【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课九

【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课九

‎ 词义猜测题增分点(二)——“根据逻辑关系”猜测 语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义帮助最大的逻辑关系有并列关系、转折关系和因果关系等。‎ ‎[典例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)‎ ‎...‎ Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.‎ ‎ ...‎ ‎33．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?‎ A．The attackers get attacked.‎ B．The insects gather under the table.‎ C．The plants get ready to fight back.‎ D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.‎ ‎[解析]　选A　本题考查对文章中一句话的理解，属于广义的词义猜测题。画线词前面的句子说明了一些植物散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌。在这一句后面，又使用了一句同义并列的句子来对其进行解释，根据后一句话的意思 “正在吃午餐的攻击者变成了午餐”可以知道，画线句子是指袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击，故选A。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　B项无中生有；C项干扰性强，前文讲到当植物受到攻击时，它们不是坐以待毙，但根据前文的“attract different insects”，这里并不是指反击；D项是断章取义，文中讲的是“吸引袭击者的天敌”。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　根据并列关系进行猜测 英语中可以使用also, as ...as, similarly, and, or, just as, like等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。如：Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.‎ ‎ 分析：这个句子里面使用了表示并列关系的单词and，还使用了表示“相似”的单词similarly，由此可知，画线单词loquacious表达的意思和“loves to talk”的意思一样，即“健谈的”。‎ ‎[典例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.‎ ‎...‎ ‎29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?‎ A．Tested.　　　　　　　 B．Separated.‎ C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.‎ ‎[解析]　选C　画线词前面的句子说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，由此可推断出此句意为人类的发展逐渐地使灰狼“被迫离开”，故选C。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项意为“测试”；B项意为“分离，隔开”； D项意为“搜寻到，追查到”。B项干扰性最强，下文提到灰狼在黄石公园消失，由此可知B项错误。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　根据转折关系进行猜测 in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的转折，其前后表示相反的意思。同样，我们也可以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思的词汇。如：Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.(同极相斥，异极相吸)‎ 分析：这是一个典型的表示对比关系的句子，前后表达了相反的意思，还使用了反义对比的词汇Like和unlike，由此可知，repel和attract的意思相反，repel在此表示“排斥”。‎ ‎[典例3]　 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ ‎...‎ ‎30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A．A practical idea.‎ B．A vain hope.‎ C．A brilliant plan.‎ D．A selfish desire.‎ ‎[解析]　选B　根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。根据本段可知有些优质苹果品种如Orleans Reinette需要特定的当地环境，然后根据最后一句可知种植条件的要求使得喜欢Orleans ‎ Reinette的大多数人不能种植它。B项中的vain表示“徒然的，徒劳的”。故选B。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项颠倒是非，说“一个切合实际的想法”，这与它对生存条件要求高相矛盾；C项曲解文意，该项说“一个很好的计划”，根据画线词前的描述可知，这是一种希望或梦想；D项曲解文意，该项说“一个自私的愿望”，这里说的是愿望的可否实现，不涉及自私与否。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　根据因果关系进行猜测 英语中使用because, since, for, as, so, as a result, thus, therefore等词汇表达因果关系，因为因与果具有直接联系，所以也可以用来猜测词义。如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.‎ 分析：根据原因状语从句的内容(他不征求别人的意见就作出决定)可以推断出，生词autocratic的意思是“独断专行的”。‎ ‎[小结]‎ 并列、因果、递进、例证、转折或对比等逻辑关系都具有推理的必然性，因此使用逻辑关系推理的词义准确率会比较高；逻辑关系的判断需要平常多关注句式的逻辑关系，形成对逻辑关系词的敏感感知能力，快速有效地判断语句和词汇的关系和意义。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·江苏高考阅读B节选)‎ ‎...‎ Lighting matters, too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn’t tell how much they’d had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser — they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.‎ ‎...‎ ‎58．The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .‎ A．not aware of eating more than usual B．not willing to share food with others C．not conscious of the food quality D．not fond of the food provided 解析：选A　根据选段中的“those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser — they didn’t feel fuller”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们并没有感觉更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少。由画线词前的but一词可知前后意义上存在转折关系。所以此处的none the ‎ wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。‎ B(2015·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg‎, ‎Florida.‎ ‎31．What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to? ‎ A．Artworks.　　　　　　 B．Projects.‎ C．Donations. D．Documents.‎ 解析：选A　画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了the fine selection of the major works (精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions (捐赠)是来自museum的，只能是“艺术品”，故选A项。‎ C(2013·陕西高考阅读D节选)‎ ‎...‎ My son could not follow the teacher’s directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class.Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet?‎ ‎...‎ ‎58．What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A．Breaking. B．Following.‎ C．Attending. D．Disturbing. ‎ 解析：选D　画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子Scola ‘干扰’了课堂”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。‎ D(2015·福建高考阅读E节选)‎ ‎...It’s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision (监管) of a fitness instructor. If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track. Don’t let fitness frighten you!‎ ‎...‎ ‎73．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”．‎ A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．temporary 解析：选A　由画线词所在句子的前半句“If you’re tired of wandering ... and becoming ‎ bored”可知，前后句之间为对比关系，即参加upbeat的群体能让你不懈怠或者不厌倦，故upbeat意为“精神振奋的”，这与选项中的cheerful同义。故选A项。‎ 训练目标(二) ‎ 综合练——提高解题速度 ‎(加★的题目可根据逻辑关系解题)‎ A In 1839, a big storm ran across Ireland, causing extraordinary damage.The Night of the Big Wind took place on January 6,1839, striking the country with little warning.‎ The night before the day of the storm, snow had fallen.By midday, rain had begun to fall in parts of the country, and as the afternoon went on, temperatures began to rise, bringing an unseasonable warmth.While some scientists had begun to record climate information by the late 1830s, weather forecasting was still more guess work than science, and the unusual warmth didn’t give people a warning about what was developing off the western coast of the country.‎ By around 9 p．m., the temperature had dropped and wind speeds had grown greatly.Most of the country’s people were in their homes.But the storm kept growing.By midnight, the wind reached hurricane strength, tearing a path up the length of the country until about ‎5 a．m.the next morning.It eventually continued on to England where it petered out, but not before leaving Ireland widespread damage.‎ In the most heavily affected areas, whole houses were blown down.Fires started due to broken stoves.Fish were said to have been found some six miles inland.One story said that the storm blew all of the water out of a canal until it was “nearly dry”．Many people were killed by falling buildings or floods.Thousands of trees were uprooted and dozens of ships along the coast were destroyed.‎ It left a mark on the national mind that can still be felt today.In ‎1909 a small government pension was offered to all Irish citizens over the age of 70.But most of them had no proof (证据) of their age.So officials would ask them to describe their memories of the Night of the Big Wind to prove their age.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了在1839年席卷爱尔兰的一场大风暴——“大风之夜”，它在爱尔兰的灾难史上占有重要位置。‎ ‎1．What can be concluded from Paragraph 2?‎ A．Ireland was calm before the storm.‎ B．All damage could have been avoided.‎ C．Weather forecasting was not accurate.‎ D．The weather before the storm was strange.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，大风暴来临之前的天气异常，文中“an unseasonable warmth”和“the unusual warmth”有提示。‎ ‎★2.Which of the following can replace the underlined part “petered out”？‎ A．grew up B．turned out C．ended weakly D．moved quickly 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“but not before leaving Ireland widespread damage”可知，在到达英格兰之后，大风暴逐渐消失了，在此之前却已经给爱尔兰造成了巨大损失。peter out“逐渐减弱，慢慢消失”。‎ ‎3．Why did the storm leave a mark on the national mind?‎ A．It came with little warning.‎ B．It tore a path up to England.‎ C．It caused unexpected damage.‎ D．It brought pensions to citizens.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段和第五段的内容可知，这场大风暴是一场灾难，因此给人们留下了深刻的印象。‎ B You dash through a crowded railway station, tripping over bags, spilling (泼出) your coffee only to have the doors slide shut in your face, leaving you breathless on the platform as the train pulls away.‎ But at least, if you’re in France, someone may be playing the piano for you.But it won’t be performed by a paid musician, or even a street entertainer playing for coins.It will just be a random passerby, jamming for the fun of it on one of the pianos that the national railroad company, S．N.C.F., has fixed in nearly 100 stations across France. They are free for anyone to play, and travelers from all walks of life have taken to doing just that.‎ Gares & Connexions, the S．