到报酬，或得到了理应享有的某种待遇，其宾语多为金钱、荣誉等。‎ gain 指通过斗争、竞争或付出劳动而获得某种优势或达到某种目的。其宾语通常是经验、优势、利益、好处等。‎ get 最常用，可指主动去“获得，得到”，也可能是被迫“接受”，有时指不一定需要主动或付出很大努力就能得到。‎ win 多指在竞赛中“获得，赢得”，有时也用于指在战争中“获得”胜利，宾语通常是比赛、战斗、战争等。‎ acquire 指通过努力、能力、行为表现等“获得，得到”，其宾语多为知识、技术、能力等。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)选词填空(obtain/attain/gain)‎ ‎①If you want to ________ knowledge，you must learn step by step.‎ ‎②The country ________ its independence thirty years ago. ‎ ‎③I'm determined to ________ my purpose at any cost.‎ ‎④He has ________ weight and looked much better.‎ ‎(2)补全句子 ‎ 每个人都有权利去获得美丽、健康和成功。‎ ‎ Everyone ________ ________ ________ ________ ________beauty，health and success.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①obtain　②gained/attained　③attain　④gained ‎（2）has the power to attain ‎9. pay off ‎（1）得到好结果；取得成功 ‎ ☞Did your plan pay off？你的计划成功了吗？‎ ‎ ☞Her hard work finally paid off—she came first in the English contest.‎ ‎ 她的努力最终得到了回报——英语竞赛中她得了第一名。‎ ‎【名师点拨】‎ ‎ pay off表示“得到回报；取得成功”时为不及物动词短语，不用于被动语态。‎ ‎（2）付清；偿清 ‎ ☞We paid off our debt after fifteen years.我们历经15年时间终于还清了债务。‎ ‎（3）解雇；遣散 ‎ ☞The crew were paid off as soon as the ship docked.船一泊港，船员就被解雇了。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ pay sth.off 全部偿还；偿清 ‎ pay sb.off 付清某人工资并解雇 ‎ pay for 买……；为……付款；为……付出代价 ‎ pay back 还钱；偿还；报复 ‎ pay money for sth.付钱买……‎ ‎ pay out 付出大笔款项；放松 ‎ pay up 付清欠款 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)补全句子 ‎①—Dad，I don't think Oliver the right sort of person for the job.‎ ‎ —I see.I'll go right away and ________ ________ ________ (付账走人).‎ ‎②Ling Feng won the first prize in the national English competition and I'm glad that her efforts at last ______ ‎ ‎ ________ (成功).‎ ‎(2)单句改错 His hard work was paid off when he was appointed as manager of our department.‎ ‎_____________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ (2)去掉work后的was ‎10. cast down 沮丧；不愉快 ‎ ☞Anybody would be cast down at such bad news.这样的坏消息谁听了都会感到沮丧。‎ ‎ ☞He was much cast down by his failure to find work.他找不到工作十分泄气。‎ ‎ ☞He was cast down by the result of the experiment.他被实验的结果搞得很沮丧。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ cast aside把……丢在一旁；抛弃；消除 ‎ cast away放弃；(船难时)丢下人 ‎ cast off抛弃；脱掉；解缆起航 ‎ cast out 驱逐；赶走 ‎ cast about/around for考虑；计划；寻找 ‎ ☞If you were cast away on a desert island，what would you miss most？ 如果你因沉船而被丢在荒岛上，你最想念什么？‎ ‎ ☞You really must cast off all these bad habits.你确实应该抛弃这些坏习惯。‎ 注意：cast的过去式和过去分词都是cast；cast down通常用被动语态。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①我们因船只失事而漂流到了一个孤岛上，没有食物也没有水。‎ ‎ We were________ ________on an island without food or water.‎ ‎②Don't be so________ ________(不要这么沮丧).I believe you will pay off sooner or later.‎ ‎③Since he heard of his failure at the examination，Tom has been very ________ ________(沮丧).‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎11. have/make an impact on...对……有影响 ‎ impact [C，usually sing &U](～of sth.)(on sb./sth.)巨大影响；强大作用 ‎☞The move is not expected to make an impact on the company's employees. 预计这一行动对公司职员不会产生什么巨大的影响。‎ ‎☞Our regional measures have had a significant impact on unemployment.我们地区的措施对失业有重大影响。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ achieve/make an impact on 对……造成影响 ‎ have an effect on 对……有影响 ‎ make a difference to 对……有影响 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 你所做的每一个小决定都会对你将来的生活产生巨大的影响。‎ Every small decision you make will ________ ________ ________ ________ ________your life in the years to come.‎ ‎【答案】have a big impact/effect/influence on ‎12. in favour of 赞同；支持；赞成 ‎ ☞The score was 80 to 78 in favour of the guest team.‎ ‎ 比分是80比78，客队获胜。‎ ‎ ☞I talked to Susan about it，and she's all in favour of going.‎ ‎ 我与苏珊谈了这件事，她完全赞同走。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ in sb.'s favour对某人有利 ‎ do sb.a favour＝ do a favour for sb.给某人帮忙 ‎ owe sb.a favour欠某人情 ‎ ask sb.for a favour＝ask a favour of sb.向某人求助 ‎ ☞Could you do me a favour and tell Kelly I can't make it？‎ ‎ 你帮个忙告诉凯莉说我来不了了好吗？