专题20 阅读理解——议论文类-2018年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列

专题20 阅读理解——议论文类-2018年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列

专题20 阅读理解——议论文类 方法与技巧 题型介绍：‎ 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。‎ ‎ 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。‎ 命题形式：‎ 从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：‎ ‎1. 主旨题 ‎ 考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。‎ ‎2. 推理判断题 ‎ 这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。‎ ‎3. 细节题 ‎ 细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。‎ 三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧 第一，抓论点、寻论据 ‎ 阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。‎ 第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。‎ 把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：‎ ‎1. Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。‎ ‎2. Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。‎ 第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。‎ ‎ 能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，‎ 必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。‎ 解题技巧：‎ 解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：‎ 作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因——结果（Cause & Effect）型。还有一种比较常见的是问题——答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题（相当于一个现象），然后给出该问题的答案（相当于解释）。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。‎ 这里强调一点:答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案) ，然后从中心、态度或利用解的特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之从解的特征方面考虑。‎ 考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案 体验高考 ‎1. 【2017·天津卷】D ‎ I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of “waits”.‎ ‎ The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. ‎ ‎ A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup required a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. ‎ ‎ Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting ‎ for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen. ‎ ‎ Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody. ‎ ‎ We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy.‎ ‎51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________.‎ A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded C. grow anxious D. stay focused ‎52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?‎ A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control.‎ B. The Forced Wait makes people passive.‎ C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.‎ D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain. ‎ ‎53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?‎ A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.‎ B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result. ‎ C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.‎ D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope.‎ ‎54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?‎ A. Take it seriously.‎ B. Don’t rely on others.‎ C. Do something else.‎ D. Don’t lose heart.‎ ‎55. The author supports his view by _________.‎ A. exploring various causes of “waits”.‎ B. describing detailed processes of “waits”.‎ C. analyzing different categories of “waits”‎ D. revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”‎ ‎51.【答案】B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据第二段的句子During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. 可知我们在等待一壶水煮开的时候我们总是心不在焉的。故选B。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎52.【答案】A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据第三段第一句A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline可知，被迫的等待和留意的等待之间的区别在于被迫的等待需要纪律即自控.，故选A。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎53.【答案】B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据第四段的句子which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.可知等待你的好运不一定意味着就会发生，即不一定带来渴望的结果 。故选B。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎54.【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据第最后一段中The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. .。可以判断出当我们下一次等待的时候我们不要绝望即不要灰心。故选D。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎55.【答案】C 考点：考查标题判断。‎ ‎【名师点睛】这篇文章内容是非常贴近生活的，篇幅适中较长，要求学生快速阅读材料，在掌握文章大意的前提下答题。考查题型以理解细节题为主，还要学生结合文章作出推理判断，这些不是某个句子可以体现的，要对文章有整体把握。 ‎ 这篇文章最后一题就是推理判断题。学生对于55题推理判断题能很好的把握，根据文章中第二三四段的首句即主题句就可以正确理解不难得出答案。‎ ‎2. 【2017·浙江卷】B Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.‎ How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.‎ ‎“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.‎ Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota,‎ ‎ changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.‎ ‎25. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?‎ A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.‎ C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.‎ ‎26. How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?‎ A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours. C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours.‎ ‎27. Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?‎ A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.‎ B. They tend to do things that excite them.‎ C. They follow their parents’ examples.‎ D. They don’t need to go to school early.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要不同的睡眠时间，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。‎ ‎25.A细节理解题，根据文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A.‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 本文属于议论类短文，所考查三题均为细节题中的直接理解题。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。‎ ‎ 在阅读中可以使用定位法与跳读法解决直接理解题。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等，从而找出正确答案。‎ ‎ 以本文【小题26】为例，我们根据题干中“How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day”11岁的孩子每天需要多少小时的睡眠时间，直接定位第二段第三句For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal.可知上学的孩子需要10小时的理想睡眠时间，故选择C项。‎ 考点：考查议论文类阅读 ‎3. 【2017·浙江卷】C FLORENCE, Italy—Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.‎ Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民) population by demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship.‎ Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become more a vehicle for intolerance than integration(融合). Others say it’s only natural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation, seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society.‎ Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants, and some terms are even tougher. The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.