N.C.F.division that manages its stations, rents the instruments from the producer, Yamaha, which maintains (维修) them and tunes them every month or two.The first one was set up in the Gare Montparnasse in Paris in 2012.‎ The music, mixed with the sounds of shouting passengers, screaming trains and rolling suitcases, gives French stations a special soundscape.The amateur musicians have included Irish soccer fans and even babies.In 2014, Gares & Connexions and Yamaha organized a nationwide contest called Your Turn to Play, asking participants to submit videos of themselves using one of the pianos.It drew nearly 900 entries.‎ Isn’t the railroad company taking a big chance? Apparently not: “None of the instruments has been vandalized to this day, or even merely damaged，” said Claire Fournon, a spokeswoman for Gares & Connexions. “They are shared and respected by all.”‎ So if you miss a train in Paris, Bordeaux or Marseille one day, perhaps someone will be playing a favorite piece that will ease your pain.Or perhaps you’ll sit down and play your ‎ annoyance away yourself.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在法国的许多火车站都安装了钢琴供来往的人们弹奏。如果你错过火车，不如停下来听一首钢琴曲。‎ ‎4．Why did Gares & Connexions fix pianos in railway stations?‎ A．To advertise Yamaha’s products.‎ B．To make stations more attractive.‎ C．To let travelers have a relaxed trip.‎ D．To help street artists make a living.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。由第二段中的“someone may be playing the piano for you”和“It will just be a random passerby, jamming for the fun of it on one of the pianos”以及“They are free for anyone to play”可知，法国国家铁路公司在火车站放置钢琴，意在让过往的人们弹奏娱乐，有一个放松的旅行。‎ ‎5．What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us?‎ A．The contest has proved a hit.‎ B．The pianos are very popular.‎ C．Railway stations are crowded.‎ D．Everyone can be an amateur musician.‎ 解析：选B　段落大意题。由第四段中的“gives French stations a special soundscape”和“The amateur musicians have included Irish soccer fans and even babies.”以及“It drew nearly 900 entries.”可知，很多过往的人们来弹钢琴，而且2014年举办的全国性比赛“Your Turn to Play”要求人们上传自己弹这些钢琴的视频，有将近900个作品参赛，所有这一切都说明火车站的这些钢琴很受人们欢迎。‎ ‎★6.What does the underlined word “vandalized” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?‎ A．Selected carefully.‎ B．Checked regularly.‎ C．Reserved in advance.‎ D．Destroyed on purpose.‎ 解析：选D　词义猜测题。由第五段中的“They are shared and respected by all.”可知，这些钢琴被人们分享，受人们尊重；由or可知， have been vandalized与even merely damaged为并列关系，由此推断，该词的意思比merely damaged的破坏程度更为严重，故选D。vandalize “故意破坏”。‎ ‎7．What would be the best title for the text?‎ A．Miss a train yet catch a tune B．A soundscape in the memory C．The role of piano in French life D．An amazing train with a piano bar 解析：选A　标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了在法国的许多火车站都安装了钢琴让来往的人们弹奏。如果你错过火车，不妨停下来听一首钢琴曲。故A项最适合作文章标题。‎ C ‎(2018·青岛模拟)There have been arguments for years over who should officially go down in history as “the inventor of the ATM”， and in ‎2004 a man called John ShepherdBarron received an OBE (大英帝国官佐勋章) in the New Year Honours list for services to banking as the “inventor of the automatic cash dispenser”．But the UK government is now unequivocally saying it is James Goodfellow who invented the ATM — so his place in history is now confirmed.‎ In the mid1960s, Goodfellow worked at a bank.His managers asked him to think of a way to allow customers to withdraw cash from banks on Saturdays.“Most people worked during the week and couldn’t go to the bank.They wanted a solution.The solution was a machine which would give money to a customer，” he says.“I wanted to develop a cash machine and, to make this happen, I invented the PIN (personal identification number) and a plastic card.”‎ Goodfellow’s first machines were put into use in 1967.The first one was opened at a bank in north London on 27 June, 1967.The machines became very popular, but Goodfellow only received ￡10 for his idea and has not made any money from it since.‎ The cash machine is now used all over the world and, every year, there are more and more: there are now three million ATMs worldwide and there will be four million by 2020.The good news for Goodfellow is that people are beginning to know him for his invention.The website ATMinventor.com says, “Who invented the ATM as we know it? It was James Goodfellow’s idea.” Even better for Goodfellow, his invention is in the 180page guidebook called Life in the United Kingdom.In the section about “great British inventions of the twentieth century”， it says, “In the 1960s, James Goodfellow (1937－) invented the automatic teller machine (ATM) or ‘cashpoint’”．‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自动取款机(ATM)的发明者及其背后的故事。‎ ‎★8.What does the underlined word “unequivocally” in Paragraph 1 mean?‎ A．clearly B．cautiously C．unwillingly D．unbelievably 解析：选A　词义猜测题。第一段第一句谈到对于谁应该作为自动取款机的发明者而被正式载入史册多年来一直有争论，结合画线词前有表示转折的连词But以及画线词后的“so his place in history is now confirmed”‎ 可知，Goodfellow作为自动取款机的发明人在历史上的地位得到了确认，由此推知，英国政府应该是“明确地”向人们宣布自动取款机的发明人是James Goodfellow。‎ ‎9．What was the driving force for Goodfellow to invent the ATM?‎ A．His desire for money. B．His great interest.‎ C．The bank manager’s help. D．The customers’ need.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。第二段中的“Most people worked during the week and couldn’t go to the bank.They wanted a solution.”说明，Goodfellow发明自动取款机的动力来自客户的需求，因为人们平时要上班，不能到银行取钱，所以需要在周末去银行取钱，于是自动取款机应运而生。‎ ‎10．What can we know about Goodfellow from the last paragraph?‎ A．He has been in the textbook.‎ B．He is one of the wealthiest inventors.‎ C．People have come to recognize him.‎ D．He faced hardships before succeeding.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。最后一段谈到“The good news for Goodfellow is that people are beginning to know him for his invention.”，这说明人们开始知道是他发明了自动取款机，即人们已开始认可他。‎ ‎11．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．How was the ATM invented?‎ B．Who invented the ATM?‎ C．Goodfellow got paid D．The ATM becomes popular 解析：选B　标题归纳题。作者第一段谈到对于谁应该作为自动取款机的发明者而被正式载入史册一直有争论，但英国政府宣布了是Goodfellow发明了自动取款机。第二段谈到了Goodfellow为何发明自动取款机。第三段谈到他虽然发明了自动取款机，但除了10英镑外并没有获得任何收益。最后一段谈到，随着自动取款机的广泛使用，人们才慢慢知道是谁发明了它。因此，B项作为本文标题是最恰当的。‎ D ‎(2018·石家庄质量检测)I was in the middle of a sweet dream when a noise startled me.Bam! Bam! It sounded like a hammer pounding on a tough nail.Bam！Bam！Bam！Who could be hammering at three in the morning? It must be Charlie again, making another invention.‎ Just as I was putting on my slippers and clothes, the noise changed.I sat on the edge of my bed and listened.Tick! Tick! Tick! It reminded me of my first wristwatch.Its regular pace had always helped me fall asleep.‎ I started dozing off, dangerously leaning to the left, when the ticking stopped.It was then replaced by a buzz, similar to the noise coming from a beehive in midsummer, only louder.I shivered.I’m allergic to bees！Even just thinking about them or hearing a beelike sound makes me swell.‎ ‎“That’s it！” I shouted, now wide awake.“I can’t take it anymore！” I marched to the next apartment and knocked.My neighbor immediately opened the door.His curly brown hair was sticking up every which way.He wore baggy striped pants and a loose raspberry shirt.‎ ‎“Hi, there, Lucy! What’s up？” he asked.‎ I pointed at my noiseless watch.“Do you know what time it is？”‎ He grabbed my arm and glanced at my timepiece.“Oh, my! I didn’t realize it was that late.I’m busy working on a machine that can cure insomnia (失眠)．It’s almost finished.You want to see it？”‎ I should have known.His last invention was supposed to annihilate bad smells, but it was powered by rotten eggs.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者在睡觉的时候，被一阵又一阵的噪声吵醒，原来是隔壁邻居查利在研制一种治疗失眠的机器，他没有意识到已经是凌晨了。‎ ‎12．What made the author sleepy again?‎ A．Her neighbor’s silence.‎ B．The ticking sound.‎ C．The coming of the bees.‎ D．The smell of the rotten eggs.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Tick! Tick! Tick! It reminded me of my first wristwatch.Its regular pace had always helped me fall asleep.”可知，作者的第一块腕表有规律的嘀嗒声总是帮助作者入睡，故选B。‎ ‎13．What was Charlie doing?‎ A．He was fixing a broken clock.‎ B．He was inventing a wristwatch.‎ C．He was working with the bees.‎ D．He was making a new machine.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“I’m busy working on a machine that can cure insomnia (失眠)．”可知，答案选D。‎ ‎14．How did Charlie feel when he knew the time?‎ A．Disappointed. B．Scared.‎ C．Surprised. D．Annoyed.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Oh, my! I didn’t realize it was that late.”可知，查利一直在忙于自己的发明，根本就不知道时间已经那么晚了，所以当作者让他看时间的时候，他很吃惊。故选C。‎ ‎★15.What does the underlined word “annihilate” in the last paragraph mean?‎ A．Get rid of. B．Make use of.‎ C．Give off. D．Tell apart.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。结合画线单词后面的bad smells，以及连词but后面的分句“it was powered by rotten eggs” (原本难闻的气味被腐烂的鸡蛋搞得更难闻了)可以推断，画线单词的意思是“消灭”，故选A。‎