解密03代词-备战2019年高考英语之高频考点解密

解密03代词-备战2019年高考英语之高频考点解密

考点详解 ‎【命题解读】‎ ‎ 1．近五年代词的考查点集中在不定代词上，考查角度有两个：一是考查它们相互间的意义和功能差别，如：‎ ‎ all, everything 和anything 等的意义差别，it, that 和one 不同的指代功能；二是它们之间语法牲的差异，‎ ‎ 如it (代词) 和which (关系代词) 的区别。 ‎ ‎2．试题注重了情景干扰，注重了特定语言环境中上下文的联系，而且题干的语义结构越来越复杂，正确分 ‎ 析其结构、理解句意在解题中起着很重要的作用。 高考对代词的考查将继续沿着两条主线前进； 加强 ‎ 语境的真实性和复杂性。 加强对语义较丰富、语法较复杂的不定代词的考查。 ‎ ‎【命题预测】‎ ‎ 今后高考对代词的考查有所变化，主要考查it和人称代词的用法。这一专题在语法填空和短文改错中重点考查在语境中运用正确的代词。‎ ‎【名师指导】‎ ‎ 英语中代词的相关知识庞杂，代词在语言使用中又极力频繁，所以，代词的用法看似简单，其实不易。建议考生认真对待代词，不可掉以轻心。 首先要从整体上把握代词的知识，如代词种类的划分，了解各类代词的一般用法。更重要的是，根据上面所介绍的高考考查热点，更重点掌握几组易混词，尤其是不定代词间的用法区别。 解题规律如下：‎ ‎1. 明确指代 ‎ 在解答代词题目时，我们应首先分析前后文，明确代词所指代的对象，从而避免误判。具体说来应从以下几方面考虑： ‎ ‎（1）代词指代的对象是人还是物，与上文出现的人或物是同一个还是同一类； ‎ ‎（2）代词指代的对象是可数名词还是不可数名词； ‎ ‎（3）代词指代的是特指还是泛指概念。 ‎ ‎2.理清逻辑 ‎ 需要通过分析上下文所蕴涵的逻辑关系才能做出正确判断。具体说来应从以下方面去考虑: ‎ ‎（1）代词指代的概念是表示两者之间还是三者或三者以上； ‎ ‎（2） 代词表示的是全部否定还是部分否定。‎ 考向1 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 一、 人称代词 ‎1. 人称代词的分类和数：‎ ‎2. 人称代词作主语时要用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作表语时常用宾格。‎ ‎ ☞She’s my classmate. ‎ ‎ ☞I bought a present for him. ‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 在强调句中人称代词的使用应该根据人称代词具体作什么成分而定。‎ ‎☞I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.‎ ‎ ☞It was I that first arrived at the airport.‎ ‎3. 几个人称代词单数并列主语时，一般的排列顺序为：‎ 单数二 三 一(人称)，即you, he ,I。复数一二三，即we, you, they。‎ ‎☞You，she and I will be in charge of the case.‎ ‎1.（2018·新课标卷II·短文改错）As kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to them, my parents would not let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.‎ ‎【答案】us改为me ‎【解析】句意：他们会对我说玩纸牌有助于大脑。偷换人称代词，是对“我”说，前面提到的I，而不是we。故把us改为me。‎ ‎2. （2018·新课标卷III·语法填空）When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____68____(they) alive.‎ ‎【答案】them ‎【解析】此处做find 的宾语，所以用宾格them。‎ 二、 物主代词 ‎1.物主代词的分类和数：‎ 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 人称代词 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 形容词性物主代词 my our your your his/her/its their 名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his/hers/its theirs ‎2. 物主代词的用法：‎ ‎（1）形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。‎ ‎（2）名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作 ‎ 后置定语，但不能单独作定语 ‎ ☞This isn’t my shirt; mine is over there.‎ ‎1. (2016·四川) The mother continued to care for the young panda (for) more than two years. By that time, ‎ ‎ the panda no longer needed 48 (it) mother for food.‎ ‎【答案】its ‎ ‎【解析】句意：小熊猫不再需要妈妈的食物。修饰名词要用形容词性物主代词，故填its。‎ ‎2. (2016·全国卷乙卷) On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 　　(it) mother.‎ ‎【答案】its ‎【解析】考查代词。由语境及后面的名词mother可知,此空应该填it的形容词性物主代词its。‎ ‎3. (2016·全国卷乙卷) Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】our→his ‎【解析】由语境及主语he可知，此处指的是他的公司，故将our改为his才合乎语境。‎ 物主代词用法口诀 物主代词分两种 形容词性名词性 ‎ 形容词性能力差 自己不能来当家 ‎ 句子当中作定语 身后定把名词加 ‎ 物主代词名词性 相当名词可单用 ‎ 句中充当主宾表 身后没有名词影 ‎ 两种代词形不同 添个“s”形变名 ‎ his，its不用变 my变mine要记清 ‎【巧学妙记】‎ 三、 反身代词 ‎1. 反身代词的形式 ‎ ‎ 第一人称 ‎   第二人称 ‎     第三人称 单数 myself ‎   yourself himself / herself /itself 复数 ‎   ourselves ‎  yourselves ‎      themselves ‎2. 反身代词常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词后和by, for, to ,of 等介词后作宾语 ‎ ☞All of them enjoyed themselves. 所有的人都玩得很好。‎ ‎ ☞Help yourself to some fish. 请自己动手吃点鱼吧。‎ ‎3. 反身代词有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语，表示身体或精神处于正常状态。‎ ‎ ☞You don’t seem yourself today. 你今天好像不太好。‎ ‎4. 强调用法：‎ ‎ 反身代词在强调用法中表示强调，即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气，可译成“亲自”、“本人”。此时，它在句中作同位语。即使去掉，也不影响句子的完整性。如：   ‎ ‎ ☞You must do it yourself. 你必须自己做。  ‎ ‎ ☞I myself did the homework last night。