‎ Italy, which has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy’s then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accounting for an even larger percentage of births in Italy.‎ Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence(居住权) would help her bring her two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are among ‎ the lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.‎ Italians always “see me as a foreigner,” an outsider, even though she’s stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently, she said.‎ ‎28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test?‎ A. To continue to stay in Italy. B. To teach her children Italian.‎ C. To find a better job in Italy. D. To better mix with the Italians.‎ ‎29. Some people worry that the new language requirement may ________.‎ A. reduce Italy’s population quickly B. cause conflicts among people C. lead to financial difficulties D. put pressure on schools ‎30. What do we know about Cojochru?‎ A. She lives with her sister now in Italy.‎ B. She enjoys learning the Italian language.‎ C. She speaks Italian well enough for her job.‎ D. She wishes to go back to her home country.‎ ‎28.A细节理解题，根据第一段第二句“but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by taking a test…”可知，Cojochru为了能够继续留在意大利才要参加语言考试的，故选A.‎ ‎29.B推理判断题，根据第三段第一句“,such measures will become more a vehicle for intolerance than integration”,可知一些人担心对语言水平的要求可能会造成人与人之间的不包容，即冲突，故选B.‎ ‎30.C细节理解题，根据最后一段最后一句“,even though she ‘s stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently”可知Cojochru的意大利语已经说的很流利了，足够应付工作，故选C.‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文【小题29】属于推理判断题，根据题干“Some people worry that the new language requirement may…”, 抓住关键词worry，可以从文中第三段第一句话进行推断：Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become ‎ a more vehicle for intolerance than integration. 根据关键信息intolerance可判断对语言的要求会造成外来居民和本地居民的不融合，即矛盾，从而选出正确答案。‎ 推理判断题是历届考生失分较多的题型，因为此类题不仅要求考生理解具体事实细节，也要理解抽象含义，推理题的解题方法有：‎ 1. 抓住特定的信息进行逆向或正向推理：善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析，利用逆向思维或正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐藏的深层含义。（29小题使用的就是这种方法）‎ 2. 结合全文（段）进行推断：做推理题时，需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来进行推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。‎ 3. 根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论：逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实，论点，例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，所以要把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按照事件发展的经过描写，也可按照因果关系，对比关系来描写。‎ 考点：考查议论文类阅读 ‎:4.【2016·浙江】 A ‎ “Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?”Lindsey whipers to Tori.‎ ‎ With her eyes shining,tori brags，“You bet I did,Sean told me two days ago.”‎ ‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about?It just happened to be yours truly,Adam Freedmam,I can tell you that what that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true.Still,Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton Higt School,including me.Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)。I have noticed three effects of gossip:it can hurt people,it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction,and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ ‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.Usually,gossip spreads information about a topic-breakups,trouble at home,even dropping out-that a person would rather keep secret.The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is,the juicier the gossip it makes.Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.People ofen think of gossipers as harmless,but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ ‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful,then why do so many of us do it?Tht answer lies in another effect of gossip:the satisfaction it gives us.Sharing the latest rumor(传言)can make a person ‎ feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t.Similarly,hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.”In other words,gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).‎ ‎ Gossip also can have a third effect:it strengthens unwritten,unspoken rules about how people should act.Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group.Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said,then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention.The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ ‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation.The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news,thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story”might have.‎ ‎41.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to .‎ A.introduce a topic B.present an argument ‎ C.describe the characters D.clarify his writing purpose ‎42.An important negative effects of gossip is that it .‎ A.breaks up relationships ‎ B.embarrasses the listener C.spreads information around D.causes unpleasant experiences ‎43.In the auther’s opinion,many people like to gossip because it .‎ A.gives them a feeling of pleasure B.help them to make more friends ‎ C.makes them better at telling stories D.enables them to meet important people ‎44.Professor David Wilson think that gossip can .‎ A.provide students with written rules B.help people watch their own behaviors C.force school to impove student handbooks D.attract the police’s attention to group behaviors ‎45.What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ A.Never become a gossiper B.Stay away from gossipers C.Don’t let gossip turn into lies D.Think twice before you gossip.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。‎ ‎41. A考查推理判断。根据文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip. （我们的话题很多都是闲话），可知开头的对话是为了介绍本文的主题， 故选A。‎ ‎42. D考查细节理解。根据文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.，可知主要危害是他会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。‎ ‎43. A考查细节理解。根据文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，故选A。‎ ‎【方法点拨】‎ 这是一篇议论文，题目设置以细节理解题为主。学生可以带着题目回到原文，能够在短文中画出解题依据是正确解题的关键，各位考生要谨记，在做阅读理解时要做到“不见依据不做题”。理由充分，依据凿实，这是不仅“知其然”，而且“知其所以然”的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。那么如何能快速准确回到原文找到依据呢?‎ ‎1. 关键词定位法。‎ 这里说的关键词并不一定是中心词，而是在理解题干所问之后，在题干中能帮助你迅速回到原文的“特征词”。如43题的信息句是The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，和选项A里面的a feeling of pleasure对应。还有44题，题干中的Professor David Wilson可以定位到第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviours in a ‎ group.可知，他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，所以答案是B。‎ ‎2. 自然段定位法。