‎ ‎【巧学助记】‎ ‎“in＋名词＋of”短语：‎ in need of需要 in praise of 为了赞扬 in search of 寻找 in charge of 负责 in place of 代替 in memory of 为了纪念…… ‎ in case of 万一；如果 in terms of 就……而言 in respect of 关于……；作为……的报酬 in honour of 为了纪念……，为向……表示敬意 in the form of 以……的形式 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用favour的相关短语填空 ‎①We are all________ ________ ________(赞同)this plan.‎ ‎②The exchange rate is________ ________ ________(对我们有利)at the moment.‎ ‎③Could you________ ________ ________ ________(帮我个忙)and pick up Sam from school？‎ ‎(2)补全句子 Laws will have to be made to ensure that cloning researches develop further ________ ________ ________(支持)mankind.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ （1）①in favor of　②in our favor　③do me a favor （2）in favour of ‎13. owe vt.欠(钱，账，人情等)；把……归功于；归功于……‎ ‎ owe sb.sth.＝owe sth.to sb.欠某人某物 ‎ owe sth.to sb./sth.把某事归功于某人/某物 ‎ owe it to sb.that...把……归功于某人 ‎ ☞Have you paid me back the money you owed me yet？你欠我的钱还给我了吗？‎ ‎ ☞I owe it to you that I am still alive.幸亏有你我现在才仍然活着。‎ ‎ ☞He owes his success to his hard work.他把自己的成功归功于辛勤的劳动。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ owing to 由于；因为 ‎ 表示“由于，因为”的短语：thanks to，due to，‎ ‎ because of，on account of，as a result of ‎ ☞They decided to postpone the trip，owing to the change of the weather.‎ ‎ 由于天气变化，他们决定延期启程。‎ ‎ 注意：due to一般不位于句首。‎ ‎【语境记忆】‎ ‎ Owing to his parents' support，he went to a famous university. He owed his success to his parents，so he thought he owed a lot to his parents.‎ ‎ 由于得到他父母的支持，他考上了一所重点大学。他把他的成功归功于他的父母，因为他认为他欠他父母很多。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①We still __________ __________ __________ for those repairs.‎ 我们还欠他一百美元的修理费。‎ ‎②I __________ my progress of music __________ my mother.‎ 我把在音乐上所取得的进步归功于我妈妈。‎ ‎③Was it __________ __________ bad weather that they had to change the schedule of leaving?‎ 是由于恶劣的天气，他们才不得不改变离开的时间的吗？‎ ‎(2)用恰当词语填空 I owe a debt of gratitude ________ his family so I'll do my best to help them whenever they are in trouble.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎14. bother vt.打扰；使担忧；使烦恼n.[U]麻烦；[C]令人烦恼的事/人 ‎ ☞I am sorry to bother you，but can you tell me the time？对不起，打扰了，请问现在几点？‎ ‎ ☞Does it bother you that she earns more than you？她比你挣的钱多，你是不是觉得不自在？‎ ‎ ☞It bothers me to think of her alone in that big house.想到她孤零零地待在那个大房子里我便坐立不安。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ bother to do sth.费心去做某事 ‎ bother about sth.为某事烦恼 ‎ bother sb.with sth.为某事麻烦某人 ‎ be sorry to bother you，but...很抱歉打扰你一下，但是……‎ ‎ put sb.to any bother给某人添乱 ‎ without any bother毫不费力地 ‎ It bothers sb.that/to do sth.使某人苦恼的是……‎ ‎【易混辨析】bother/disturb/trouble/annoy ‎ 这些动词均有“使人不安或烦恼”之意。‎ ‎(1)bother指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。‎ ‎ ☞The problem has been bothering me for weeks.‎ ‎ 那问题已经困扰了我几个星期。‎ ‎(2)disturb较正式用词，多用于被动语态。指使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深 ‎ ‎ 的烦恼。‎ ‎ ☞I'm sorry to disturb you so early.对不起，我这么早打扰你。‎ ‎(3)trouble指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。‎ ‎ ☞Losing a little money doesn't trouble me.损失一点钱我并不在意。‎ ‎(4)annoy强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打扰或恼怒。‎ ‎ ☞His mother was annoyed with him for being so rude to their neighbors.‎ ‎ 他母亲因为他对邻居如此粗暴无礼而生他的气。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用恰当形式填空 ‎ Around two o'clock every night，Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat ________ (bother)us.‎ ‎(2)补全句子 ‎①Don't __________ __________ __________ __________； I am doing quite well.‎ ‎ 别为我操心，我一切都好。‎ ‎②He didn't even __________ __________ __________ me know he was coming.‎ ‎ 他甚至都没通知我他要来。‎ ‎③I don't want to __________ __________ __________ my problems at the moment.‎ ‎ 此刻我不想让她为我的事情操心。‎ ‎④I don't want to __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.‎ ‎ 我不想给你添乱。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎15. assumption n.假定；设想；承担；担任 ‎ make an assumption 假设；认为 ‎ on the assumption that...在假定……的情况下 ‎ ☞His assumption proved to be correct.他的假设被证明是对的。‎ ‎ ☞We are working on the assumption that the rate of inflation will not increase next year.‎ ‎ 我们在假定明年通货膨胀率不增加的情况下工作。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ assume vt.假定；设想；承担 ‎ assume that...假设……‎ ‎ assume office 就职 ‎ assume responsibility 承担责任 ‎ assume an air/expression of...装出……的样子/表情 ‎ assuming that...