‎ ‎ 昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业。‎ ‎5. 含有反身代词的短语 ‎ for oneself 给(为)自己，独自                        to oneself 对自己 ‎ say to oneself 心里想                                    talk / speak to oneself  自言自语 ‎ come to oneself 苏醒过来                              absent oneself  缺席 ‎ beside oneself   失常，若狂                           by oneself 独自地，单独地 ‎ of oneself 独自，自发地 ‎1.（2018·新课标卷III·短文改错）Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done homework but I was shy.‎ ‎【答案】myself改为my/the ‎【解析】句意：我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself，或改为定冠词the也可以。‎ ‎2. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ卷) At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions bu yourself. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 【答案】yourself→myself ‎ 【解析】由 ‎3. Those who smoke heavily should remind __________of health, the bad smell and the feelings of other people.‎ A. theirs B. them ‎ C. themselves D. oneself ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：那些烟瘾很大的人应该提醒自己注意健康，难闻的气味以及他人的感受。remind oneself of sth.提醒自己当心某事。句子主语是those，故选择C项。‎ ‎【巧学妙记】‎ 反身代词的用法歌诀：‎ 反身代词莫乱用，能作句中宾、表、同，主语、定语不能用，固定搭配要记清。‎ 单数反身代词：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself 复数反身代词：ourselves, yourselves, themselves 考向2 指示代词和替代词 ‎1. this, that, these, those的区别 ‎（1）this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。‎ ‎ ☞This is my desk and that is yours.‎ ‎ ☞In those days they could not go to school.‎ ‎（2）this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。‎ ‎ ☞I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.‎ ‎ ☞He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.‎ ‎（3）为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。‎ ‎ ☞The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.‎ ‎ ☞The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.‎ ‎（4）this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍，that用于询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词 ‎ ‎ so。‎ ‎ ☞Can hard work change a person that much?‎ ‎2. so ‎（1）指示代词so在句中常作宾语，还常用在动词think, believe, suppose, guess等后面，代替上文 ‎ 提到的事情。‎ ‎ ☞——It’s likely to snow. 好像要下雪了。‎ ‎ ——I believe so.我想是的。‎ ‎（2）用在hope, I’m afraid后，代替上文提到的观点，只用于肯定句。‎ ‎ ☞——Is she coming to the party? 她回来聚会吗？‎ ‎ ——I hope so. 我希望会。‎ ‎（3）有时前后两个句子中有相同的“动词+宾语”， 为了避免重复，后一个句子中常用do so来代替。‎ ‎ ☞——Have you handed in your homework?你的家庭作业交了吗？‎ ‎ ——I did so yesterday.我昨天就交了。‎ ‎3. such ‎（1）指如前面所述的这样的人或事物。‎ ‎ ☞Such is our plan for the coming holiday. ‎ ‎ 这就是我们为即将到来的假期制订的计划。‎ ‎（2）such作定语修饰名词时，与all/any/no/some/many/several等词连用，常置于这些词的后面。‎ ‎ ☞All such things can be found on the Internet. ‎ ‎ 所有这些东西都可以在网上找到。‎ ‎（3）such与不定冠词连用修饰可数名词单数时，such需置于不定冠词前；当such前有no时，则不用不定 ‎ 冠词。‎ ‎ ☞He is such a lovely boy that we all like him. ‎ ‎ 他是如此可爱的一个男孩，我们都很喜欢他。‎ ‎ ☞There is no such man here. 这里没有一个这样的人。‎ ‎4. one, the one, that, it的区别 易混词 含义 this 指代上文说过的事物或下文要提到的事物。代替可数名词复数用these。‎ that 用来指代上文提到的某一个名词，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，表示特指。代替可数名词复数用those(相当于the ones)，后面必须有定语。‎ one ‎(复数形式是ones)只能用来指代上文提到的某一个可数名词单数，表示同名异物。其前可以有定语，其后也可以有定语。‎ it 指上文提到的同一个事物，也可指代前面(或后面)整句话的意思。通常还可用作形式主语或形式宾语。‎ ‎ ☞This is the book I borrowed from Lucy.‎ ‎ 这就是我从露西那儿借的书。‎ ‎ ☞The population of Shandong is larger than that of Qinghai.‎ ‎ 山东的人口比青海的人口多。‎ ‎ ☞I don’t like the blue shirt. I like the yellow one.‎ ‎ 我不喜欢这件蓝色的衬衫。我喜欢那件黄色的。‎ ‎ ☞I can’t find my hat. I don’ t know where I put it.‎ ‎ 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪儿了。‎ ‎1. (2016·浙江)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from _________ in the UK.