2019届一轮复习人教版必修三Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars学案

2019届一轮复习人教版必修三Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars学案

必修3　Unit 4　Astronomy: the science of the stars 重点单词 ‎1．system n．系统；体系；制度 ‎2．theory n．学说；理论 ‎3．atmosphere n．大气层；气氛　　　　‎ ‎4．unlike prep.不同；不像　　　　‎ ‎5．fundamental adj.基本的；基础的 ‎6．multiply vi.& vt.乘；增加 ‎7．satellite n．卫星；人造卫星 ‎8．crash vi.& vt.碰撞；坠落 ‎9．float vi.& vt.‎(使)浮动；(使)漂浮　n．漂浮物 ‎10．astronomy n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家→astronaut n．宇航员 ‎11．religion n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的 ‎12．globe n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的 ‎13．violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．暴力；激烈；猛烈→violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地 ‎14．harmful adj.有害的→harm n．& vt.损害；伤害；危害→harmless adj.无害的 ‎15．puzzle n．谜；难题　vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难→puzzled adj.感到困惑的→puzzling adj.令人困惑的 ‎16．biology n．生物学→biologist n．生物学家　　　　　‎ ‎17．physicist n．物理学家→physics n．物理学 ‎ ‎18．climate n．气候→weather n．天气 ‎19．pull n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力→push n．& vt.推；推动，推进 ‎20．exist vi.存在；生存→existence n．存在；生存 ‎21．exhaust vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽→exhaustion n．耗尽；枯竭；精疲力尽 ‎→exhausted adj.耗尽的；用完的；精疲力尽的→exhausting adj.使耗尽的；使人精疲力尽的 重 ‎1．match…with 使……和……相匹配　　　‎ 点短语 ‎2．in_time 及时；终于　　　　　　‎ ‎3．give_birth_to 产生；分娩 ‎4．in_one's_turn 轮到某人；接着 ‎ ‎5．prevent…from 阻止；制止 ‎ ‎6．block_out 挡住(光线)‎ ‎7．cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋 ‎ ‎8．now_that 既然 ‎ ‎9．break_out 突发；爆发 ‎10．watch_out 密切注意；当心；提防 ‎ ‎11．think of…as 把……看作是 ‎ ‎12．come_into_being 产生；形成 ‎13．make_a_trip 去旅行 ‎ ‎14．get_close_to 接近…… ‎ ‎15．step_forward 向前迈步 重点句型 ‎1．“make it＋adj./n.＋to do sth”结构 This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(教材P26)‎ ‎2．“A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词或副词原级＋as＋B”的倍数表达法 But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(教材P31)‎ ‎3．now that引导原因状语从句 ‎“Oh dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”(教材P31)‎ 语法要点 主语从句 What it was to become was uncertain until between 4．5 and 3．8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.(教材P25)‎ Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.(教材P26)‎ ‎1harmful　adj.有害的 What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. (教材P26)‎ 很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。‎ ‎(1)be harmful to对……有害 ‎(2) ‎(3)harmless adj.无害的 ‎①Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, which is very harmful (harm) to their health.‎ 有些男生对玩电脑游戏简直到了痴迷的程度，这对他们的健康非常有害。‎ ‎②Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health.‎ 由汽车产生的空气污染和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。‎ ‎③If you want to solve the problem in this way, there is no harm in calling him.‎ 如果你想以这种方式来解决问题，你不妨给他打个电话。‎ ‎④The trouble was sparked off by an apparently harmless (harm) phrase.‎ 这场麻烦是由一句明显无恶意的话引起的。‎ ‎2exist　vi.存在；生存(没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态)‎ They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(教材P26)‎ 它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。‎ ‎(1) ‎(2) ‎(3)existing adj.现存的；现行的 ‎①You can't imagine what difficulty they have existing on the money he's earning.‎ 你无法想象他们靠他挣的那点钱维持生活是多么的困难。‎ ‎②There exists a generation gap between the young and the old.‎ 青年人和老年人之间存在着代沟。‎ ‎③Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence (exist)．‎ 关于宇宙是如何产生的，科学家们有多种观点。‎ ‎④By embracing other cultures, we actually broaden our horizons, rather than narrow any existing (exist) ones. ‎ 通过接纳其他文化，我们实际上拓宽了视野，而不是让现有的范围变得狭窄。‎ ‎3puzzle　vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)窘困 vi.感到迷惑 n．(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜 How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.(教材P27)‎ 地球生命如何起源是科学家们觉得难解决的最大难题之一。‎ ‎(1) ‎(2) ‎(3)puzzlement n．迷茫；困惑 ‎①The police are still puzzling about/over how the accident happened.‎ 警察仍在苦思这起事故是怎么发生的。‎ ‎②She managed to puzzle out the meaning of that long sentence.‎ 她总算把那个长句的意思揣摩出来了。‎ ‎③Where the lost boy has gone still remains a puzzle to us.‎ 丢失的男孩去了哪儿对我们来说仍是个谜。‎ ‎④The whole business is very puzzling (puzzle). There is a lot more to it than meets the eye.‎ 整件事令人非常费解，远比看起来复杂。‎ ‎4pull　n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力 As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth's gravity.(教材P30)‎ 随着火箭的升空，因为我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推回到座位上。