‎ 即命题者往往按照信息点在文中出现的先后来依次命制各个小题，也就是说，各题的答案信息常常在短文中依次出现，排在后面的小题，文中对应的信息点也在后面。例如，第1题往往位于一、二自然段，第2题会在第1题的答案信息之后且与第一题的位置最接近，第3题会在第2题的答案信息之后，往往在文中较为中间的地方，而第4题则位于文中较后的位置。最后一题(偶尔可能是第一题)一般是主旨题(包括给文章加标题、归纳写作目的)，这时，可能涉及全文内容。如41题，题目问文章的开头的作用，自然定位到第一段的内容，结合下文可以快速解答。‎ 模拟新题精选 ‎1. 【东北师大附中2015级高三第二次模拟】D Can you be too beautiful? It is hardly a problem that most of us have to bother — as much as we might like to dream that it were the case.‎ Yet the blessings and curses of beauty have been a long-standing interest in psychology. Do those blessed with shiny faces and an attractive body live in a cloud of appreciation — or does it sometimes pay to be ordinary?‎ Combing through decades of findings, social psychologists Lisa Slattery Walker and Tonya Frevert at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte have reviewed all the evidence to date and their conclusions are not what you might expect.‎ At the most basic level, beauty might be thought to carry a kind of halo(光环) around it; we see that someone has one good quality, and by association, our deep mind may assume that they have other good ones too.‎ Even in the courts, a pleasing appearance can work its magic. Attractive criminals are likely to get less strict sentences, or to escape punishment entirely; attractive plaintiffs(原告), meanwhile, are more likely to win their case and get bigger financial settlements. “It’s an effect seen everywhere,” says Walker.‎ But if beauty pays in most circumstances, there are still situations where it can have opposite results. While attractive men may be considered better leaders, for instance, hidden sexist prejudices(偏见) can work against attractive women, making them less likely to be hired for high-level jobs that require power. And as you might expect, good-looking people of both sexes run into envy — one study found that if you are interviewed by someone of the same sex, they ‎ may be less likely to employ you if they judge that you are more attractive than they are.‎ More worryingly, being beautiful or handsome could harm your medical care. We tend to link good looks to health, meaning that illnesses are often taken less seriously when they affect the good-looking. When treating people for pain, for instance, doctors tend to take less care over the more attractive people.‎ And the bubble of beauty can be a somewhat lonely place. One study in 1975, for instance, found that people tend to move further away from a beautiful woman on the pathway — perhaps as a mark of respect, but still making interaction more distant. “Attractiveness can convey more power over visible space — but that in turn can make others feel they can’t approach that person,” says Frevert. Interestingly, the online dating website OKCupid recently reported that people with the most beautiful pictures are less likely to find dates than those with less perfect pictures.‎ Ultimately, Frevert points out that focusing too much on your appearance can itself be harmful if it creates stress and anxiety — even for those already blessed with good looks. “If you are crazy about attractiveness, it may affect your experience and interactions,” she says. It’s an outdated saying, but no amount of beauty can make up for a bad personality. As the writer Dorothy Parker put it so elegantly: “Beauty is only skin deep, but ugly goes clean to the bone.”‎ ‎12. From paragraph 1, we can learn that _______.‎ A. some may be bothered by their unattractive appearance B. most people are not afraid of being too beautiful C. we might always dream about being bothered by others D. being too beautiful can be a problem bothering everyone ‎13. Which is the benefit for beautiful people?‎ A. An attractive plaintiff has more chances to get away with punishment.‎ B. Women with pleasing appearance will always be considered as better leaders.‎ C. Good-looking people are often regarded as having many good qualities.‎ D. Beautiful criminals are more likely to persuade the judge and win the case.‎ ‎14. The writer mentioned the underlined sentence in the last paragraph to _______.‎ A. persuade us to pay more attention to our looks from now on B. suggest that beauty can help make a better personality C. encourage us to focus more on improving our personality D. ask ugly people to have more confidence in their personality ‎15. What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Negative Sides of Beauty B. Sexist Prejudice C. Blessed with Beauty D. Beauty vs Ugliness ‎【答案】12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A ‎12. B 推理判断题。根据文章的第一段“It is hardly a problem that most of us have to bother — as much as we might like to dream that it were the case.”可知，对大多数人来说，美并不是一个问题，故选B。‎ ‎13. C 细节理解题。根据文章的第四段“...we see that someone has one good quality, and by association, our deep mind may assume that they have other good ones too.”可知，漂亮的人通常被人认为具有良好的品质，故选C。‎ ‎14. C 词义猜测题。根据文章的最后一句“Beauty is only skin deep, but ugly goes clean to the bone.”句意“美只是外在的，但是丑陋源于骨髓”可知作者提倡人们更多的关注自己的心灵美，故答案选C。‎ ‎15. A 主旨大意题。根据文章的大意“外表美的人们在某种程度上会获得优待，但是作者认为心灵美才是最重要的”可知答案选A。‎ ‎2. 【山西省45校2018届高三第一次联考】C The value of the U.S. penny has been dropping for years. Many countries have stopped using pennies. Is it time for the U.S. to do the same?‎ Those who think we should keep the U.S. penny offer the following arguments to support their positions:‎ Prices will increase. If we get rid of the penny, everything will have to be rounded to the nickel (五分硬币), costing us more for everything we buy.‎ Charities need pennies. There are thousands of small charities that depend on pennies to bring in donations. People think nothing of pouring out their old penny jars to support charity, but they won’t part with nickels so easily.‎ Nickels cost even more to make. If we get rid of the penny, we will need more nickels in circulation. Nickels cost 7.7 cents to make, 2.7 cents over face value, as opposed to 0.26 cents over face value to make a penny. Since the penny costs 0.26 more than face value to make, the Mint (铸币厂) can make 5 pennies and still lose less money than making 1 nickel.‎ People who want to retire the penny also have some persuasive arguments, including these:‎ Pennies waste time. The average American wastes 2.4 hours a year handling pennies, or waiting for people who handle them. This statistics is the result of collecting a number of penny-handling related events, including the 30-second period we sometimes spend waiting for someone who just has to dig through their pockets or purse to find that last cent so they can pay for something with exact change (probably so they don’t get stuck with any more pennies).