‎ ‎ A. that B. this ‎ ‎ C. one D. it ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系不太相同。指代上文的名词education system，是同类不同物，用that，而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。this表示＂近指＂，one泛指可数名词单数，it特指上文提到的名词。故选A。‎ ‎2. Usually there might be a lot of accidents in the heavy fog. I happened to witness _______ this morning. ‎ A. it　　　　　　　　 B. those C. one D. that ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：通常在大雾天会有很多事故。今天早上我碰巧目击了一起事故。根据语境可知，此处指上句提到的＂一起交通事故＂，故用one代替。即C项正确。 ‎ ‎3. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy _______.‎ ‎ A. one B. it C. this D. that ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】it=the house with a beautiful garden in front。句意：我很喜欢屋前有一个美丽花园的这栋房子，但是我没有足够的钱去把它买下来。‎ 考向3 不定代词 ‎1. both, either, neither, , all, none, no one, nobody ‎ ● both表示“两个人或物都”,具有肯定含义； ‎ ‎ either表示“两者中的 任何一个”,与否定词连用，表示对两者的全部否定；‎ ‎ neither表示“两者都不”，其后可接of短语 ‎ ● all表示“全部”,指三者或三者以上的人或物,;all也可笼统地表示“一切,所有”；‎ ‎ none表示“三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定”,在与of连用或回答how many/much的提问时只 能用none； ‎ ‎ no one=nobody表示“没有一个人”,其后均不可接of短语， 常用来回答who引导的问句。‎ ‎ ☞Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。‎ ‎ ☞All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。‎ ‎ ☞He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子，都不富有。‎ ‎ ☞He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子，都不富有。‎ ‎2. 不定代词some与any的用法 ‎ 在通常情况下，some要用于肯定句，在否定句或疑问句中，一般用any代替。但是，这只是一般情况。在某些特殊情况下，some也可用于疑问句和否定句。‎ ‎(1)some用于疑问句：一是用于可预料答语为“是”的问句中，二是用于表示请求或建议的疑问句。如：‎ ‎ ☞Did some of you sleep on the floor? 你们有人睡在了地板上吗?‎ ‎ ☞Would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果?‎ ‎(2)some用于否定句：Some用于否定句主要见于以下情形：‎ ‎①用于部分否定的句子中。比较：‎ ‎ I do not like any of the films. 这些电影中我一部也不喜欢。‎ ‎ I don’t like some of the films. 这些电影中的某一些我不喜欢。‎ ‎ I don’t like some one of the films. 这些电影中某一部我不喜欢。‎ ‎②用于否定句，但在否定范围之外。如：‎ ‎ ☞I haven’t seen Tom for some years. 我有好几年没见到汤姆了。‎ ‎ ☞Some of the students didn’t see the film. 其中有些学生没有看这部电影。‎ ‎③用于否定句表示特别的强调。如：‎ ‎ ☞It should be for all our children, not just some. 这应该适用于我们所有的儿童，而不仅仅是某些孩子。‎ ‎④用于否定句介词without之后。如：‎ ‎ ☞It’s risky to buy a car without some good advice. 不作些咨询就去买车是有风险的。‎ 若在without后用any，则所表示的语气很强，含有“没有任何”“没有一点儿”之意。如：‎ ‎ ☞We did the work without any difficulty. 我们干这工作没有任何困难。‎ ‎3. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法 ‎(1) few和a few的用法：其后要接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调“少”，含有 ‎ 否定意义；a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调“有”，含有肯定意义。比较：‎ ‎ ☞It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难，没几个人能懂。‎ ‎ ☞It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难，但是有些人懂。‎ ‎(2) little 和 a little的用法：其后接不可数名词，其用法区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似。如：‎ ‎ ☞Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上没带什么钱。‎ ‎ ☞Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。‎ ‎4. other, the other, another与others的用法 ‎ 这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分，而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下：‎ ‎(1) 指单数时的区别：若泛指用another，若特指用 the other。如：‎ ‎ ☞Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。‎ ‎ ☞Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。‎ ‎(2) 指复数时的区别：若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)。如：‎ ‎ ☞There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。‎ ‎ ☞Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了？‎ ‎(3) others的用法：它永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”，同样 ‎ 地 the others 大致相当于“the other＋复数名词”。如：‎ ‎ ☞Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。