2019届一轮复习人教版选修八Unit3Inventorsandinventions单元学案（19页word解析版）

2019届一轮复习人教版选修八Unit3Inventorsandinventions单元学案（19页word解析版）

‎2019届一轮复习人教版选修八Unit3Inventors and inventions单元学案 一单元基础训练 一、单元单词短语回顾 ‎△amphibious  [æmˈfibiən] adj. 两栖（类）的 ‎△George Stephenson 乔治·斯蒂芬森（英国发明家，蒸汽机的发明人）‎ patent [ˈpeitənt] n. 专利证书；专利权 call up 给……打电话 courtyard [ˈkɔ:tˈjɑ:d]n.院子；庭院；天井 now and then 偶尔；有时 walnut  [ˈwɔ:lnʌt] n. 胡桃；胡桃木 distinguish  [diˈstiŋgwiʃ] vi. & vt. 显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别 merciful [ˈmə:sifəl] adj. 宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的 product  [ˈprɔdʌkt] n. 产品 powder  [ˈpaudə] n. 粉末；火药 set about 开始；着手 perfume  [ˈpə:fju:m] n. 香水；香味 stainless  [ˈsteinləs] adj.无锈的；不锈的；没有污点的 ‎△jelly  [ˈdʒeli] n. 果冻；果冻状物 cube  [kju:b] n. 立方体；立方 cubic  [ˈkju:bik] adj. 立方的 abrupt  [əˈbrʌpt] adj. 突然的；意外的 abruptly  [əˈbrʌptli]adv.突然地；唐突地 convenient  [kənˈvi:niənt] adj.便利的；方便的；就近的 caution [ˈkɔ:ʃən] n. 小心；谨慎 expectation [ˌekspekˈteiʃən]n.预料；期待；期望 passive  [ˈpæsiv] adj.被动的；消极的； 被动语态的 merry  [ˈmeri] adj. 愉快的；高兴的 merrily adv. 高兴地；愉快地 seize  [si:z] vt. 抓住；捉住；夺 ‎△recognition  [ˌrekəgˈniʃən] n. 认出；认可；承认 criterion [kraiˈtiəriən] n.（评判的）标准；尺度 ‎△claim  [kleim] n. & vt. 要求；声称；主张 valid  [ˈvælid] adj. 有效的；确凿的 file [fail] n. 文件；档案；文件夹 ‎ ‎ vt. 提交；将……归档 ripe  [raip] adj. 熟的；成熟的 string  [striŋ] n. 线；绳子；一串 glue [glu:] n. 胶；胶水 ‎ ‎ vt.粘贴；粘合 ‎△rod  [rɔd] n. 杆；棒 freezing  ['fri:ziŋ] adj.冰冻的；严寒的 greengrocer  [ˈgri:nhɔ:n] n. 果蔬商 ‎ （pl）蔬菜水果店 identification  [aiˌdentifiˈkeiʃən] n. 鉴定；辨认；确定；身份证明 directory  [diˈrektəri] n.电话簿；商行名录 dial [ˈdaiəl] vt. 拨（电话）‎ rainfall  [ˈreinfɔ:l] n. 降雨 ‎△courtroom ['kɔ:tru:m] n.法庭；审判室 innocent  [ˈinəsənt] adj. 清白的；无罪的；天真的 lantern  [ˈlæntən] n. 灯笼；提灯 bear  [bɛə] vt. 忍受；忍耐；负担 jam  [dʒæm] n. 堵塞；阻塞；果酱 ‎△Alexander Graham ‎ ‎ 亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 ‎△microphone  [ˈmaikrəfəun] n.麦克风；话筒 forehead  [ˈfɔrid] n. 额头 beaten track 被踩出来的路；常规；‎ 惯例 ‎△occasionally[əˈkeiʒənəli] adv.偶然地；不时地 dive into 迅速把手伸入；一心投入 dynamic  [daiˈnæmik] adj.充满活力的；精力充沛的；动态的；发展变化的 set out (to do) 开始（做）‎ ‎△multiple [ˈmʌltipəl] adj. 多种的；多样的；多类型的 n.倍数 ‎△Morse 莫尔斯电码 dot  [dɔt] n. 点；小圆点 ‎ ‎ vt. 以小圆点标出；分散 tap [tæp] vt. 轻打；轻拍；轻敲 ‎ ‎ n.轻轻地敲击（声）；（水）龙头 wire  [ˈwaiə] n. 金属丝；电线 straw  [strɔ:] n.稻草；麦秆；饮料吸管 ‎△reproduce  [ˌri:prəˈdju:s] vt.复制；‎ ‎ 再现……的形象或声音 current  [ˈkʌrənt]n.（水或气）流；电流 ‎ ‎ adj. 现在的；当前的 helicopter [ˈhelikɔptə] n. 直升飞机 triangle  [ˈtraiæŋgəl] n. 三角形；三角形物体 ‎△tetrahedron ['tetrə'hi:drən] n.四面体 stable [ˈsteibəl] adj.稳固的；稳定的；安定的 ‎△invaluable  [inˈvæljuəbəl]adj.无价的；极宝贵的 associate  [əˈsəuʃieit] vt. 联想；联系 ‎ ‎ n.同伴；伙伴 practical  [ˈpræktikəl] adj. 实际的；实践的；实用的 ‎△James Dyson 詹姆斯·戴森 ‎（英国发明家）‎ refrigerator  [riˈfridʒəreitə] n. 冰箱 court [kɔ:t] n. 法庭；法院；朝廷 extension [ikˈstenʃən] n. 电话分机； 扩大；延伸 hang on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住 out of order 次序颠倒；发生故障 get through 设法联系上（尤指打通电话）；（设法）做完；通过 ring back 回复电话 ring off 挂断电话 version  [ˈvə:ʃən] n. 版本；译本 competence  [ˈkɔmpitəns] n.能力；胜利；本领 ‎△competent  [ˈkɔmpitənt] n.能胜任的；有能力的；称职的 jeep [dʒi:p] n. 吉普车 personnel  [ˌpə:səˈnel] n. 人力资源；人事部；全体人员 二、单元重要句式回顾：根据括号内要求翻译句子 ‎1．应当教育孩子分辨好坏。(distinguish ... from ...)‎ Children_should_be_taught_to_distinguish_right_from_wrong._‎ ‎2．似乎你是第一个到这儿的。(seem as if)‎ It_seems_as_if_you_are_the_first_one_here.‎ ‎3．她一到家就开始准备午饭。(set about)‎ As_soon_as_she_got_home,_she_set_about_preparing_lunch.‎ ‎4．你明天开工方便吗？(convenient)‎ Will_it_be_convenient_for_you_to_start_work_tomorrow?‎ ‎5．吉姆习惯于早上早起。