‎ Making pennies wastes taxpayers’ money. It costs the U.S. Mint 1.26 cents to make each 1 cent coin, meaning that taxpayers are losing 0.26 of a cent for each one of the 7.4 billion pennies the Mint produces each year.‎ History will repeat itself. In 1857, the Mint stopped making the half-cent coin, partly because the cost of making it was considered to be no longer needed. Yet, commerce continued without any catastrophic effects. History has shown us that updating the monetary supply in countries where the currency (货币) is very stable has had little, if any, negative effect on the economy, or on people’s acceptance of the coinage.‎ ‎9. According to people who want to keep the penny, getting rid of the penny .‎ A. is good for ordinary consumers B. is especially bad for rich people C. will be convenient for them D. may lead to fewer donations to small charities ‎10. Why do pennies waste time?‎ A. Because consumers don’t always have enough change.‎ B. Because it takes time for people to get them from their pockets or purse.‎ C. Because pennies are not easy to take.‎ D. Because pennies are difficult to collect.‎ ‎11. The underlined word “catastrophic” in the last paragraph can be replaced by “ ”.‎ A. direct B. positive C. important D. disastrous ‎12. The text is mainly developed by .‎ A. giving examples B. setting down general rules C. comparing different opinions D. following the natural time order ‎【答案】9. D 10. B 11. D 12. C ‎【解析】本文是议论文，文章就美国是否应该淘汰一分硬币列出了正反双方的观点。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。根据“The average American wastes 2.4 hours a year handling pennies, or waiting for people who handle them.”美国人平均每年要花2.4个小时来处理零钱，或者等待人们递给他。可知人们需要花费时间从口袋里或钱包里拿出来。根据题意，故选B。‎ ‎11. 词义猜测题。根据“History has shown us that updating the monetary supply in countries where the currency (货币) is very stable has had little, if any, negative effect on the economy”历史表明在一个货币稳定的国家调整货币供给对经济的负面影响即便有也是很小的。据此，可推测取消硬币后，商业持续发展，没有受到灾难性的影响。根据题意，故选D。‎ ‎12. 推理判断题。文章主要是比较了反对取消一分硬币和提倡一分硬币的人的不同观点。根据题意，故选C。‎ ‎3. 【河南省洛阳市2018届高三12月联考】B It is quite apparent that competition surrounds every aspect of human life whether in the United States or the Amazon Rain Forest. Without it we would not have grown into primates (灵长类动物). Or we would probably still be struggling to sharpen a bronze tool while crawling around on four legs in search of meat. Without competition, Columbus wouldn’t have discovered America and Edison would never have invented the light bulb.‎ Friendship, like all relationship between two people, involves competition. It isn’t ‎ competition in a traditional sense because there are no goals to be scored and no prize. Perhaps the ecological definition — the simultaneous (同时的) demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light — better explain it.‎ As in nature, high school life is governed by a set of laws, similar to a shortened version of Darwin’s theory of evolution, overpopulation, and competition. There is an abundance of high school students and to distinguish them, ranking and categorizing (分类) take place. In high school, friendships learn to co-exist with competition even though at times the relationship is rough. In fact, in some circumstances, competition is too much of a burden for a friendship to bear, causing it to fall apart. College admission is the final high school objective. Four years of hard work is to achieve good grades, and a student’s fate is determined not only by these achievements, but by the records of thousands of other seniors trying to achieve a similar recognition.‎ Nevertheless, by necessity, competition between students exists in all aspects of high school life. It sets and improves the standards in everything from sports to school work. A healthy, friendly competition can have only benefits, but when it becomes too fierce, jealousy (妒忌) can tear friendships apart. Yet, despite all this, without competition, we would be lost.‎ ‎4. What does the ecological definition mainly explain?‎ A. How friends compete with each other.‎ B. How to win the competition.‎ C. What the result of competition is.‎ D. What competition exactly is.‎ ‎5. According to the writer, what causes the high school students to compete?‎ A. The number of them is too large.‎ B. Friendship is a burden for them.‎ C. They know the laws of nature well.‎ D. They are divided into different groups.‎ ‎6. Which best describes the relationship of friendship and competition?‎ A. Friendship is always based on competition.‎ B. The degree of competition is vital to friendship.‎ C. Competition is terribly harmful to friendship.‎ D. Competition is a result of lost friendship.‎ ‎7. What does the author think of “competition”?‎ A. The results of competition are out of control.‎ B. Competition becomes fiercer in high school.‎ C. Competition is certain to happen at schools.‎ D. Friendship is not as important as competition at schools.‎ ‎【答案】4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C ‎5. 细节理解题。由There is an abundance of high school students and to distinguish them, ranking and categorizing (分类) take place.可知造成高中生竞争的原因是高中生数量太庞大，选A。‎ ‎6. 推理判断题。由A healthy, friendly competition can have only benefits, but when it becomes too fierce, jealousy (妒忌) can tear friendships apart. 可推断出竞争的程度对友谊至关重要，选B。‎ ‎7. 细节理解题。由Nevertheless, by necessity, competition between students exists in all aspects of high school life.可知作者认为在学校，竞争一定会发生，选C。‎ ‎4. 【湖北八校2018届高三上学期第一次联考】D Even for a certified teacher with a degree and teaching certificate from Florida, a certain embarrassment exists. The two words “English teacher” don’t clearly show who I am.‎ Let me explain: When I go back to the US, I meet all my old friends. Some are stressed, exhausted and generally unhappy. They are stuck in jobs they don’t love that they do only to pay the bills. Even the ones making good money don’t even have the time to spend it and enjoy themselves. If I were in the US and I was working as a teacher, accountant, lawyer or so on, then that would be my job more or less for the next 30 to 40 years. I might have other talents, but I would be limited in being able to explore them.