【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解题型分析及解题指导学案（9页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解题型分析及解题指导学案（9页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解题型分析及解题指导 一阅读理解题型分析  1.重点题型中的几个问题： ①词汇题：字面意思不是答案，要根据上下文推测其深刻含义 ②句子理解题：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。 ③推理题：答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。 2.正确答案的特征： ①正确答案经常与中心思想有关。 ②正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。 ③正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。 ④从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can,may,might,possible,notnecessarily,some. ⑤正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。 3.错误答案的特征： 第一大层次： ①无中生有(未提及的概念); ②正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反); ③所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边) 第二大层次： ①过分绝对; ②扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly); ③因果倒置; ④常识判断; ⑤推得过远; ⑥偏离中心; ⑦变换词性。 常识判断：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现; 如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。 能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧 二解题指导 阅读理解是高考英语试卷中卷面分值最高的。阅读有四篇，再加七选五。阅读整体上而言，虽然阅读考查很多能力，比如说你掌握信息的能力、阅读速度，阅读速度也是考查之一。另外，比如说你推断的能力、概括的能力，这些都是阅读题考查的，但是其实最最重要的还是学生的词汇量基础如何。就是如果你的词汇量、你的阅读理解能力很强，所以阅读这一块应该不会成为太大的问题。 当然这应该是我们在高一、高二、高三这三年的过程中不断训练的。但是在高考的考场上来说，阅读这部分，如果我们想尽可能少的失分，因为毕竟每道题两分，少的失分的话，它还是有一些技巧的。就是我们需要去分析清楚，当然我们一般推荐学生在高考的时候，非七选五的阅读题，我们一般做题方法就是先题后文，就是你一定要先看问题，然后看完问题看选项，然后你大概就知道你应该去找什么样的信息，这样的话，你回到原文去，再有目的地去阅读。当然我也发现，最近有些高二升高三的孩子，他们在做高考阅读的时候，他们也会出现各种各样的问题，包括高三现在的学生，他们有的时候会跳读，可能之前老师要求很多学生要去跳读，因为这样会读得很快，但是有些孩子因为跳读没有规律，所以他往往中间会丢失很多信息，这样就会直接导致你考试的时候失分。 所以，阅读这个部分，按理说他是可以能够拿满分的一个部分。所以，如果能够保证这样的话，我觉得第一点、时间分配要清楚，比如说阅读题，你一定要限制在每篇阅读6-7分钟，不能再超了，因为再超了，你其他的时间就没有了。另外一个，一定要分题型，就是如果他是细节题，就一定要上文章中去找细节，一定要找到那句话，如果你没有找到那个出题点的话，你轻易地去选往往会出错。如果他是那种概括题的话，就一定要注意文章的首段、尾段、尾段的首句，这 样的文章细致地阅读，能够帮助我们的考生去把这样的题更好地去做对。 而且还有一个特点，高考试卷有一个非常重要的做题方法，就是排除法，英语也是一样的、所有部分都适用、阅读也是，就是四个选项中，如果他是细节题，那当然不用说了，一定只有一个是正确答案。如果他是正误判断题呢，往往其中会有两个答案都是，你会觉得这两个答案都差不多、都很对，有两个肯定是不对的，和细节不符。所以这样的话，一定要用排除法，找出那两个，然后和文章中每一句逐句地去比较，然后细致地分析它的含义，这样的话才能够真正把那个真的东西找出来，我们说去伪存真，才能够把那个真正正确的答案找出来。 所以，这些都是一些做阅读的一些小技巧，一定把这个题型分析清楚，把时间分配好，我觉得这是最重要的。 高考英语阅读大智慧：找到正确流程 在课堂内外常有学生问到一个问题：在高考阅读的解题中，到底应该先看题目还是先看文章。可以说，这是高考阅读教学中的经典问题之一。通常情况下，“习惯是人生伟大的指南”。因为不管是什么样的解题顺序，首先你要养成一个正确的阅读习惯，在好的习惯的指引下，任何题型的文章你都可以融会贯通，点面俱到。 通过长时间的高考阅读的研究和整理，我大体将目前学生的阅读流程分为三类： 第一类：读文章——做题目——回头再读文章 ‎ 此为传统方法，命中率高，但速度稍慢。优点是能够迅速理解全文的主题脉络，连贯地进行信息的排查，缺点是由于人的记忆力有限，很多细节在做题时已经忘却，有不确定的地方仍需回到原文细细查找，寻找依据，耗时费力。这种方法的使用，需要较好的英文基础外加优秀的强记能力，一般使用于高分段的学生。 不过，这种阅读流程的效果不单纯作用于考试，还可以切实提高英文阅读水平，对同学们大学以后的学习大有帮助。所以这种阅读顺序，我推荐给高一高二的学生在平时的阅读解题中大可以培养这种习惯，一方面确保准确率，第二稳步提升自己的英文阅读实力，但对于高三的同学，这种方法有些欠妥。由于复习时间的紧张，我们最好摒弃掉此类阅读习惯。 第二类：读题目(题干+选项)—— 读文章 —— 做题目 其实此类方法分两种，一种是只看题不看选项，即大致看看问题，然后带着问题再看文章;另一种是将题干和所有选择项看完，再看文章。第一种的优点是节约时间，缺点是由于不看选项，对于细节缺乏必要的把握，同样要返回文章找寻关键点，而且定位的时候没有精确的坐标;第二个就相对而言科学很多，优点是明了要重点注意的目标信息，有很好阅读的针对性，缺点是相对读文章的时间少了，难免断章取义缺少宏观的把握，容易陷入干扰选项设置的陷阱之中。 对于高三的同学们，还是建议多使用这种方法，方法虽有利弊，但对于时间紧张的你们，往往事半功倍。 第三类：读主题——读题目—— 读全文——做题目 先看懂各段首尾句或短文的第一段，大致明了文章的主题。此后细细地阅读题干推敲选项的大致设置，思考作者的行文规律和命题者的出题陷阱，然后带着已经在首尾句获得的信息和在题目中假设的思路回头进行有目的性的查找工作，准确率高且耗时相对较少。而我们现在的高考阅读文章均取自国内外的英文刊物，少有命题组自行行文的类型，此类文章逻辑严谨，结构清晰，所以气定神闲地先读完各段的首句再耐 三 典题操练 ‎ A A good laugh is like a mild workout. It exercises the muscles, gets the blood flowing, decreases blood pressure and improves sleep patterns and the immune system.__1__‎ ‎·Don’t take life too seriously. We all have obstacles in life and we all make mistakes.__2__ In fact, if you can laugh lightheartedly at your own fault, you’ll find that you give yourself that extra happiness and confidence increase that can get you over any obstacle.