‎ pull back 撤回；后悔 pull down 拆毁；摧毁；把……往下拉；使……下跌 pull in (车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠 pull out 驶出；(使)退出；(列车)出站 pull over (车辆)向路边停靠；驶向路边 pull through康复，痊愈；度过难关 pull up 拔起；停车；阻止 ‎①Several houses were pulled down to make way for the new road.‎ 为了给新修的道路让路，几座房屋被拆毁了。‎ ‎②The police car signalled to us to pull in/over.‎ 警车发出信号，要我们驶向路边停靠。‎ ‎③We waved as the train pulled out of the station.‎ 火车驶出车站时我们挥手告别。‎ ‎④The doctor told me that I would pull through.‎ 医生告诉我我会康复的。‎ ‎1in‎ time　及时；终于；总有一天 They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere.(教材P25～26)‎ 最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。‎ on time 准时；按时 in no time 立即；马上 all the time 一直；始终 at no time 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)‎ at a time 一次；每次 at one time曾经；一度 at the same time 同时 take one's time 别着急；慢慢来 from time to time 不时；有时；偶尔 kill time 消磨时间 ‎①He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time.‎ 他设法把游客及时送到机场。‎ ‎②After the accident, the injured were taken to the nearest hospital in no time.‎ 事故发生后，受伤的人员被立刻送进了最近的医院。‎ ‎③At one time, half the land on the Earth's surface was covered by forests.‎ 曾经，地球表面有一半的土地被森林覆盖。‎ ‎④The technicians and experts of both parties should hold meetings from time to time for technical exchange.‎ 双方的技术人员和专家要经常召开会议，进行技术交流。‎ ‎2in‎ one's turn　轮到某人；接着 Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.(教材P26)‎ 于是，它们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。‎ ‎(1) ‎(2)It is one's turn to do sth轮到某人做某事 ‎(3)It turns/turned out that…结果……‎ ‎①When it is in my turn, I am too excited to speak.‎ 当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。‎ ‎②All theories are derived from practice and in turn serve practice.‎ 所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。‎ ‎③The two sons looked after their sick mother by turns.‎ 两个儿子轮流照顾他们生病的母亲。‎ ‎④At the meeting they took turns to_put (put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.‎ 会议上，他们依次提出了很多旨在促进教育体制改革的建议。‎ ‎3prevent…from　阻止；制止 They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(教材P26)‎ 他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。‎ ‎(1) 阻止……做……‎ 注：以上三个短语用于被动语态时，from均不能省略。‎ ‎(2)protect/shelter/guard…from…保护……不受……侵袭(from后接能带来伤害或损害之物)‎ ‎①No one can prevent this plan from being_carried (carry) out.‎ 谁也不能阻止这个计划的实施。‎ ‎②He wears sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight.‎ 他戴墨镜保护眼睛免受强烈太阳光的伤害。‎ ‎4cheer up　(使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋 I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.(教材P31)‎ 我立刻高兴起来，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月亮越来越大。‎ ‎(1) ‎(2)Cheers! [口语](用于祝酒)干杯！‎ ‎①I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely.‎ 我真心希望她能振作起来，勇敢地接受生活的挑战。‎ ‎②Let's go to the football game and cheer for our favorite team.‎ 咱们去看足球比赛，为我们最喜爱的球队呐喊助威。‎ ‎1“make it＋adj./n.＋to do sth”结构 This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(教材P26)‎ 这就产生了连锁反应，使得生命发展成为可能。‎ ‎【句式点拨】‎ 在“make it＋adj./n.＋for sb/sth＋to do sth”结构中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式，而形容词(或名词)充当了宾语补足语成分。另外，it作形式宾语，除了可指代不定式结构外，还可以指代that引导的宾语从句：make it＋adj./n.＋thatclause。‎ make复合结构的四种形式：‎ make＋宾语＋宾语补足语 ‎①They made it clear (clearly) to the public that they did an important and necessary job.‎ 他们向公众表明，他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。‎ ‎②Praise makes good men better (good) and bad men worse. ‎ 赞扬使好人更好，坏人更坏。‎ ‎③She let me see that making others feel good made me feel (feel) good, too.‎ 她让我明白了使他人开心也会使自己开心。‎ ‎④When I first came to New York, I had a lot of trouble making myself understood (understand). ‎ 我刚到纽约时，想让别人听懂我的话非常困难。 ‎ ‎⑤“Make yourself (you) at home，” the hostess said to me as soon as I entered the house. ‎ 我刚一进门，女主人就对我说：“就像在你自己家一样。”‎ ‎2“A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词或副词原级＋as＋B”的倍数表达法 But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(教材P31)‎ 而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。‎ 倍数表达法：‎ ‎(1)“A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词或副词的原级＋as＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。‎ ‎(2)“A＋be＋倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than＋B”，表示“A比B大(长/高/宽等)多少倍”。‎ ‎(3)“A＋倍数＋ ＋as＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。‎ ‎(4)“A＋be＋倍数＋the size/height/length/width…＋of＋B”，表示“A(的尺寸/高/长/宽等)是B的多少倍”。‎ ‎(5)“A＋倍数＋whatclause”，表示“A是……的多少倍”。‎ ‎①There are five times more books in our library than in yours.