‎ In China the system is fluid for everyone: Chinese and expats（侨民）. I know many friends, both Chinese and expats, who changed careers because they wanted something new and it didn’t require going back to university four more years. All it required was motivation and a calculated ‎ risk. One of the best things about living in China for me is that I can explore different career choices and actually find one that I truly love. Let’s face it people change over the years: Your likes, your abilities and even the things that make you happy are constantly changing. Why shouldn’t your jobs and the opportunities also change with you?‎ When people ask me if I love my job, my answer is ‘YES.’ In China I have had many jobs: actor, model, salesman and teacher at various stages during my seven years here. And no one told me “You can’t do that.” There was no self-limiting. In China, if you have the motivation to work hard and the drive to succeed then opportunities present themselves around every corner.‎ ‎12. Why the term “English teacher” couldn’t explain the author’s role in China clearly?‎ A. Because he has taken many different jobs in China.‎ B. Because he has no choice but to be an English teacher.‎ C. Because the purpose of his teaching is to make good money.‎ D. Because there’re too many jobs for him to choose from.‎ ‎13. Why are some of the author’s old friends generally unhappy?‎ A. Because they have no chance to work in China as teachers.‎ B. Because it’s even harder for them to earn money in the US now.‎ C. Because they have no ability to explore their other talents.‎ D. Because they can’t get away from the work they don’t enjoy.‎ ‎14. What does the underlined word “fluid” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. Strict. B. Fixed.‎ C. Changeable. D. Exciting.‎ ‎15. What does the author think of China?‎ A. A country without motivations. B. A land of opportunity.‎ C. A nation full of foreigners. D. A place short of jobs.‎ ‎【答案】12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B ‎13. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“They are stuck in jobs they don’t love that they do only to pay the bills.．．．If I were in the US and I was working as a teacher, accountant, lawyer or so on, then that would be my job more or less for the next 30 to 40 years. I might have other talents, but I would be limited in being able to explore them.”根据叙述可知，作者在美国的部分朋友被困在单一的职业生涯中，无法去重新选择。故选D.‎ ‎14. C 词义推测题。 本段中的“One of the best things about living in China for me is that I can explore different career choices …Why shouldn’t your jobs and the opportunities also change with you?” 根据该句后面所列举的事例可知，人们在中国可自由选择职业，故中国的工作体制不是僵化的，而是可变的。‎ ‎15. B 推理判断题。结合全文尤其是最后一句“. In China, if you have the motivation to work hard and the drive to succeed then opportunities present themselves around every corner.” 在中国，如果你有努力工作的动力和成功的动力，那么机会出现在每一个角落。可知，作者赞扬中国，中国是一个充满机会的国度。因此B符合题意。‎ ‎5. 【北京市石景山区2018届高三上学期期末】C Like many other people, I love my smart phone, which keeps me connected with the larger world that can go anywhere with me. I also love my laptop，because it holds all of my writing and thoughts. In spite of this love of technology, I know that there are times when I need to move away from these devices and truly communicate with others.‎ On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. Because I want students to thoroughly study the materials and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom,‎ ‎ I have a rule —no laptop, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.‎ Most students assume that my reasons for this rule include unpleasant experiences in the past with students misusing technology. There’s a bit of truth to that. Some students assume that I am anti-technology. There’s no truth in that at all. I love technology and try to keep up with it, so I can relate to my students.‎ The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversions and truly engage complex ideas. Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas. I want students to dig deep within themselves for inspiration and ideas. I want them to push each other to think differently and make connections between the course materials and the class discussion.‎ I’ve been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations reflect student satisfaction with the environment that I create. Students realize that with deep conversation and challenge, they learn at a level that helps them keep the course materials beyond the classroom.‎ I’m not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I’m sticking to my plan. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.‎ ‎43. Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with________.‎ A. the course materials B. discussion topics C. the author’s class regulations D. others’ misuse of technology ‎44. Which of the following statements is true?‎ A. The author’s history class received low assessment.‎ B. The students think highly of the author’s history class.‎ C. The author made the rule in that he was against technology.‎ D. The author made the rule mainly because of his unpleasant experiences.‎ ‎45. According to the author, the use of technology in the classroom may ________.‎ A. improve teaching and offer more help B. prohibit students being involved in class C. allow students to get on well with each other D. help students to better understand complex themes ‎46. What can we infer from the passage?‎ A. The author will carry on the success in the future.‎ B. Some students will be punished according to the rule.‎ C. More and more students will be absent in history class.‎ D. The author will help students concentrate on what they learn.‎ ‎【答案】43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A ‎43. C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.可知，历史课上有些学生对作者的班级规章不满意。故选C。‎ ‎44. B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句I’ve been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations reflect student satisfaction with the environment that I create.可知，学生高度评价作者的历史课。故选B。‎ ‎45. B 推理判断题。根据第四段的 Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas. I want students to dig deep within themselves for inspiration and ideas.可知在教室内使用高科技产品使学生们对于外界信息过于依赖，不能独立思考。故选B。‎ ‎46. A 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句I’m not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I’m sticking to my plan. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up. 我一直在坚持我在历史课堂上的那种教学技术，不是说我不会改变,而是我在等待一个真正合适的理由，仅仅凭借这几个小时技术免费的对话来让我做出改变还不够打动我的内心。‎ 由此推知，作者将在未来继续取得成功。故选A。