(be used to)‎ Jim_is_used_to_getting_up_early_in_the_morning.‎ ‎6．他们正在进行癌症起因的研究。(research into/on)‎ They_are_carrying_out_a_research_into/on_the_causes_of_cancer.‎ ‎7．如果你不专心学习的话，你绝不可能通过考试。(never放句首)‎ Never_can_you_pass_the_exam_if_you_don't_devote_yourself_to_your_study.‎ ‎8．直到他完成了作业，他才上床睡觉。(not ... until的强调句)‎ It_was_not_until_he_finished_his_homework_that_he_went_to_bed.‎ ‎9．大多数家庭在那场战争中经历了很多(苦难)。(go through)‎ Most_families_went_through_a_lot_in_the_war.‎ ‎10．当被提供帮助时，我们应该说“谢谢你”。(过去分词作状语)‎ When_offered_help,_we_should_say_“thank_you”．‎ 单元综合知识运用 一 完形填空提速训练 Resealable (可密封的) plastic bags — sometimes called by a brand name, such as Ziploc® — are those little clear plastic bags you use to keep your sandwiches and chips fresh. They ‎ usually have some sort of sealing mechanism, like a plastic zipper, which allows you to seal the bag to keep __1__ out.‎ Keeping air away from __2__ allows them to stay fresh longer. Bacteria and other organisms in the air will __3__ food items over time if allowed to come into __4__ with them. Sealed plastic bags keep these organisms __5__ getting to your food.‎ Resealable plastic bags can be used for more than just __6__ sandwiches, chips and snacks to school for lunch. They're also used to keep leftovers __7__ in the refrigerator. Many people also use them to __8__ food in the freezer for use in the future.‎ The __9__ of the resealable plastic bag started out in 1951 at a company named Flexigrip, Inc. Flexigrip __10__ a plastic zipper from patents which was bought from __11__ Borge Madsen. These zippers were __12__ used as parts of binders and briefcases.‎ Over time, __13__， plastic zipper bags were developed. Eventually, in 1968, Dow Chemical Company __14__ to market its Ziploc® brand of resealable plastic bags to grocery stores. They turned out to be very __15__.‎ Today, these types of bags are __16__ in many different sizes and styles, from snack and sandwich bags to craft and freezer bags. You can also buy bags with expandable bottoms that ‎ __17__ on their own. Some bags even allow you to __18__ food in the microwave!‎ However, now many people try to use __19__ plastic because of its effect on the environment. So manufacturers of resealable plastic bags have taken __20__ to become more environmentally friendly.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了可密封塑料袋的用途及发展史。同时指出，为了减少污染，这种塑料袋的生产厂家也采取措施以使他们的产品更加环保。‎ ‎1．A.air　　　　　　　　　 B．water C．dust D．fog 解析：选A　由第二段开头的“Keeping air away”可知，此处指把空气阻挡在外面。‎ ‎2．A.plants B．containers C．bags D．foods 解析：选D　根据下文中的“Bacteria and other organisms in the air will __3__ food items over time”可知，此处指让空气和食物隔离，以便食物保鲜的时间长些，故选foods。‎ ‎3．A.bring in B．take out C．break down D．deal with 解析：选C　空气中细菌和其他微生物会分解食物导致食物变质。break down意为“分解”。‎ ‎4．A.relation B．contact C．connection D．contract 解析：选B　如果细菌和其他微生物与食物接触，食物将会很快变质。contact意为“接触”；relation意为“关系”；connection意为“连接”；contract意为“合同”。‎ ‎5．A.from B．against C．through D．beyond 解析：选A　keep ... from ...为固定搭配，意为“阻止……”。‎ ‎6．A.following B．presenting C．supplying D．transporting 解析：选D　下文中的“to school for lunch”说明，此处指携带食物到学校。‎ ‎7．A.wet B．fresh C．thin D．hard 解析：选B　根据句中的“in the refrigerator”及生活常识可知，它们也被用来保持剩余的食物新鲜。‎ ‎8．A.store B．cook C．share D．produce 解析：选A　本段主要介绍可密封塑料袋能用来保存食物，因此这里指储存食物。‎ ‎9．A.result B．humour C．history D．success 解析：选C　根据下文中的“started out in 1951 at a company named Flexigrip, Inc”可知，此处提到这种可密封塑料袋的历史。‎ ‎10．A.discovered B．developed C．spread D．approved 解析：选B　此处表示买了专利以后，研发了塑料拉链。