‎ 我们图书馆里的书比你们图书馆里的书多五倍。‎ ‎②Skincare is almost three times as popular in China as makeup. ‎ 护肤品在中国的受欢迎程度是化妆品的三倍。‎ ‎③He has read twice as many books as I have.‎ 他读过的书的数量是我读过的两倍。‎ ‎④My house is twice the size of my parents'.‎ 我的房子是我父母的两倍大。‎ ‎⑤The world's population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800.‎ 目前世界人口总量与1800年相比已经增长到当时的六倍。‎ ‎3now that引导原因状语从句 ‎“Oh dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”(教材P31)‎ ‎“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”‎ ‎【句式点拨】‎ 本句中，now that意为“由于，既然”，引导原因状语从句。在语义上相当于since，有时that可以省略。‎ ‎①Now that I have nothing to do, I can enjoy music for a little while.‎ 既然无事可做，我可以听一会儿音乐了。‎ ‎②Now (that) you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.‎ 既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。‎ ‎【巧学活用】 ——高考小作文 ‎③既然你对中国传统文化感兴趣，我认为这个节日对你而言将是个有价值的经历。‎ Now_that_you_are_interested_in_traditional_Chinese_culture,_I thought this festival would be a worthwhile experience for you.‎ Ⅰ.品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)‎ ‎1．Scientists are not sure about the existence (exist) of water on Mars, so whether humans can live on it isn't proved. ‎ ‎2．The puzzled (puzzle) expression on his face suggested that he was not able to work out the difficult problem. ‎ ‎3．He also said the government must be willing to spend extra money to prevent people from starving.‎ ‎4．The driver lost control of the car on the slippery road and crashed into a truck.‎ ‎5．Technology and innovation are the building blocks of a globally (global) competitive 21st century economy.‎ ‎6．I do believe what children eat is fundamental to their health, growth and development.‎ ‎7．More seriously, it can release harmful (harm) chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned.‎ ‎8．At all times, you should watch out for fake websites offering downloads in exchange for your credit card number. ‎ ‎9．They found the crashed aircraft had been smashed to pieces, killing all 4 aboard, 3 of whom were foreigners.‎ ‎10．The festival of this year has been a great success, unlike (like) the year before when it rained nonstop.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)‎ ‎1．Schoolwork burden will encourage students to develop when it is appropriate, and will be harmful students and useless to education when it is extreme.‎ ‎2．I felt so upset and I was . I didn't move until the young security man asked me several times. ‎ ‎3．The current global imbalance has been / for decades for deeplyrooted reasons, many of which simply reflect commonsense reality.‎ ‎4．At the driving school different people at different ages have the same goal and under the instruction of the coach the trainees took to drive.‎ ‎5．Unless we get more funding we'll be prevented finishing our experimental programme.‎ ‎6．His father continued to encourage him but also made it clear he did not have to play football if he didn't want to. ‎ ‎7．There is so much rain on the island that its annual rainfall reaches as as sixty inches.‎ ‎8. You'll succeed time because you are always working hard.‎ ‎9．The use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth a new language phenomenon—cyber language. ‎ ‎10. He will come to the conference has excited every one of us; we have been looking forward to seeing him for years.‎ Ⅲ.课文语法填空 At the very beginning the earth was just a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”. Then the dust combined into a solid globe 1．moving (move) around the sun. The earth became so violent 2．that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. The earth exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were 3．in time to produce many things, 4．which were to make the earth's atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. It allowed the earth 5．to_dissolve (dissolve) harmful gases. Then life began to develop.‎ The first extremely small plants multiplied and 6．filled (fill) the first oceans and seas with oxygen. This encouraged the later 7．development (develop) of early shellfish and fish. Land ‎ animals such as insects, reptiles and dinosaurs appeared 8．after green plants appeared. Small clever animals spread all over the earth. But they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat 9．from escaping from the earth into space. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years 10．to come (come) will depend on whether this problem can be solved. ‎