‎ ‎6. D【北京市丰台区2018届高三上学期期末】‎ Antiquities are ancient objects and artworks. Museums acquire works to display from many different sources. Sometimes they purchase them. Other times they receive donations. Today there are strict rules forbidding art that has been stolen from other countries. However, antiquities that have been at museums for decades or even centuries may have arrived there by questionable means. Now, some countries claim that museums have a responsibility to return these antiquities to their original locations.‎ There are many examples of this debate. Perhaps the most famous is the argument between Greece and the UK over the Elgin marbles. In the early 19th century, the Earl (伯爵) of Elgin had numerous sculptures taken from Greece to the UK. When Elgin did this, Greece was still a part of the Ottoman Empire. He claimed that he had received a permit to export the sculptures. Today the marbles are on display in the British Museum^ However, Greece wants them to be returned to their original location.‎ Should museums return these antiquities? Experts disagree. Malcolm Bell III says yes. Bell is a retired professor of art at the University of Virginia. He says, “Many antiquities and artworks have special cultural value for a particular community or nation. When these works are removed from their original cultural setting they lose their context and the culture loses a part of its history.”‎ According to Bell, a country’s request for the return of an antiquity “usually has a strong legal basis.” It “was exported illegally, and is now stolen property.” He called the return of antiquities “an expression of justice.”‎ James Cuno says not always. Cuno is president of an art museum in Los Angeles. He is also the author of the book Who Owns Antiquity?. Cuno agrees that museums have “a social and legal ‎ responsibility” to return illegally exported antiquities. However, he doesn’t support the return of legally acquired works.‎ ‎“An area of land held today by a given nation-state in the past likely belonged to a different political entity (实体). Even if one wanted to reunite scattered works of art, where would one do so? Which among the many countries, cities, and museums in possession of parts of a work of art should be the chosen ‘home’ of the reunited work?” Cuno believes that museums should collect art from the world’s diverse cultures. This should be done “through purchase or long-term loan and working in cooperation with museums and nations around the world.”‎ This debate is far from over. As a complex question with no easy answer, the issue requires more study.‎ ‎47. The passage mainly discusses .‎ A. the return of antiquities B. the sources of ancient objects C. the cultural value of artworks D. the responsibility of museums ‎48. For the case of the marbles. Greece and the UK mainly argue over .‎ A. the time of keeping them B. the real country of origin C. the identity of the exporter D. the means of acquiring them ‎49. According to the passage, Cuno thinks .‎ A. artworks become valueless away from their culture B. there is no clear answer to giving back antiquities C. museums are responsible for reuniting works of art D. the request for recovering artworks aims to promote justice ‎50. As to the debate, we can learn that .‎ A. the legality of antiquities seems a key factor B. the opinions of experts are completely different C. museums should look into the sources of antiquities they own D. the return of antiquities is unlikely due to practical difficulties ‎【答案】47. A 48. D 49. B 50. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇议论文。讨论了古代文物是否应该归还给原产地的问题。有的专家支持，因为许多文物对于特殊的社区和国家有着特别的价值，有的认为一些合法获得的文物的归还。这是一个复杂的问题，仍旧需要进一步研究。‎ ‎47. 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，第一段最后一句Now, some countries claim that museums have a responsibility to return these antiquities to their original locations.提到了文章讨论的主题：博物馆是否有责任将文物归还给他们的原产地。故选A。‎ ‎48. 细节理解题。根据第一段的句子However, antiquities that have been at museums for decades or even centuries may have arrived there by questionable means.第二段的句子There are many examples of this debate. Perhaps the most famous is the argument between Greece and the UK over the Elgin marbles.可知，希腊和英国主要争辩的是埃尔金石雕的获得方式。故选D。‎ ‎49. 推理判断题。根据第五段的句子Cuno agrees that museums have “a social and legal responsibility” to return illegally exported antiquities. However, he doesn’t support the return of legally acquired works.结合第六段的内容可知，Cuno支持非法获得的文物的归还，不支持合法获得的文物的归还，而有些地方过去和现在不属于同一个国家，因此有些文物无法确定属于哪一个国家，因此推断他认为归还文物没有明确的答案。故选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨要义型题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章的开头或结尾，从而找出能概括文章的主题句。例如小题1：‎ ‎【解题剖析】此题属于主旨大意题。‎ ‎【答案定位】纵观全文可知，第一段最后一句Now, some countries claim that museums have a responsibility to return these antiquities to their original locations.提到了文章讨论的主题：博物馆是否有责任将文物归还给他们的原产地。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干The passage mainly discusses .☞文章内容Now, some countries claim that museums have a responsibility to return these antiquities to their original ‎ locations可推断，文章主要讨论博物馆是否有责任将文物归还给他们的原产地。【答案】☞A选项 the return of antiquities.‎ ‎7. 【安徽省皖西南名校2018年高三阶段性检测联考】C Homework: more or less In answer to the trend, one after another anti-homework movements are coming. This time critics (批评者) aren’t just complaining that there’s too much of it but they’re also questioning why the homework is so dull.‎ The argument over what or how much homework should he comes partly from the fact that educators can’t seem to agree on the purpose of homework.‎ Some teachers think that homework is necessary to strengthen what is learnt in school. And so they ask their students to memorize what was discussed in class through homework.‎ Some teachers think the point of homework is to cover material that the class didn’t have time to get to, so their homework is to let students learn additional things.‎ Other teachers like homework simply because they want students to form work habits and still others believe homework is very important because it is the best way for parents to learn what their children do in school.‎ But many parents seem to have different ideas.‎ Elisa who has twins at a primary school doesn’t like; the fact that third-grade students in primary schools are asked to write about 25 book summaries a year. “They do the same thing over and over without really getting into alternative ways of thinking about books and thinking about reading and writing.”‎ Some education reformers such as Howard Gardner, a Harvard University professor, say, “Teachers can ask children to do things which require the use of different kinds of intelligence, for example, preparing for a debate, creating a work of art, designing a program or carrying out different experiments.”