假定……(作连词用，相当于if)‎ ‎ ☞Assuming that it rains，what should we do？‎ ‎ 假定下雨了，我们该怎么办？‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 选词填空 ‎①The assumption ________ the price of meat would go down before the festival was wrong in fact.(that； which)‎ ‎②People tend to make ________ about you when you have a disability.(assumptions； the assumption)‎ ‎③________ we are free next Sunday，what would you like to do？(Assuming that； Assume)‎ ‎【答案】‎ ① that　②assumptions　③Assuming that ‎16. strike ‎（1）v.& n.打；击；撞击；碰撞；袭击；突击 ‎ ☞He struck the table with his fist.他用拳头击打桌子。‎ ‎（2）vi.& n.罢工 ‎ ☞The coal miners struck for better safety conditions.煤矿工人通过罢工要求改善安全条件。‎ ‎（3）vt.突然想到；猛地意识到；打动；给……印象；让……觉得 ‎ ☞An awful thought has just struck me.刚才我脑子突然闪过一个可怕的想法。‎ ‎ ☞She strikes me as a very efficient person.在我眼里，她是个很干练的人。‎ ‎（4）v.(钟)敲；鸣；报时 ‎ ☞The church clock just struck twelve.教堂时钟刚刚敲过12点。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ striker n.罢工的人 striking adj.引人注意的 ‎ be/go on strike 罢工 ‎ It strikes sb.that...某人突然想起……‎ ‎ strike...into one's heart 使某人感到……‎ 注意：strike可作名词，也可作动词，词义和用法都很丰富，其中作“罢工，突然想到，给……印象”解时的用法是高考常考点；此外，还应注意strike作“打，袭击”时与hit，beat等词的区别。‎ ‎【易混辨析】beat/hit/strike beat 强调连续或反复地“打”，因此像心脏跳动、打鼓、打拍子之类连续性或反复性的动作，一般要用beat。‎ strike 常指“猛地一击”。‎ hit 侧重指有目标的用力“击中”，有时也指“打一下”。‎ ‎【图解记忆】‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用strike，beat或hit的正确形式填空 ‎①Fortunately，the stone failed to________him.‎ ‎②He________a match and lighted a candle.‎ ‎③My heart was________fast.‎ ‎(2)补全句子 我们队赢得比赛的消息使我们都很兴奋。‎ The news that our team won the competition________ excitement________our hearts.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①hit/strike　②struck　③beating ‎（2）struck；into ‎17. resist vt.抵抗；对抗；忍住 ‎ resist sb./sth.抵抗/抵制某人/某物 ‎ can't/couldn't resist doing sth.禁不住干某事 ‎ resist doing sth.抵制干某事 ‎ ☞I was not strong enough to resist his offer. 我不够坚定，抵抗不了他的好意。‎ ‎ ☞When she got to the place，she could not resist going(go)in. 她到那里时，禁不住想走进去。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ be hard/impossible to resist 难以拒绝 ‎ resistant adj.抵抗的；有抵抗力的 ‎ be resistant to 对……有抵抗力 ‎ resistance n.抗拒；反对；抵抗力 ‎【名师点拨】‎ resist后不可用不定式作宾语，要用名词或动名词。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①I don't know________ ________ ________ ________ ________(怎样抑制我的愤怒)。‎ ‎②I was unable to________ ________(忍不住哭了).‎ ‎③The crops are better________ ________ ________(抗病方面更好).‎ ‎(2)单句改错 Tom couldn't resist to make jokes about his baldness.‎ ‎________________________________________________.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①how to resist my anger　 ②resist crying ③at resisting diseases ‎（2）to make→making ‎18. be bound to(do)...一定或注定(做)……；有义务做某事 ‎ ☞Look at the sky.It's bound to rain this afternoon.‎ ‎ 看看天空，今天下午一定会下雨。‎ ‎ ☞There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced.‎ ‎ 引进新系统后一定会发生变化。‎ ‎ ☞You've done so much work that you are bound to pass the exam.‎ ‎ 你下了这么大的工夫，你一定会通过这次考试的。‎ ‎ ☞I feel bound to tell you that you're drinking too much.‎ ‎ 我觉得有必要跟你说，你喝得太多了。‎ ‎ ☞In a group as big as this，you are bound to have disagreements.‎ ‎ 在这么大的一群人中，你一定会遇到不同意见。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ be bound to sth.被束缚于某物；被绑在某物上 ‎ be bound (for...) 准备(去……)‎ ‎ be bound up in 热心于；忙于 ‎ be bound up with 与……有密切关系 ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①If you read fast every day，you________ ________ ________(一定)improve your English level.‎ ‎②He________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(热衷于收集古董)these days.‎ ‎(2)用恰当词语填空 ‎ The question is bound________ come up at the meeting.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎19. from time to time 不时；偶尔 ‎ ☞From time to time a helicopter flew by.空中不时地有直升机飞过。‎ ‎ ☞The food safety accidents happen from time to time.食品安全事故时不时地发生。‎ ‎ ☞While reading the book，he nodded from time to time.他一边看书，一边不时地点头。