‎ ‎ ☞He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。‎ ‎(4) another的用法：一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，‎ ‎ 则也可接复数名词。如：‎ ‎ ☞We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。‎ ‎ ☞In another two weeks it’ll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。‎ ‎ 5. each和every ‎ ●each 指代或修饰单数可数名词，强调个体，多用于两者或两者以上的场合，可与of连用。作主语时， 谓语动词用单数 ‎ ●every修饰单数可数名词，强调整体，用于三者或三者以上的场合，不与of连用。‎ ‎ ☞For boys, you can buy socks for only $5 each. 男士袜子每双只需5美元。‎ ‎ ☞Every mother loves her children dearly. 每个母亲都非常爱自己的孩子。‎ ‎6. 复合不定代词的用法 ‎ 复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one,‎ ‎ everything, everybody, everyone 等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点：‎ ‎(1)其定语修饰语的位置：复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面。如：‎ ‎ ☞There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。‎ ‎ ☞Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?‎ ‎(2)复合不定代词与指示代词：指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词 ‎ 和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如：‎ ‎ ☞If anybody comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。‎ ‎ 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语，谓语动词只能用单数，相应的人称代词也只能用 it，而不用 they。如：‎ ‎ ☞Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了，是吗?‎ ‎(3)其后是否接of短语：anyone, everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后 ‎ 接 of 短语，可用 any one, every one (分开写)。如：‎ ‎ any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)‎ ‎ every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)‎ ‎1.(2018·新课标卷I·短文改错) The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.‎ ‎【答案】another改为other ‎【解析】他们住在一个小房子里，院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知，将another改成other。‎ ‎2. The meeting will be held in September, but ______ knows the date for sure.‎ ‎ A. everybody B. nobody ‎ ‎ C. anybody D. somebody ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：会议将在九月份举行，但是没有人知道确切日期。根据两句话之间的并列连词but可知，前后语意是转折关系，虽然都知道是在九月份，但是没有人知道具体的日期。‎ ‎3. Niki is always full of ideas, but ______ is useful to my knowledge.‎ ‎ A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：Niki总是有各种想法，但没有一个对我的认知有帮助。nothing泛指＂什么东西都没有＂；no one泛指＂没有人＂；neither指的是＂两者都不＂；none则特指没有特定的人或物，范围是三者或三者以上。语境中full of ideas指的是三者或三者以上，因此none符合题意，故选D。‎ ‎4. ——When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon?‎ ‎ ——________. I’ll be in all day.‎ ‎【答案】Either ‎【解析】句意：“我该什么时间给你打电话，早上还是下午？”“都可以，我一整天都在家。”上句提到了两个时间，故可用both, either, neither。在根据“一整天都在家”可知，两个时间中的那个时间来都可以。‎ 考向4 it的用法 it作为代词用法非常灵活，可用于代替上文中提到的事物，代替上文中说到的一件事，代替不知情的人（尤其是不知身份、性别和姓名的人）。也可用于表示时间、天气、距离、计算结果等。还可用来代替不定式、动名词、从句等，充当形式主语或形式宾语。‎ 一、用于指人以外的一切生物、无生命的东西和事情 一般指说话者心目中已经了解或所指的生物、无生命的东西或事情，没有性别的区分；可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，在句子中既可以作主语，也可以作宾语。‎ ‎1. 指动物和植物。‎ ‎ ☞ Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. 看看那只鸟。它总是飞到我的窗前来。‎ ‎2. 指代无生命的东西。‎ ‎☞ This is my watch. It’s made in Switzerland. 这是我的手表。它是瑞士产的。‎ ‎3. 代替上文提到过的整个事情。‎ ‎☞ Well, you mustn’t play on the road. It’s dangerous! 哦，你不能在马路上玩。这是危险的！‎ 二、用于指代人 ‎1. 指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人，常在打电话或敲门时用。‎ ‎ ☞ —Who is knocking at the door? ——谁在敲门？‎ ‎ —It’s me. ——是我。‎ ‎2. 指说话者心目中的那个人。‎ ‎ ☞ —Look, someone is coming. Who can it be? ——看，有人过来了。他可能是谁呢？‎ ‎ —It may be the headmaster. ——可能是校长。‎ ‎3. 在回答用指示代词表示人的特殊问句时，常用it指人。‎ ‎ ☞ —Who’s that? ——那人是谁？‎ ‎ —Is it Helen? ——是海伦吗？‎ ‎ —Yes, I think you’re right. It’s Helen. ——是的，我想你说对了，是海伦。‎ 三、用于指时间、距离和自然现象等 ‎1. 表示时间。‎ ‎ ☞ —What’s the date? ——今天是几月几日？‎ ‎—It’s the third of March. ——今天是3月3日。‎ ‎2. 表示距离。‎ ‎☞ It’s only five minutes’ walk from here. 