‎ But it is often hard to persuade overworked teachers to give much thought to homework assignments.‎ Is there much difference between students who do different amounts of homework?‎ ‎9. Which of the following opinions about homework is not mentioned?‎ A. Students’ attitude. B. Parents’ ideas.‎ C. Experts’ opinions. D. What teachers think.‎ ‎10. The underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refers to ________.‎ A. anti-homework B. homework C. why the homework is so dull D. movement ‎11. Which of the following statements is NOT the teachers' opinion on homework?‎ A. Homework is necessary to strengthen what is learnt in school.‎ B. Homework is to cover materials the class didn’t have time to get to.‎ C. Doing homework is the best way for parents to learn what their children do in school.‎ D. The children should be asked to do the homework using different kinds of intelligence.‎ ‎【答案】9. A 10. B 11. D ‎【解析】文章主要讲述了教师，家长以及专家对家庭作业多或少的不同态度。‎ ‎9. 细节理解题。根据“Some teachers think”一些老师认为，排除选项D；根据“But many parents seem to have different ideas.” 但许多父母似乎有不同的想法，排除选项B；根据“Some education reformers such as Howard Gardner, a Harvard University professor, say,” 一些教育改革家，如哈佛大学教授哈沃德·加德纳说，排除选项C。根据题意，故选A。‎ ‎10. 词义猜测题。根据“but they’re also questioning why the homework is so dull.” 但他们也质疑为什么作业太无聊。可推知it指代homework。根据题意，故选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】词义猜测题 主要的解题策略有：‎ ‎(1) 依据标点符号猜测词义。标点符号是词义猜测的最直接，最简单的信号词。比如，破折号、冒号常常起解释说明的功能，引号和括号有时也起到相同的作用。‎ ‎(2) 依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/on the other hand 等。‎ ‎(3) 依据下定义，作解释猜测词义。在说明文、科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是文章写作的又一特点。在写作方法上常采用先总后分(即先定义后解释)或先分后总(即先说明后结论)的叙述方式。常用的定义信号词有： be defined as/be termed(被定义为) ，be called (被称为), mean/refer to/be(意指，是)。‎ ‎(4) 依据逻辑推理猜测词义。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系，同位关系，对比关系，转折关系等。此外，考生还可以依据词性变化和词义变化(词义引申 )来猜测词义。例如：本文中第2小题。‎ ‎【解题剖析】本文中的第（2）小题属于(4) 依据逻辑推理猜测词义。根据“but they’re also questioning why the homework is so dull.” 但他们也质疑为什么作业太无聊。可推知it指代homework。‎ ‎8. 【北京市海淀区2017届高三上学期期末】D There is no doubt eCommerce is growing, and it will continue to grow. However, physical stores would not die as a result of the rise of eCommerce, at least not in the near future. The idea that eCommerce is taking over physical stores has already misguided many people. Physical stores are far from vanishing, and there are some solid reasons for it. ‎ The projections for online spending is optimistic with $150 billion expected to be spent in the coming three years, yet we are also expecting $300 billion in spending at physical stores in the same duration. Do you still think that physical-store shopping is too small to sustain the eCommerce blow? ‎ Even though consumers are staying away from physical stores that follow older concepts, yet we are seeing the rise of fresh concept stores all around the US. We are seeing innovative and attractive success stories of physical stores, ranging from clothes stores to restaurants to health spas. It would be easy to assume that this trend will continue.‎ Indeed, many shopping malls are dying, yet there are still those shopping centers that are performing well. You can see this for yourself by visiting shopping malls near you. What I want to emphasize here is that not all shopping centers are made equal, just like not all eCommerce retailers are made equal. Both shopping malls and eCommerce sites can lose business if they fail to maintain productivity through improvements and innovations. When you visit shopping centers that are serious about their business, you would see their shops and parking lots packed.‎ On the other hand, even e-tailers like Amazon have experimented with pop-up shopping concepts. It is important to bear in mind that consumers prefer face-to-face interactions instead of online interactions during shopping, meaning that physical stores are going to stay there. Still, eCommerce retailers are seeing all of their excitement disappear as they settle the sales tax problem associated with e-tailing. As of now, five states of America have already imposed sales tax on purchases through eCommerce sites, and e-tailers in those states have already witnessed 6 to 12 percent decrease in sales. ‎ This reinforces the fact that physical stores are here to stay, and if you are still undervaluing their growth, you are omitting a huge chunk of the retail representation. ‎ ‎67.The underlined word "projections" in Paragraph 2 probably means____.‎ A. intentions B. assessments C. performances D. predictions ‎68. What can we infer from the passage?‎ A. E-tailers are more creative businesses.‎ B. Fresh concepts help build good business.‎ C. Fewer consumers will visit physical stores.‎ D. Physical stores can’t stand the blow of eCommerce.‎ ‎69. What is the best title for this passage?‎ ‎ A. Is Offline Spending Greater Than Online Spending?‎ ‎ B. Online Stores V.S. Physical Stores—What’s the Difference?‎ ‎ C. Will Physical Stores replace eCommerce in the Near Future？‎ ‎ D. Does eCommerce Success Mean Physical Stores Will Disappear? ‎ ‎70. Which of the following shows the development of the passage? [‎ CP Sp2‎ Sp1‎ P2‎ C P1‎ Sp2‎ Sp1‎ CP P2‎ C P1‎ Sp2‎ Sp1‎ CPPPPP Sp2‎ Sp1‎ P2‎ C P1‎ P2‎ CP Sp2‎ Sp1‎ P3‎ C P1‎ A. B. C. D.‎ CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion ‎【答案】‎ ‎67.D ‎68.B ‎69.D ‎70.C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：论述了网店的兴起，是否会导致实体店的消亡。作者从各个角度出发，来证明自己的观点。‎ ‎67.D词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句The projections for online spending is optimistic with $150 billion expected to be spent in the coming three years, yet we are also expecting $300 billion in spending at physical stores in the same duration.可知划线的意思是“预测”，故选D。‎ ‎70.C推理判断题。文章第一段首先提出中心论点，然而提出两个分论点，再对每个分论点进行阐述，最后得出结论，纵观全文，可知C项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心 要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。69.D主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段This reinforces the fact that physical stores are here to stay, and if you are still undervaluing their growth, you are omitting a huge chunk of the retail representation.可知D. Does eCommerce Success Mean Physical Stores Will Disappear? 电子商务的成功意味着实体店会消失吗？符合题意，故选D。‎ ‎9. 【安徽省皖江名校联盟2018届高三12月联考】C Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing?‎ Tomato sauce is not Italian; the tomato is native to South America and was not introduced to Europe until the 16th century. Tea isn’t British, it wasn’t even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.