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ 常见time短语有：‎ ‎ at one time 从前(某个时候)；曾经；一度 ‎ at a time 每次；一次 at all times 总是；永远 ‎ for the time being 暂时 in no time 很快；立刻 ‎ at no time 在任何时候都不；决不 ‎ in time 及时；迟早；过了一段时间 ‎ at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度 ‎ all the time 一直；始终 ‎ take one's time 不着急；慢慢来 ‎ kill time 消磨时 at the same time 同时 ‎ ahead of time 提前；提早 race against time 争分夺秒 ‎ time and again 一次又一次；重复地 ‎ keep time (钟表)走得准 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①Even though the Smiths have moved to a faraway place，we still see them________ ________ ________ ________(不时).‎ ‎②He went back from the meeting room________ ________ ________(立刻).‎ ‎【答案】①from time to time ②in no time ‎20. bring back to life 使复生；使复活 ‎ ☞It is impossible to bring a dead person back to life.让一个人死而复生是不可能的。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ bring sb./sth.to life 使更有趣、更生动；给……以活力；使苏醒 ‎ come to life变得活跃；变得有趣；苏醒过来 ‎ come to oneself(昏迷后)苏醒过来；醒悟过来 ‎ ☞A great actor can bring a character to life.‎ ‎ 一个伟大的演员能让角色生动起来。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①In theory，cloning can________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(使一些绝迹的 ‎ 动物复活).‎ ‎②The party________ ________ ________(活跃起来)when he told us the funny story.‎ ‎【答案】①bring some extinct animals back to life ① came to life ‎21. in vain 白费力气；枉费心机 ‎ ☞He tried to save his son from drowning，but in vain.‎ ‎ 他试图救他儿子免于溺死，但是徒然。‎ ‎ ☞All their attempts were in vain.他们所有的尝试都是徒劳。‎ ‎ ☞The police searched in vain for the missing gunman.警察搜寻那个失踪的持枪歹徒，但徒劳无获。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎ in vain“徒劳，白费力气”，用于句首时句子要用倒装结构。‎ ‎ ☞He tried in vain to memorize the poem.‎ ‎ →In vain did he try to memorize the poem.‎ ‎ 他怎么背都没办法把那首诗背出来。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ vain adj.虚荣的；徒劳的；自负的 ‎ try in vain to do sth.枉费心机地做某事 ‎ ☞They made vain attempts to reach the mountain top.‎ ‎ 他们几次尝试登上山顶都失败了。‎ ‎ ☞He tried in vain to stop smoking.他怎么努力也无法戒掉烟。‎ 跟踪典例】‎ ‎①翻译句子 过分的赞扬会使人自高自大。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎②用恰当词语填空 His efforts to raise money for his program were________vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎22. in good/poor condition 状况好/差 ‎ ☞The house was in poor condition.这所房子状况不佳。‎ ‎ ☞My car is old but in good condition.我的车虽旧，但状况良好。‎ ‎ ☞Keepers said the pandas were in good condition.饲养员说大熊猫的状态良好。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ on condition that 在……的条件下；倘若……‎ ‎ ☞I will go abroad on condition that I earn enough money.‎ ‎ 如果我挣到足够的钱，我就出国。‎ ‎ in condition 健康状况好；保存得好 ‎ out of condition 健康状况不好；保存得不好 ‎ on this/that condition 在这个/那个条件下 ‎ on no condition 一点也不；决不 ‎ in good shape (植物)状态良好；(指人)身体健康 注意：condition表示“条件；疾病”时为可数名词；表示“健康状况；‎ ‎ 可使用状况”时为不可数名词；表示“形势；环境”时多用复数形式。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当词语填空 ‎①Dr Collins couldn't lead the wildlife research in the tropical forest any longer because his health was in ‎ ‎ poor________.‎ ‎②I agree to his suggestion________the condition that he drops all charges.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①condition　句意：柯林斯博士不能领导在热带雨林里的野生动物研究了，因为他的身体状况很坏(in poor ‎ ‎ condition)。‎ ‎②on　句意：我同意他的建议，条件是他放弃所有指控。on the condition that起连词作用，引导条件状语从 ‎ 句，意思是“条件是，以……为条件”。‎ ‎1. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones.‎ ‎ 当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物，就会产生这种现象。‎ ‎(1)句中when引导时间状语从句，在时间状语从句中，不定式短语to make new ones作目的状语。‎ ‎ ☞He went to the market to buy some vegetables.他去市场买一些蔬菜。‎ ‎ ☞It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just to have a look at the sports ‎ ‎ stars.‎ ‎ 真令人难以置信，那些粉丝们在体育馆外等了三个小时仅仅是为了看看那些体育明星。‎ 注意：不定式作目的状语时其逻辑主语应为句子主语，此时应注意人称一致。‎ ‎ 为了及时赶到那里，他把车开得很快。‎ ‎ 【误】To get there in time，his car was driven by him very fast.‎ ‎ 【正】To get there in time，he drove his car very fast.‎ ‎ 【析】“为了及时赶到那里”的逻辑主语应为人而不是车。‎ ‎(2)ones在此用于代替前面的名词plants。ones可用于代替复数可数名词，表示一个泛指概念。‎ ‎ ☞Give me some apples.I want big ones.给我一些苹果。我要大的。‎ ‎【易混辨析】one(ones)/the one(the ones)/that(those)/it one 用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词；其复数形式是ones。‎ the one ‎(the ones)‎ 用来替代前面特指的单数名词，有时可用that替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；其复数形式是the ones。‎ that that用来替代前面出现的单数可数名词或不可数名词，表示特指，相当于the＋单数/不可数名词；和前面提到的事物是同一类，但不是同一个；其复数形式是those。‎ it 用于代替前面提到的单数名词，和前面提到的是同一事物。‎ ‎ ☞My uncle gave me a very valuable present，one(＝a present) that I had never seen.