离这儿仅有五分钟步行的路程。‎ ‎3. 表示自然现象。‎ ‎☞ It is going to rain. 天要下雨了。‎ ‎4. 表示环境、形势等。‎ ‎☞ If it’s convenient, I can see you tomorrow. 如果方便的话，我明天能见到你。‎ 四、用作形式主语，替代动词不定式，动名词或从句 ‎1. It is clear (obvious，true，possible，certain...) that...该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语 ‎ 从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，可能，肯定……）＂。‎ ‎ ☞ It is very clear that he doesn’t like it.＝That he doesn’t like it is very clear. 很明显他不喜欢它。‎ ‎2. It is said (reported/learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped...) that...该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正主语 ‎ 是that引导的主语从句；该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉……）＂。‎ ‎ ☞ It is reported that another satellite has been put into orbit. 据报道又一颗卫星被送入轨道。‎ ‎3. It is time (about time，high time) that...该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是从句的谓语 ‎ 动词常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用should＋动词原形，should不能省略，常译为＂是（正是）……的 ‎ 时候了＂。‎ ‎ ☞ It is time that children should go to bed.＝It is time that children went to bed. 孩子们该睡了。‎ ‎4. It is the first (second...) time that...该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，‎ ‎ 由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后 ‎ 面从句则用过去完成时态，该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this/that替换，常译为＂是第一（二）……‎ ‎ 次做……＂。‎ ‎ ☞ It is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次到这里来。‎ ‎5. It is a pity (a shame/an honour/a good thing/a fact/a surprise/...)‎ ‎ that...该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形），should可省略，表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ ☞ It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！‎ ‎ ☞ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！‎ ‎6. It happens (seems，looks，appears) that...该句型中it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen，‎ ‎ seem等词是不及物动词。‎ ‎ ☞ It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来他再过几天才能回来。‎ ‎7. It be＋adj.(kind, nice, brave, clever, stupid...) of sb＋to do sth该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定 ‎ 式的逻辑主语由of引起，句中的形容词必须是表示逻辑主语特征的形容词（即句中的形容词是修饰逻辑 ‎ 主语的）。常见的形容词有bad，brave，careless，clever，cruel，foolish，good(好心的)，honest，horrible，‎ ‎ kind，lazy，modest，naughty，nice，polite，rude，silly，stupid，wise，wrong等。这个句型可以转换为：‎ ‎ sb is＋adj.＋to do sth ‎ ‎ ☞ It is kind of you to say so.＝You are kind to say so. 你这么说真是太善良了。‎ ‎8. It be＋adj.(difficult，easy，hard，important) for sb to do sth该句型与上一个同属一个句型。不定式的逻辑 ‎ 主语由for引起，形容词常表示重要性、紧迫性、频繁程度、难易、安全等情况（即句中的形容词是修饰 ‎ 动词不定式的）。常见的形容词有important，necessary，natural，easy，safe，common，normal，hard，difficult，‎ ‎ dangerous，unusual，impossible，pleasant等。‎ ‎ ☞ It is important for her to come to the party.＝It is important that she (should) come to the party. ‎ ‎ 对她来说，参加这次聚会很重要。‎ ‎9. It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花费某人……时间 ‎ ☞ It took me five days to solve the problem. 解决这个问题花了我五天时间。‎ ‎10. It costs sb some money to do sth 做某事花费某人……钱 ‎ ☞ It will cost my father five thousand yuan to buy such a computer. 买这台电脑花了我父亲5, 000元。‎ ‎11. It’s up to sb to do sth 应由某人(负责)做……‎ ‎ ☞ It is up to you to decide whether to take the job or not. 做不做这份工作由你决定。‎ ‎12. It’s useless/(of) no use/(of) no good doing sth ‎ 该句型常译为＂做……是徒然的/没有益处的＂，句中的动名词短语是真正的主语，表语可以是no use(＝not any use)，no good(＝not any good)等。‎ ‎ ☞ It’s no use arguing with her. 跟她争论没有用。‎ 五、作形式宾语 ‎1. 用于 ＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语＂ 句型中：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语 ‎ 从句时，常用it作形式宾语，而往往把真正的宾语——不定式、动名词或宾语从句置于补足语之后。‎ ‎☞ I think it important that we should keep calm. 