‎ ‎·Find the humor in a bad situation. Sure, there are some situations where you are really sad.__3__ The next time you feel the stress levels rising, take a minute to think ‎ about the funny side of the situation and laugh over the things you cannot control.This will lower your blood pressure, blood sugar levels and heart rate.‎ ‎·Remind yourself of funny moments from the past. Perhaps a friend told you a great joke the other day or your children or pets did something amusing.__4__ Sometimes just reliving a funny moment can cause the endorphins (内啡肽), natural painkillers, to kick in.‎ ‎·__5__ As the saying goes, laughter is contagious (会传染的)．So make a point of seeking out positive people who aren’t afraid to laugh at themselves and are good at finding humor in life’s situations.Young children are especially skilled at finding laughter and joy in everyday moments.‎ A．Take control over your emotions.‎ B．There is no reason to blame yourself for it.‎ C．However, most situations in life have funny sides.‎ D．Surround yourself with fun people who like to laugh a lot.‎ E．The following are some ways to enjoy more laughter and joy in your life.‎ F．Studies show that people with pets have lower levels of depression and stress.‎ G．Call on these memories frequently, especially when feeling sad, angry or stressed.‎ 语篇解读：面带微笑吧！笑能锻炼肌肉，加速血液流动，降低血压，改善睡眠模式和免疫系统。‎ ‎1．选E　下文列举了在生活中享受快乐和笑的方法，故E项符合语境。‎ ‎2．选B　由第二段主题句以及空格前的“We all have obstacles in life and we all make mistakes.”可知，B项“没有理由为此责备你自己”符合语境。‎ ‎3．选C　由第三段主题句以及空格前的“Sure, there are some situations where you are really sad.”可知，C项能与上一句构成转折关系。下文的“the funny side”‎ 也是提示。‎ ‎4．选G　由第四段主题句以及空格前的“Perhaps a friend told you a great joke the other day or your children or pets did something amusing.”可知答案。‎ ‎5．选D　由第五段中的“seeking out positive people who aren’t afraid to laugh at themselves and are good at finding humor in life’s situations”可知答案。‎ ‎ B Everyone can benefit from making an effort to practice gratitude (感激) every day.The following three steps can help you start feeling more grateful, and appreciative of the good things in your life：‎ Notice the Good Things in Your Life ‎__1__ Pay attention to the small everyday details of your life — nature, people, community, shelter, creature comforts like a warm bed or a good meal.And then start a gratitude journal.Making a commitment to writing down good things each day makes it more likely that we will notice good things as they happen.‎ Enjoy the Feeling of Gratitude There are moments when you naturally, right then and there, feel filled with gratitude.These are moments when you say to yourself, “Oh, wow, this is amazing！” or “How great this is！” Pause.__2__ Let it sink in.Enjoy your blessings the moment they happen.‎ Express Gratitude Expressing gratitude is more than being polite.__3__ Show your appreciation to someone who really did something nice.Say: “It was really kind of you to ...”“You did me a big favor when ...” or “Thank you for being there when ...” .__4__ Hold the door open for the person behind you, even if it means waiting a little longer than you normally would.‎ True gratitude doesn’t leave you feeling like you owe other people something — after all, if you’ve done someone a favor, you probably don’t want the person to feel ‎ like you expect something back in return.__5__‎ A．It’s about showing your heartfelt appreciation.‎ B．Notice and absorb that feeling of true gratitude.‎ C．You can also express gratitude by doing a kindness.‎ D．It’s all about feeling good and creating a cycle of good.