‎ ‎ 我叔叔给了我一件贵重的礼物，一件我从没见过的礼物。‎ ‎ ☞This bike is more expensive than the one in the corner.这辆自行车要比在拐角的那辆贵得多。‎ ‎ ☞The area of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.上海的面积比苏州的面积大。‎ ‎ ☞Equipped with modern facilities，today's hospitals are quite different from those (＝the hospitals) of the past.配备了现代化的设备，现在的医院与过去的医院有很大不同。‎ ‎☞I bought a new dictionary yesterday，and it (＝the dictionary) is very useful.昨天我买了一本新词典，它非常有用。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当形式或词语填空 ‎①________(catch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.‎ ‎②To her joy，Della earned first the trust of her students and then ________ of her colleagues.‎ ‎③I want to buy a present for my mother，________ that is not expensive but meaningful.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①To catch　句意：为了赶上早班的飞机，我们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。这里逻辑主语是we，空中用 不定式作目的状语，表示提前叫出租车并且早起的目的。故填to catch。‎ ‎2. Firstly，gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants.‎ ‎ 第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物。‎ quantities of是固定短语，意为“大量，许多”，其后可接可数名词和不可数名词。‎ She has quantities of good clothes in her store.她的商店里有许多好衣服。‎ 注意：“quantities of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；a large quantity of不管后面跟可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词都要用单数形式，比较：‎ ‎ ☞A large quantity of books has been offered to us.大量书籍被提供给我们。‎ ‎ ☞Large quantities of money have been sent there.大量资金被输送到那儿。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当形式填空 ‎—Why does the lake smell terrible？‎ ‎—Because large quantities of water ________(pollute).‎ ‎【答案】have been polluted　“large quantities of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数，且water与pollute为动宾关系，再根据语意填have been polluted。‎ ‎3. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.‎ ‎ 克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就非常复杂了。‎ ‎ 本句中while作并列连词，意为“然而，而”，表示对比关系。‎ ‎ ☞He likes pop music，while I am fond of country music.他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢乡村音乐。‎ ‎ ☞I like tea while she likes coffee.我喜欢喝茶，而她喜欢喝咖啡。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ☞I'll take care of your child while you are away.你不在时，我会照顾你的孩子的。‎ ‎ ☞Please don't talk so loudly while others are working.别人在工作时，别高声谈话。‎ ‎ ☞While I admit his good points，I can see his shortcomings.尽管我承认他的优点，但我还是能看到他的缺点。‎ ‎☞While I like the color of the hat，I do not like its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢它的形状。‎ ‎【易混辨析】while/however/but ‎ 这三个词都可以用来表示转折，while是从属连词，引导状语从句，表示对比转折；‎ ‎ however是副词，放在句首、句中或句末，常用“，”与句子其他部分分开；‎ ‎ but是并列连词，用来连接两个简单句，表示转折。‎ ‎☞Tom became an engineer while Jack remained a worker.汤姆成了工程师，而杰克仍然是个工人。‎ ‎☞I'd like to go with you； however，my hands are full.我很想和你一块去，可是我忙不过来。‎ ‎☞He said he would come，but he didn't.他说他会来，但是他没来。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当连词填空 ‎①________the students came from different countries，they got along quite well in the summer camp.‎ ‎②It's not easy to change habits，________ with awareness and selfcontrol，it is possible.‎ ‎③________ I always felt I would pass the exam，I never thought I would get an A.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①While/Although/Though　考查连词辨析。这里是一个while引导的让步状语从句。while尽管(引导让步状语从句)。结合句意：尽管学生都来自不同的国家，他们在夏令营里面都相处得很好。故填while/although/though。‎ ‎4. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.‎ ‎ 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。‎ ‎ 本句的主语为the disturbing news，that引导的从句为news的同位语从句，解释说明news的内容。由于主语太长，为保持句子平衡将主语放在谓语动词came之后。‎ ‎(1)Then came the disturbing news...是一个倒装语序。‎ ‎ ☞Now comes the opportunity to prove your innocence.现在证明你清白的机会来了。‎ ‎ ☞Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。‎ ‎ ☞Here he comes.他来了。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎(1)表示地点、时间、方向的副词there，here，now，then，in，out，away，down，up，‎ ‎ off，next等词位于句首，谓语动词多是表示运动的不及物动词come，go，leave，‎ ‎ move，run，fly，rush，jump等，而且主语是名词时，主谓要完全倒装。‎ ‎(2)作地点状语的介词短语置于句首时，用完全倒装(谓语动词常为不及物动词)。‎ ‎(3)作表语的形容词、过去分词、不定式或介词短语置于句首时，用完全倒装。‎ ‎(2)本句中news和that Dolly had become seriously ill是同位语关系。