我认为我们应该保持安静，这很重要。‎ ‎☞ I feel it my duty that I should devote myself to teaching. 我感到致力于教学是我的责任。‎ ‎☞ I make it a rule that I read English every morning. 每天早晨读英语是我的习惯。‎ ‎2. 用于＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＂句型中：有些动词或短语动词不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，需要在从句前先加上形式宾语it。‎ ‎①appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make(按时到达，成功)，have(表明，坚持说)，take(认为，猜想)，hide(隐瞒)，publish(公布)，put(表达，写出来)等。‎ ‎☞ I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. 我认为你会很快离开上海。‎ ‎☞ The report has it that no one was to blame for the accident. 报告表明没有人要对这次事故负责。‎ ‎☞ We published it that we had finished the project ahead of time. 我们宣布我们已提前竣工了。‎ ‎②answer for(承担……的后果)，count on(期待)，depend on(依靠)，insist on(坚持主张，坚决要求)，see to(确保)等。‎ ‎☞ I am counting on it that you will come. 我期待你会来。‎ 六、it构成强调句 ‎1. 强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。‎ ‎2. 强调句型强调的成分 强调句型强调的成分：主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指物时，只能用that；被强调部分是时间、地点，原因或方式状语时，不用when，where，why或how而用that。‎ ‎☞ It was the beautiful lady that/who I met in the hotel yesterday.‎ ‎ 我昨天在旅馆里遇到的正是这位漂亮女士。(强调宾语)‎ ‎☞ It was in Beijing that we visited the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube.‎ ‎ 正是在北京我们参观了鸟巢和水立方。(强调地点状语)‎ ‎☞ It is my mother who/that reminds me to get up on time every day.‎ ‎ 每天都是我妈妈提醒我按时起床。(强调主语)‎ ‎3. 对not...until结构的强调 ‎ not...until结构的强调句型为＂It is/was not ‎ until...that...＂在这一固定句型中，由于not已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。‎ ‎ ☞ He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock.→It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed. 直到10点他才睡觉。‎ ‎ ☞ I didn’t realize it until I got off the bus.→It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it.‎ ‎4. 如何识别强调句型 ‎ 强调句型中的it is/was和that无实际意义，去掉后，句子结构仍然完整、正确，句意仍然明确；而其他句型去掉it is/was和that后，句意不完整。‎ ‎ ☞ It is for three hours that they have worked. 他们已经工作三个小时了。（强调句型）‎ ‎ ☞ It is a wonder that he is still alive. 他还活着真是个奇迹。（it作形式主语）‎ ‎1.（2018·浙江卷·语法填空）Many westerners 57 （who/that） come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 58 can be to eat out.‎ ‎【答案】it ‎【解析】考查it用法。句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out.其中不定式to eat out是真正主语，用it 是形式主语。故填it。‎ ‎2.（2017﹒天津卷）It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.‎ ‎ A. who B. where ‎ ‎ C. which D. that ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：当我回到我的公寓的时候，我首先遇见了我的新邻居。根据关键词It was开头，后面连 词首选that，构成强调句型，但需要验证，本句中去掉It was 和that，句意完整，所以确定是强调句型。 故选D。‎ ‎3. （2016﹒天津卷）You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel __________ the coach picks up tourists.‎ ‎ A. who B. which ‎ ‎ C. where D. that ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：你在一个错误的地方等待。大客车是在旅店接送游客的。使用强调句，结构是：It is/was+ 强调部分+that+其余部分，如果强调部分是人，也可以用who，这句话强调的是地点状语at the hotel。故 选D。‎ ‎4. （2015·浙江）How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came ‎ ‎ into the room and just shut it off without asking you?‎ ‎ A. them B. one C. those D. it ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：当你正在看一个你喜欢的节目时，突然有个人进来，一声不吭地关掉电视，你会怎么想？ It作形式宾语，指代If后面的句子。该句涉及到了一个疑问句，一个条件状语从句（if）和两个并列句 (and)。这当时应该先把它转化为陈述句you would like______.分析句子结构知道like之后缺少一个宾语， 需要一个宾格代词充当，所以答案选it。‎ ‎5.（2015·天津）The quality of education in this small school is better than ______ in some larger schools.‎ ‎ A. that B. one C. it D. this ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：这所小学校的教育质量要好于一些大学校。句中代词代指不可数名词the quality of ‎ ‎ education，故用代词that。代词it和one都代指可数名词单数。故选A。