‎ ‎11．A.writer B．teacher C．doctor D．inventor 解析：选D　句中patents说明，博尔格·马森是一位发明家。‎ ‎12．A.eventually B．frequently C．originally D．naturally 解析：选C　根据下文中的“Over time, __13__， plastic zipper bags were developed.”可知，此处谈的是塑料拉链袋的最初情况，故选originally。eventually意为“终于”。‎ ‎13．A.however B．besides C．therefore D．otherwise 解析：选A　最初，塑料拉链袋的用途很少，后来它得到了发展。此处表示转折。‎ ‎14．A.agreed B．began C．promised D．preferred 解析：选B　最后，陶氏化学公司开始将塑料拉链袋投入市场。‎ ‎15．A.necessary B．famous C．funny D．popular 解析：选D　文章介绍了这种塑料袋的发展。它也很受欢迎。‎ ‎16．A.precious B．expensive C．available D．fashionable 解析：选C　根据“in many different sizes and styles, from snack and sandwich bags to craft and freezer bags”可知，这些袋子有很多不同的尺寸和样式，在很多地方可以使用。‎ ‎17．A.move B．stand C．float D．remain 解析：选B　根据句中的“bags with expandable bottoms”‎ 可知，袋子底部可伸展，因此它能竖起来。‎ ‎18．A.heat B．taste C．find D．purchase 解析：选A　根据“in the microwave”可知，把食物放入微波炉中，为的是给食物加热。‎ ‎19．A.more B．smaller C．larger D．less 解析：选D　根据“because of its effect on the environment”可知，人们现在尽量少使用塑料袋。‎ ‎20．A.chances B．steps C．photos D．orders 解析：选B　他们已经采取措施以使他们的产品更加环保。take steps意为“采取措施”。‎ 二、阅读理解提速练 A We are all fascinated by mysteries. To some extent we love to expect strange phenomena occurring before us. Here are some amazing unsolved mysteries.‎ The Georgia Guidestones On one of the highest hilltops in Elbert County, Georgia stands a giant granite monument (花岗岩纪念碑). Carved in eight different languages on the four giant stones are 10 Guides.‎ The origin of this strange monument is covered in mystery because no one knows the true identity of the man, or men, who constructed it. All we know is that in June 1979, a man ‎ identifying himself as R．C.Christian announced that he would build something to convey a message to mankind, but to date, no one knows who R．C.Christian really was.‎ Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a triangular area of the Atlantic Ocean. Many planes, ships, and boats are said to have disappeared in this triangle without a trace, which led to the belief that “supernatural” forces exist in this area of the sea.‎ Could there truly be an unnatural force at work in this geographical triangle or are these disappearances merely coincidence? Either way, numerous people remain unwilling to step over the boundary line into the Devil's Triangle.‎ Loch Ness Monster The Loch Ness Monster is a legendary animal that supposedly lives in the depths of Loch Ness, a long narrow lake located in rural Scotland.‎ Stories concerning the monster date back to the 6th century AD. Over the years thousands have reported seeing a long neck appearing from the water with a small head of an unknown creature. Pictures have even been taken of this “creature”， but most scientists refuse to believe any creature of this kind lives in the Loch Ness. So far, the evidence is inadequate, and the controversy continues.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上三大未解之谜，包括佐治亚州的巨石阵、百慕大三角和尼斯湖水怪。‎ ‎1．Why is the Georgia Guidestones mysterious?‎ A．It is on one of the highest hilltops in Elbert County.‎ B．There are eight different languages on the stones.‎ C．The person who built it remains unknown.‎ D．R. C. Christian could convey a message to mankind.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据The Georgia Guidestones部分第二段内容可知，巨石阵很神秘是因为没有人知道是谁建造了它。故选C。‎ ‎2．Why are people unwilling to enter the Bermuda Triangle?‎ A．It is too remote from land.‎ B．The chance of surviving is slim there.‎ C．