‎ Tea is of such great importance that it was featured in the Evening Standard written by George Orwell back in 1946. The famous author describes the beverage(饮品) thusly "tea is one of the main stays of civilization in this country." But when, exactly, did this practice become in fashion?‎ The year was 1662, a mere 111 years before insurgents(茶党) from the soon-to-be ruling champions of the Revolutionary War dumped a whole bunch of tea into Boston Harbor. Catherine of Braganza of Portuguese royalty married King Charles II of England, and then went on to make teatime a thing.But the thirst for tea fell at one time—the costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford. However, when Catherine started to make tea consumption a daily practice, it passed on to the other nobles.‎ Not long after the practice was initially adopted by the upper class,the East India company began to import more tea to meet the demand. With the prices lowered,everybody could afford to have a good taste, and suddenly tea was the drink of the every man.‎ After centuries of ritual(习惯), it has become entirely rooted in the British identity itself. Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.‎ ‎9. The best tile for the passage is probably .‎ A. Why the British drink so much tea B. Why tea is so popular across the world C. How tea was introduced into Europe D. Which kind of tea is the most favored ‎10. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to .‎ A. tomato B. tomato sauce C. tea D. a thing ‎11. According to Paragraph 4, Britons' interest in tea once dropped because .‎ A. it was not drinkable B. they were not used to it C. it was not affordable D. they refused anything foreign ‎12. What can we know from the passage?‎ A. George Orwell promoted tea sales across England.‎ B. King Charles II of England drank tea on a daily basis.‎ C. The Turkish produce the most tea every year.‎ D. People may associate tea with Britons a lot.‎ ‎【答案】9. A 10. C 11. C 12. D ‎10. 词义猜测题。根据Tea isn’t British, it wasn’t even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.得知茶不是原产于英国，茶甚至在17世纪之前在英国都不怎么流行，但是现在茶和天气、红色电话亭都成为英国独有的标识。故选C。‎ ‎11. 推理判断题。根据But the thirst for tea fell at one time—the costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford.得知英国人曾经对茶的热情度下降，这是因为运送成本太高超出了英国人的支付能力。故选C。‎ ‎12. 推理判断题。根据Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.得知尽管土耳其对茶的年消耗量最多，人们还是会把茶和英国联系在一起。故选D。‎ ‎10. 【湖北省黄冈市2018届高三上学期期末】C When we think of a generation gap we usually think of conflicting tastes in music, or pastimes. But now the generation gap is handwriting. After one teacher in Tennessee discovered that she had students who couldn’t read the assignments she was writing on the board, she posted it on the Internet saying handwriting should be taught in schools.‎ Opponents claim that handwriting has become out of time in our modern world. Typed words have become a primary form of communication. Once a practical skill, handwriting is no longer used by the vast majority of Americans. It is no longer taught in schools, and some claim that the time that it would take to teach it could be put to better use, for instance, by teaching the ‎ technical skills.‎ But even in today’s world there are still plenty of reasons to pick up a pen and apply it to paper. Many American institutions still require original signatures, for instance, signing for a registered letter and buying a house. And original signatures are much more difficult to forge（伪造）than their digital counterparts. There is also strong evidence that writing by hand is good for the mind. It activates a different part of the brain, and improves fine moving skills in young children. People also tend to remember what they write by hand more than what they type, and the process of writing by hand has been shown to stimulate ideas. Not only that, studies have shown that kids who write by hand learn to read and spell earlier than those who don’t. Not to mention, handwriting is pleasing, as is evidenced by the fact that no one has ever typed a love letter. And handwriting remains popular as an art form.‎ Yes we live in a modern world, but we live in a modern world that is based on fundamental values.‎ ‎8. What did the teacher find in her class?‎ A. Her students had a big generation gap with her.‎ B. Her handwriting was too terrible to understand.‎ C. Some students could not recognize her handwriting on the blackboard.‎ D. Some students’ handwriting on the blackboard was too difficult to tell.‎ ‎9. Why do some people agree to teach handwriting in school?‎ A. Handwriting is very easy to remember.‎ B. Handwriting is beneficial to the brain.‎ C. Handwriting can help one buy a house.‎ D. Handwriting is an art form out of time.‎ ‎10. What can we infer from the passage?‎ A. What people write by hand is not easy to fake.‎ B. Lovers often write love letters to each other.‎ C. Handwriting is unnecessary in our modern society.‎ D. Technical skills are more important than handwriting.‎ ‎11. What is the authors attitude towards teaching handwriting in school?‎ A. Opposed. B. Objective.‎ C. Unconcerned. D. Supportive.‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D ‎9. 细节理解题。根据第三段的内容There is also strong evidence that writing by hand is good for the mind. It activates a different part of the brain, and improves fine moving skills in young children.可知手写对大脑有益。故选B。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。根据第三段的句子And original signatures are much more difficult to forge（伪造）than their digital counterparts.原始笔迹更难伪造，可知人们手写出来的不容易伪造。故选A。‎ ‎11. 观点态度题。根据作者第二段陈述的手写的很多方面的好处，可知作者支持在学校教手写。故选D。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断主要的解题策略有：‎ ‎（1）根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。‎ ‎（2）根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如：1）表示褒义的词语：positive赞成的，supporting支持的，praising赞扬的，optimistic乐观的，admiring羡慕的，enthusiastic热情的等；2）表示中性的词语：uninterested无兴趣的，不感兴趣的； neutral中立的；impersonal不带个人感情的；subjective主观的；objective客观的等；3）表示贬义的词语：disgusted感到恶心的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative 否定的，反对的；suspicious怀疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍让的；worried 担忧的等。 ‎ ‎（3）根据写作思路，推断段落发展。不同的文体，写作思路和写作手法也不尽相同。做题时，要善于体会作者的写作思路，揣摩作者的谋篇布局，从宏观上左右文章的结构框架；同时，还要把握作者行文时所运用的修辞手段，如对比、举例、下定义等。通过梳理写作思路，明晰写作手法，即可对文章的发展做出比较科学合理的推断和预测。‎ ‎（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。例如：本题中的第3小题：‎ ‎3.A【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据分析，可知选A。‎