‎ 难点剖析 ‎ ‎ 一、部分否定与全部否定 ‎1. no one, none, nobody, nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。‎ ‎ ☞None of us was going to the party. 我们之中没人去参加那个聚会。‎ ‎2. 当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词all, both, everyone, everybody, everthing等以及“every+名词”‎ ‎ 的句子中时，不管not在它们之前还是之后都表示部分否定。‎ ‎ ☞Not all of them smoke. = All of them don’t smoke. 他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。‎ ‎ ☞All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem. ‎ ‎ 这些男孩都很聪明，但他们当中没有一个人能解出这道题。‎ 二、 it构成的几个易混淆的句型 ‎1. It+be+时间+since引导的状语从句 ‎ ‎ 这个句型表示从since 从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为“自从……以来已多久了”。表示现在的情况时，主句多用一般现在时，从句多用一般过去时；表示过去的情况时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。如： ‎ ‎ ☞It is three years since his father passed away. 自从他父亲去世已经三年了。 ‎ ‎ ☞It was 10 years since they had married. 自从他们结婚已经十年了。 ‎ ‎2. It+be+时间+before引导的状语从句 ‎ ‎ 这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语，如some time, long, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes等。主句中的谓语动词用肯定式时，意为“过多长时间才……”；用否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be/be going to be：用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。 如： ‎ ‎ ☞It was some time before I realized the truth. 过了一段时间我才了解到真相。 ‎ ‎ ☞It wasn’t long before he told us about this affair.没过多久他就告诉了我们这件事情。 ‎ ‎ ☞It will be many years before the situation improves. 这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。 ‎ ‎3. It+be+时间+when引导的状语从句 ‎ ‎ 这个句型中, it 指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，但是当主句是will be时，when从句一般用一般现在时代替将来时。如： ‎ ‎ ☞It was already 8 o’clock when we got home. 我们到家时已经8点了。 ‎ ‎ ☞It will be the next morning when we finish our work. 我们结束工作时将是第二天早晨。‎ 检测训练 题组一 真题在线 ‎1.（2017·全国卷Ⅱ）However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 　67　every day.‎ ‎2.（2017·全国卷Ⅱ·短文改错）Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.（2017·全国卷Ⅲ·短文改错）This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4.（2015·重庆）The meeting will be held in September, but_________ knows the date for sure.‎ ‎ A. everybody B. nobody ‎ ‎ C. anybody D. somebody ‎5.（2015·陕西）To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against .‎ ‎ A. another B. the other ‎ ‎ C. other D. either ‎ ‎6.（2015·福建）The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but _________ contained any useful suggestions.‎ A. all B. none ‎ C. either D. neither ‎7.（2014·全国大纲卷）—Who’s that at the door?‎ ‎ —__________ is the milkman.‎ ‎ A. He B. It ‎ ‎ C. This D. That ‎8.（2014·全国大纲卷）I think Mrs. Stark could be _______ between 50 and 60 years of age.‎ ‎ A. anywhere B. anybody ‎ ‎ C. anyhow D. anything ‎9.（2014·重庆）A smile costs _______, but gives much.‎ ‎ A. anything B. something ‎ ‎ C. nothing D. everything ‎10.（2014·山东）Susan made______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. ‎ ‎ A. that B. this ‎ ‎ C. it D. her 题组二 名校模拟 Ⅰ. 单项填空 ‎1. “Made in China 2025” aims to transform China from a product-making factory into a product-making power, ______ driven by innovation and emphasizing quality over quantity.‎ A. the one that B. one that C. one D. the one ‎2．The mistakes made by Chinese students are quite different from _______ made by Japanese students in English study.‎ A.it B.that C.ones D.those ‎3．Come off it! Oversleeping is as lame an excuse as________ other.‎ ‎ A.one B.each C.some D.any ‎4．—_________that students are interested in should be encouraged.‎ ‎ —_________. Sometimes we should make it clear what is not allowed.‎ ‎ A.Anything; I can’t agree more B.Nothing; That’s for sure ‎ C.Not all; I can’t agree D.Not everything; Exactly ‎5．