一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词如 ‎ fact，news，promise，reason，idea，belief，doubt，thought等的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。‎ ‎ ☞We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到我们球队获胜的消息了。‎ ‎ ☞I have no idea why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday.我不知道他为什么没有参加昨天的会议。‎ ‎ ☞We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money.我们必须面对我们已花完了钱这一事实。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用完全倒装句式完成下列句子 ‎①The door opened and________________________(校长进来了).‎ ‎②________________(柜台后站着)a beautiful girl.‎ ‎③__________________(鸟飞走了)in all directions.‎ ‎(2)用恰当词语填空 ‎ Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎5. The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park，in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct ‎ ‎ dinosaurs，proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into people's hearts.‎ ‎ 在《侏罗纪公园》这部影片中，一位科学家克隆了几种已绝种的恐龙。类似《侏罗纪公园》的电影很受 ‎ 欢迎证明了这一想法让人觉得既恐惧又兴奋。‎ ‎ 本句的主干是The popularity...proves...，句中how引导宾语从句；主句中又包含in which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为Jurassic Park。‎ ‎ ☞The school (which/that) he once studied in is very famous.‎ ‎ ＝The school in which he once studied is very famous.‎ ‎ 他曾经就读过的学校很有名。‎ ‎ ☞There are sixty students in our class in all，most of whom are from big cities.‎ ‎ 我们班总共有60个学生，大多数来自大城市。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句一般根据三个原则来确定介词：‎ ‎ ①根据从句的谓语动词；‎ ‎ ②根据先行词；‎ ‎ ③根据句子意思。‎ ‎ 但也有许多考题需要我们把从句补充完整，建立与主句的联系，‎ ‎ 才能找到这个介词与句中其他部分的关系。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当词填空 She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction ________ ________had taken more than three years.‎ ‎【答案】of which　考查定语从句。句意：她带领游客参观这家博物馆。这家博物馆的建设历经三年多才完工。定语从句中whose＋名词＝of which＋the＋名词＝the＋名词＋of which，由此可知答案为of which。‎ ‎6. Diversity in a group means having animals with their genes arranged in different ways.‎ ‎ 种群多样性是指种群中动物的基因要以不同的方式排列。‎ ‎(1)本句是简单句，动名词短语having animals...作means的宾语，with复合结构(即“with＋宾语＋宾补”结 ‎ 构)作后置定语，arrange与their genes为动宾关系。‎ ‎(2)with复合结构的构成：‎ ‎ with＋宾语(n./pron.)＋宾补 ‎(3)with复合结构的用法：‎ 作定语 ‎ ☞She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.她看到一条两岸长着红花和绿草的小溪。‎ 作状语 ‎ ☞She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪，离开了办公室。(表示伴随状况)‎ ‎ ☞With his key lost，he couldn't get into the office. 由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。(表示原因)‎ ‎ ☞The children began to watch TV with the homework done. 孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。(表示时间)‎ ‎ ☞I'd like to see the new film with time permitting.如果时间许可，我想看那部新电影。(表示条件)‎ ‎ ☞The battle ended with the enemy defeated.战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。(表示结果)‎ ‎【巧学助记】‎ with 复合结构用法口诀 ‎ with结构并不难，with后面宾语连，‎ ‎ 动宾关系用过分，主谓关系用现分，‎ ‎ 将来要把不定跟，还有三种形副介。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎①With so many essays________(write)，he won't have time to go shopping this morning.‎ ‎②He felt more uneasy with the whole class________(stare)at him.‎ ‎③With a growing number of college graduates________ (consider)themselves to belong to the lower levels of society，experts suggest that students lower their expectations of the job market.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①to write ②staring ‎7. It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo.‎ ‎ 任何绝种的动物，如果一经克隆便注定要生活在动物园里的话，那是不公平的。‎ ‎ 本句是虚拟条件句，且表示的是与将来事实相反的假设。虚拟条件句在不同虚拟条件下，主从句谓语形式一览表：‎ 虚拟情况 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 与现在事 实相反 一般过去时(be动词通常用were)‎ would/should/could/might＋动词原形 与过去事 实相反 过去完成时 would/should/could/might＋have done 与将来事 实相反 一般过去时或were to＋动词原形或should＋动词原形 would/should/could/might＋动词原形 ‎ ☞If it should rain tomorrow，the meeting would be put off.如果明天下雨，会议将延期。‎ ‎ ☞If I had lots of money，I would buy a car.如果我有很多钱，我就买一辆小汽车。‎ ‎ ☞If he had won the game，he would not have been so sad.如果他赢得比赛的话，他就不会那么悲伤。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎ 若条件从句中含有were，had，should等，可将if去掉，并把were，should或had提到主语前。‎ ‎ ☞Had you studied hard，you would have passed the exam. 如果你努力学的话，你早已通过考试了。‎ ‎ ☞Should I not take the exam tomorrow，I would go for a picnic with you. 如果明天不考试的话，我就和你一起去晚餐。