There are supernatural forces in the area.‎ D．All transportations have disappeared there.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据Bermuda Triangle部分第一段第二句可知，在百慕大三角经常有飞机、轮船和小船失踪；由此可推知，在百慕大三角人们幸存的可能性很小，所以许多人不愿意进入百慕大三角地带。故选B。‎ ‎3．What can we know about Loch Ness Monster?‎ A．It existed in the 6th century AD.‎ B．It is said to have a long neck and a large head.‎ C．It has been living in Loch Ness Lake for a long time.‎ D．People haven't reached an agreement on its existence.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，关于水怪的故事始于公元6世纪，并不是说水怪出现在公元6世纪，故排除A项；根据最后一段第二句中的“with a small head”可知，B项错误；根据最后一段倒数第二句可知，大多数科学家都不相信有这种水怪生活在尼斯湖中，故排除C项；根据最后一段最后一句可知，D项“人们对它的存在没有达成一致意见”符合原文。故选D。‎ B Have you seen Jurassic Park? In this film, scientists use DNA kept for tens of millions of years to clone dinosaurs. They find trouble, however, when they realize that the cloned creatures are smarter and more dangerous than expected. That's nothing more than a fiction.‎ But could we really clone endangered animals?‎ To date, the most successful attempt to do so was the cloning of a gaur, a rare oxlike animal from southeast Asia. Scientists used a cow to bring the cloned baby gaur, named Noah. Two days after birth, however, Noah died from a common bacterial infection. Other endangered species that may be cloned include the African bongo antelope (羚羊), the Sumatran tiger, the cheetah (猎豹), and the giant panda.‎ Next, could we really clone extinct animals?‎ In theory? Yes. To do this, you need a wellkept source of ‎ DNA from the extinct animals such as wool mammoth (毛象), Tasmanian tiger, or even dinosaur, and a closely related species, still living, which could serve as a_surrogate_mother.‎ In reality? Probably not. On the one hand, it's not likely that extinct animals' DNA could survive undamaged for such a long time. Cloning such extinct animals as wool mammoth, Tasmanian tiger, or dinosaur is much more difficult due to the lack of properly wellpreserved DNA. On the other hand, for example, a gaur can have a cow as a surrogate mother, definitely not a monkey. But what about an extinct animal as unique as the panda? What species could possibly serve as a surrogate mother?‎ Cloning presents many exciting possibilities. However, even if extinct animals were brought back, they could not survive in today's world. Not only do most extinct animals have no habitat to live in, but the other plants and animals they depended on for food may also be gone as well.‎ 语篇解读：本文说明了在克隆灭绝动物的过程中遇到的重重困难与障碍。即使克隆成功了，其赖以生存的栖息地和食物链也已经被破坏，被克隆出来的动物也无法继续生存下去。‎ ‎4．It can be learned from the text that ________.‎ A．the gaur is an extinct species B．the gaur lives in Asia and is endangered C．scientists have cloned the African bongo antelope D．both the cheetah and the giant panda live in Asia 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二、三段可知，印度野牛生活在亚洲的东南部，濒临灭绝。‎ ‎5．The underlined words “a surrogate mother” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to a female who ________.‎ A．gives birth to a baby of its own B．cannot give birth to a baby C．gives birth to a baby for another female D．provides DNA 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据第五段的描述可知，此处表示的是，把一种动物的DNA提取出来之后，在另外一种动物的体内进行胚胎繁殖，而这种动物就被称为a surrogate mother，由此判断，画线部分意思为“代孕妈妈”，故C项正确。‎ ‎6．In the author's opinion, it is possible that ________.‎ A．all the extinct species may be cloned B．extinct species may be cloned and easily survive C．