‎ E．Start to notice and identify the things you are grateful for.‎ F．Help someone without letting the person find out it was you.‎ G．It’s amazing what you notice when you focus on feeling grateful.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了帮助人们感受生活中的美好事物的三个步骤。‎ ‎1．选E　根据本段的标题“留心生活中美好的事情”可知，选E。‎ ‎2．选B　由第三段的标题“Enjoy the Feeling of Gratitude”和空格前的举例可知，B项中的“that feeling of true gratitude”与之呼应。‎ ‎3．选A　本段的标题是表达感恩，上文说明表达感恩不仅仅是有礼貌，它还表达你衷心的感谢。A项中的It指代上文的“Expressing gratitude”。‎ ‎4．选C　由下文的“Hold the door open for the person behind you”可知，你也可以为他人做一个友好的举动来表达你的感恩。‎ ‎5．选D　根据上文可知，你帮助他人时，不期待对方对你的回报，D项中的creating a cycle of good“创造一个善行的循环”符合语境。‎ ‎ C Humans and many other mammals have unusually efficient internal temperature regulating systems that automatically maintain stable core body temperatures (核心体温) in cold winters and warm summers. In addition, people have developed cultural patterns and technologies that help them adjust to extremes of temperature and ‎ humidity (湿度)．‎ In very cold climates, there is a constant danger of developing hypothermia (低体温), which is a life threatening drop in core body temperature to below normal levels. The normal temperature for humans is about 37.0℃. However, differences in persons and even the time of day can cause it to be as much as 6℃ higher or lower in healthy individuals. It is also normal for core body temperature to be lower in elderly people. Hypothermia begins to occur when the core body temperature drops to 34.4℃. Below 29.4℃， the body cools more rapidly because its natural temperature regulating system usually fails. The rapid decline in core body temperature is likely to result in death. However, there have been rare cases in which people have been saved after their temperatures had dropped to 13.9 － 15.6℃. This happened in 1999 to a Swedish woman who was trapped under an ice sheet in freezing water for 80 minutes. She was found unconscious, not breathing, and her heart had stopped beating, yet she was eventually saved despite the fact that her temperature had dropped to 13.7℃.‎ In extremely hot climates or as a result of uncontrollable infections, core body temperatures can rise to equally dangerous levels. This is hypothermia. Life threatening hypothermia typically starts in humans when their temperatures rise to 40.6 － 41.7℃. Only a few days at this extraordinarily high temperature level is likely to result in the worsening of internal organs and death.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人类及其他哺乳动物具有非同寻常的有效的内部体温调节系统，可以在寒冷的冬天或炎热的夏天自动维持稳定的核心体温。‎ ‎1．Why can humans keep stable body temperatures in different seasons?‎ A．Because their bodies are unusually efficient.‎ B．Because they experience different climates.‎ C．Because they can adjust to cultural patterns and technologies.‎ D．Because they have internal temperature regulating systems.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，在不同季节，人类能够保持稳定的核心体温，是因为他们具有有效的内部体温调节系统。故选D。‎ ‎2．What does Paragraph 2 mainly discuss?‎ A．The dangerous effects of hypothermia.‎ B．The change of body temperature.‎ C．The survival of the Swedish woman.‎ D．The regulating systems of natural temperature.‎ 解析：选A　段落大意题。根据第二段内容及第二段第一句可知，关键句为该段主题句，概括了该段大意；由此可知，第二段主要讲述低体温会造成的危害。故选A。‎ ‎3．People are unlikely to survive under the body temperature ________.‎ A．higher than 34.4℃‎ B．lower than 29.4℃‎ C．between 40.6～41.7℃‎ D．between 34.4～37℃‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第二段第六句“Below 29.4℃ ...usually fails.”可推知，低于29.4℃时，人体不能保持核心体温，因此无法生存。故选B。‎ ‎4．What is the best title for the passage?‎ A．Surviving in an ice trap B．