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①We ________ (be)back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map.‎ ‎②________ (be)there no modern telecommunications，we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①would be　 考查虚拟语气。根据从句的时态可知，空格处表示对现在情况的假设，再结合if虚拟句的特点可知应填would be。句意：要是你没有把地图弄丢了的话，我们现在就已经回到旅馆了。‎ ‎8. Based on what we know now，you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years.‎ ‎ 就我们现在所知，你不可能克隆那些已经绝种超过一万年的动物。‎ ‎ 过去分词短语based on...作状语。介词on后接what引导的宾语从句。句中that引导定语从句，先行词为animals。过去分词作状语的用法主要有：‎ ‎①作原因状语，相当于as，since，because引导的从句，这类状语多放在句子的前半部分。‎ ‎ ☞Given advice by the famous detective，the young lady was no longer afraid.(Since/As she was given advice by the famous detective...)有了著名的侦探的指点，这位年轻的女士不再害怕了。‎ ‎②作时间状语(相当于when引导的状语从句。如果两个动作同时发生，可在分词前用when，while等使其时 ‎ ‎ 间意义更明确。)‎ ‎ ☞When heated，water can be changed into steam. 水加热后可以变成蒸汽。‎ ‎ ☞Discussed (Having been discussed) many times，the problems were settled at last.‎ ‎ 在讨论了多次之后，问题终于解决了。(过去分词既表被动又表完成)‎ ‎ ☞Seen from the hill，the park looks very beautiful.从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。(过去分词只表被动)‎ ‎③作条件和假设状语(相当于if，unless引导的从句)‎ ‎ ☞Given more time，we can finish the task on time.如果被给更多的时间，我们能按时完成这项任务。‎ ‎④作方式或伴随情况状语 ‎ ☞The hunter left his house，followed by his dog.猎人离开了屋子，后面跟着他的狗。‎ ‎ ☞She sat by the window，lost in thought.她坐在窗前，陷入沉思。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎ 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致，‎ ‎ 否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)，‎ ‎ 这种结构称为独立主格结构。‎ ‎ ☞All our savings gone，we started looking for jobs.‎ ‎ 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。‎ ‎ (All our savings gone是含有过去分词的独立主格结构)‎ ‎ ☞He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.‎ ‎ 他满脸是汗地冲进屋内。‎ ‎ (his face covered with sweat是包含过去分词的独立主格结构)‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ ________(order)over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.‎ ‎【答案】 Ordered　题目考查过去分词作状语。句意：(因为)那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。Books和order是动宾关系，即order books/books are ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成，在此相当于原因状语从句because they were ordered...，故填ordered。‎ ‎9. So the chances of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream！‎ ‎ 所以说恐龙回归地球的可能性仅仅是个梦想罢了！‎ ‎ dinosaurs ever returning to the earth 为“动名词的复合结构”，在句中作介词of的宾语。动名词带上自己的逻辑主语，就构成了动名词的复合结构。其逻辑主语一般由物主代词、名词所有格、人称代词的宾格和名词来充当。在口语中，物主代词和名词所有格可分别由人称代词的宾格或名词代替。在句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。‎ ‎ ☞Would you mind my/me opening the window？我打开窗子你介意吗？‎ ‎ ☞He insisted on his son's/his son going to college.他坚持让他儿子上大学。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎(1)动名词复合结构作主语或动名词本身为being时，用“物主代词/名词所有格＋v.ing”‎ ‎ ☞Mary's coming late made her teacher Mr.Smith quite angry.‎ ‎ 玛丽的迟到使她的老师史密斯先生非常生气。‎ ‎(2)动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西时，用“普通格＋v.ing”‎ ‎ ☞Is there any hope of our team winning the game？我们的球队有获胜的希望吗？‎ ‎(3)有生命的名词但表示泛指意义，用“普通格＋v.ing”‎ ‎ ☞Have you ever heard of women playing football？你听说过妇女踢足球的事吗？‎ ‎(4)两个以上的有生命的名词并列时，用“普通格＋v.ing”‎ ‎ ☞Do you remember my brother and me coming to see you the other day？‎ ‎ 你记得我弟弟和我前几天来看你那件事吗？‎ ‎(5)动名词的逻辑主语为复数名词时，用“普通格＋v.ing”‎ ‎ ☞There are many reasons for animals dying out.动物灭绝有多种原因。‎ ‎(6)动名词的逻辑主语被其他成分说明或修饰时，用“普通格＋v.ing”‎ ‎ ☞Have you heard of Miss Gao，our English teacher，going to the USA？‎ ‎ 你听说我们的英语教师高老师要去美国吗？‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当形式填空 ‎①His________(come)late for class again made his teacher very angry.‎ ‎②________(the president；attend)the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.‎ ‎【答案】‎ 同位语 ‎ 同位语是句子成分的一种。它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。‎ Ⅰ.同位语的表现形式 ‎1.通常用逗号将同位语与其所修饰的先行词隔开，表示一种普通的同位关系。 ‎ ‎ ①This is Mr.Black，director of our hospital.‎ ‎ 这是布莱克先生，我们医院的院长。‎ ‎ ②She is a good teacher，the friend of yours.‎ ‎ 她是一位好老师，也是你们的朋友。‎ ‎2.有时也可用破折号或冒号引导同位语。用破折号，停顿较长，对同位语起强调的作用；用冒号，停顿最 ‎ 长，强调的作用更大。‎ ‎ ①The orphan's daily necessities—clothes，food，etc.—are supplied by a kindhearted teacher.‎ ‎ 这名孤儿的日常用品——衣服、食物等等——由一位好心肠的老师提供。‎ ‎ ②In a sense，nouns can be divided into two kinds： the countable noun and the uncountable noun.