a gaur can have a monkey as a surrogate mother D．some extinct species may be cloned, but not survive 解析：选D　推理判断题。本文作者客观叙述了在克隆灭绝动物过程中所存在的种种困难与障碍。根据最后一段的表述可知，也许克隆存在众多的可能性，但是即使克隆成功了，也许会由于其赖以生存的栖息地和食物链已经灭绝而无法继续存活下去。由此判断D项正确。‎ C Plant cloning has been an agricultural technique used by farmers and gardeners for centuries. Grafting (嫁接) is a ‎ common form of plant cloning. Many plants in nature actually clone themselves and reproduce asexually (无性生殖地)．‎ Cloned plants are much more predictable than normal plants, so their yield (产量) is more reliable. Cloned plants also reproduce faster, limiting the amount of time between planting and harvesting. It is also often cheaper to produce seeds through cloning than through traditional methods. Plants can essentially be optimized so that farmers or individual growers always have the best seeds available. With higher yield at a faster rate, farms can produce more food for more people while decreasing overall costs.‎ Cloning can be used to wipe out diseases that previously killed off entire fields of crops. This would make plants immune to the kinds of diseases that farmers and gardeners around the world fear each year. Crop failures due to disease and virus could become a thing of the past. Also, plants that are near extinction can be brought back to life through cloning.‎ Through cloning scientists can develop super fruits and vegetables of superior (更好的) nutritional quality. This could make for a healthier population overall. This has already been done through selective pollination (授粉), and genetic cloning could take it to the next level.‎ By plant cloning we have a population of identical plants ‎ and all these plants equally suffer from the same diseases, but in nature the weak would die and the strong would survive. While there are some dangers to consider with plant cloning, there are plenty of benefits that could prove vital to the propagation (繁衍) of the human species.‎ 语篇解读：本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了植物克隆的好处。‎ ‎7．The underlined word “optimized” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “________”．‎ A．grown　　　　　　　　 B．produced C．perfected D．examined 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据“so that farmers or individual growers always have the best seeds available”可知，optimize与perfect的意思相近。‎ ‎8．According to the text, cloned plants ________.‎ A．have lower yield than normal plants B．need less care from people C．prevent various kinds of diseases D．have a shorter growth cycle 解析：选D　细节理解题。从第二段中的“Cloned plants also reproduce faster, limiting the amount of time between planting and harvesting.”可知，克隆的植物的生长周期短。‎ ‎9．What can we infer from the text?‎ A．The fruits produced by cloned plants taste much better.‎ B．There are more cloned plants than normal plants now.‎ C．Plant cloning can disturb the laws of nature.‎ D．People should avoid eating cloned fruits.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。从最后一段中的“By plant cloning we have a population of identical plants and all these plants equally suffer from the same diseases, but in nature the weak would die and the strong would survive.”可知，克隆会破坏自然界的规律。‎ ‎10．What is the main purpose of the text?‎ A．To warn the negative effects of plant cloning.‎ B．To show different kinds of plant cloning.‎ C．To predict the future of plant cloning.‎ D．To introduce the advantages of plant cloning.‎ 解析：选D　写作目的题。文章的第二、三、四段都是在介绍植物克隆的好处，所以本文的目的是介绍植物克隆的好处。‎