Although we produce carbon when we breathe, the carbon we produce is much less than _____ produced by a car.‎ ‎ A.that B.it C.one D.the one ‎6．Before _______ stood a terrible man; the little girl could do nothing _______.‎ ‎ A.she;but cry B.her;but cry ‎ C.she;but to cry D.her;but crying ‎7．I haven’t watched __________ of the films directed by Mr. Turner, but judging from the one I have watched, I believe he will be famous someday.‎ ‎ A.any B.none C.all D.either ‎8．Those who smoke heavily should remind__________of health ,the bad smell and the feelings of other people.‎ ‎ A.theirs B.them C.themselves D.oneself ‎9．Change can be scary, but it’s during transformations that some of the best opportunities present ______.‎ ‎ A.it B.one C.those D.themselves ‎10．Young people should be independent, and don't take _______ for granted that you can depend on your parents when in trouble.‎ ‎ A.one B.it C.this D.that ‎11．He didn't make _______ clear when and where the sports meet would be held.‎ ‎ A.this B.it C.that D.one ‎12．—Can I help you?‎ ‎ —I’d like to buy a present for my father’s birthday, _______ at a proper price but of good use.‎ ‎ A.one B.it C.that D.which ‎13．Though its GDP ranks second in the world, China remains a developing country with its average family income far below _______ of Western developed countries.‎ ‎ A.it B.those C.one D.that ‎14．The yield of the new rice is much greater than of other types of rice grown in Pakistan.‎ ‎ A.one B. that C. it D. what ‎15．He didn't make clear when and where the sports meet would be held.‎ ‎ A. this B.it C. that D.one Ⅱ. 语法填空 ‎ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎ For those 　1　have seen War for the Planet of the Apes, it’s easy to come to this conclusion---the movie isn’t about war or the planet, and it’s not 　2　(necessary) even about the apes. The movie is about 　3　(survive) and the choices we all make when one wants to survive, good or bad.‎ ‎ With a story that should have been full of conflict and violence, it takes a different approach. You may find 　4　(you) exposed to small pockets of action. While recent sci-fi movies have become 　5　(know) for their action and scenes, War for the Planet of the Apes has taken science fiction 　6　a thoughtful and intelligent direction.‎ ‎ War for the Planet of the Apes may not be the action and monster film that you had in mind, 　7　it’s the kind of film that will make you want to sit in silence in the theater for a few minutes after it ends, taking in 　8　you’ve just witnessed.‎ ‎ The few movies that have that effect 　9　(be) usually about humans, but this film enables people 　10　(feel) that way about apes. And that is what makes it a masterpiece.‎ Ⅲ. 短文改错 ‎ 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。‎ 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。‎ I can still remember I was once asked to make speech before the whole class at the age of 9. You can imagine how shy I was when I thought of that with so many eyes fixed to me. I had no more choice but to prepare for it, though. The hardest part was my oral presentation from my memory, for reading from the paper wasn’t allowing.‎ ‎ The real moment began before I stood on the platform with my legs trembling or my mind blank. But my listeners were waiting patient. Gradually, I found me back, giving my speech at last. After what seemed to be a long time, I heard all the listeners applauding loudly. Ever since then, my fear of speak before a big audience had disappeared. Actually, now I’ve become a great speaker!‎