‎ ‎ 在某种意义上，名词可分为两类：可数名词和不可数名词。‎ ‎3.有时，同位语之前带有引导词，表示同位成分之间的特殊意义。常见的同位语引导词有as，or，chiefly， especially，for example，for instance，in short，mainly，mostly，namely，that is，in particular，in other words， including，that is to say，such as，say，particularly，what，which，who，when，where，why，how，that， whether等。‎ ‎ ①Only one person can do the job，namely you.‎ ‎ 只有一个人能做这项工作，那就是你。‎ ‎ ②You can buy fruit here，for example，oranges and bananas.‎ ‎ 你可以在这里买水果，例如柑橘和香蕉。‎ ‎4.另外，无需借用任何引导词或标点符号，而将同位语直接置于先行词之后。 ‎ ‎ ①I have the honor to introduce John's sister Jane to you.‎ ‎ 我很荣幸地向你介绍简，约翰的妹妹。 ‎ ‎ ②Tom gave his friend John a book.‎ ‎ 汤姆给了朋友约翰一本书。‎ Ⅱ.用名词、代词或数词及其短语作同位语 ‎ 同位语有限制性和非限制性两种，限制性同位语和前面的词关系比较密切，中间不能停顿；非限制性同位语与前面的词关系比较疏散，常用逗号把它们分开，表示略有停顿。‎ ‎ ☞We teachers should be responsible for this.(名词作同位语)‎ ‎ 我们老师应该对此负责。‎ ‎ ☞Mr.Robson，our head teacher，is from Canada.(名词作非限制性同位语)‎ ‎ 罗布森先生，我们的校长，来自加拿大。‎ ‎ ☞They each put forward a proposal.(代词作同位语) 他们每个人提出了一个建议。‎ ‎ ☞You may leave it to us two.(数词作同位语)你可以把它留给我们两个。‎ 注意：多数的同位语都属于限制性同位语。‎ Ⅲ.同位语从句 ‎ 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。‎ ‎1. 同位语从句的引导词选择原则 that 只起连词作用，无任何含义，一般不省略 whether 是否 when 什么时候 where 什么地点 how 什么方式 ‎ ☞The hope that he may recover is not gone yet.他不是没有恢复的希望。‎ ‎ ☞The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.‎ ‎ 我们是否继续做这个实验的问题已经被解决。‎ ‎2. 同位语从句的几种特殊情况 ‎（1）当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。‎ ‎ ☞The story goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow.‎ ‎ 故事是这样的：威廉姆特尔用一支利箭杀死了国王。‎ ‎（2）表示“命令、建议、要求”的名词order, demand, suggestion等后接同位语从句时，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。‎ ‎ ☞The suggestion that everyone (should) make efforts to beautify our campus is necessary.‎ ‎ 每个人都应尽力来美化校园的建议是有必要的。‎ ‎3. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句 定语从句 功能不同 对名词加以补充说明 与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用 that 不作成分；起连接作用，不可省略 作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略 不引导定语从句 whether/how 不作成分；起连接作用“是否”；“如何”‎ whwords 作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与先行词之间无关 作成分；起连接作用；没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分 ‎ ☞The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.‎ ‎ 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。(同位语从句，that不可省略)‎ ‎ ☞The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.‎ ‎ 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。(定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，可省略)‎ 如何写辩论报告 ‎ 这类文章要求用一定的理由来说明自己对事物或问题的见解，属于议论文的范畴。写作时要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1.篇章特点 ‎ 议论文是一种以议论为主要表达方式的文体。就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通、说透。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。‎ ‎2.注意事项 ‎ 写作时应注意：‎ 第一，要提出正确鲜明的论点。一般来说，要把论点写在篇首或段首，这样能起到纲举目张的效果，让读 者读起来更容易把握文章思路。‎ 第二，要重视论据这一关的阐述。论据就是用来证明论点的事实和道理。要有足够的论据，可以列举生活 的实例来证明论点。‎ 第三，论证是议论文中必不可少的部分。一段完整的议论，只有通过论证证明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑 关系，才能将论据和论点融为一体，也才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的文章。‎ ‎3.写作形式 ‎ 此类作文一般有两种写法。‎ ‎(1)文章分三部分进行论述：‎ ‎ 第一部分：提出论点 ‎ 第二部分：给出论据 ‎ 第三部分：得出结论 ‎(2)文章分四部分进行论述 ‎ 第一部分：说明辩论的主题、参与者等 ‎ 第二部分：列举正方的观点及其理由 ‎ 第三部分：列举反方的观点及其理由 ‎ 第四部分：阐明自己的观点 ‎1.总结：‎ ‎ There are different opinions among people as to...‎ ‎ We had a heated discussion about...‎ ‎ Different people hold different opinions.‎ ‎ Opinions are divided.‎ ‎ People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards...‎ ‎ People have different opinions on this problem.‎ ‎ People take different views on this question.‎ ‎2. 表达不同观点：‎ ‎ ...of them hold the opinion that...‎ ‎ ...of them are in favour of the idea that...‎ ‎ People who are for/against the idea think...‎ ‎ Some people believe that...Others argue that...‎ ‎3. 不同观点之间的衔接用语：‎ ‎ However，...of them hold a different view./...of them hold the opposite opinion.‎ ‎ People who are against it don't think so.‎ ‎ However，each coin has two sides.‎ ‎ Different from those...，...people think...‎ ‎ On the other hand，...people object that...‎ ‎ and，as well as，also...‎ ‎ besides，in addition，moreover，what's more...‎ ‎ unlike，on the contrary，on the other hand...‎ ‎ ‎