Getting to know hypothermia C．Adapting to climate extremes D．Changing core body temperature 解析：选C　标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“help them adjust to extremes of temperature and humidity (湿度)”以及文章整体内容可知，本文主要讲述人类通过内部核心体温以及发展文化模式和技术来适应气候的变化。故选C。‎ D ‎“Food in France is still primarily about pleasure，” says Mark Singer, technical director of cuisine at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris. “ Cooking and eating are both pastimes (消遣) and pleasure.” The French might start their day with bread, butter, jam, and perhaps something hot to drink — it’s a time of the day when the whole family can be united. Singer, born in Philadelphia, has lived in France for more than 40 years.‎ ‎“Although things have changed greatly in the past 20 years when it comes to food in the country，” he says, “and what was a big affair with eating has been slowly softened up, there are still events in the year, like birthdays and New Year’s Eve and Christmas Eve that are still really anchored in traditional food and cooking. But it’s not every day.”‎ Some people think French food life may be a performance,_adds Jennifer Berg, director of graduate food studies at New York University. “They want to believe that France is this nation where people are spending five hours a day going to 12 different markets to get their food. The reality is most croissants (羊角面包) are factorymade, and most people are buying convenience food, except for the very small group of people in high society. But part of our identity relies on believing that myth.”‎ In Italy, as in France, takeout is still relatively rare. “Eating fast is not at all part of our culture，” says Marco Bolasco, editorial director of Slow Food and an Italian food expert. Our meals are relaxed, even during a lunch break. Food in Italy is love, and nutrition, and pleasure, he says. An Italian child’s first experience with food is not small round cakes or rice or eggs, but probably ice cream, notes Bolasco. Status and wealth play less of a role in food.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者通过专家的话语来说明法国人和意大利人对于食物是一种享受生活的态度。‎ ‎5．How have things about French food changed?‎ A．People prefer to cook at home.‎ B．More people choose to eat out.‎ C．Traditional food is less frequently cooked.‎ D．People eat faster than before.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，法国传统美食受到冲击，人们只是偶尔在重大节日中才去享用传统美食，并不是每一天，故选择C。‎ ‎6．What does the underlined word “performance” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A．A bother.　　　　　 　B．A play.‎ C．A hobby. D．A routine.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。由后文中的“people are spending five hours a day going to 12 different markets to get their food”可知，此处应是指部分人认为法国传统烹饪比较繁琐。故此处performance指“麻烦”。故选A。‎ ‎7．Why is Italian food compared with French food in the last paragraph?‎ A．To show the advantages of Italian food.‎ B．To prove the differences between them.‎ C．To reflect the customs of Italian food.‎ D．To indicate the common points of the two.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。由本段中的“In Italy, as in France”，再结合第一段中的“Food in France is still primarily about pleasure”和最后一段中的“Food in Italy is love, and nutrition, and pleasure”可知，作者比较这两种食物的目的是找出二者的共同点，阐明主旨，故选D。‎ ‎8．What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ A．Food as identity. B．Food as pleasure.‎ C．Food as survival. D．Food as status.‎ 解析：选B　文章大意题。由文中的“Food in France is still primarily about pleasure”，“Cooking and eating are both pastimes (消遣) and pleasure”以及“Food in Italy is love, and nutrition, and pleasure”可知答案。‎