2020届一轮复习人教版必修三unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars单元知识点学案

2020届一轮复习人教版必修三unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars单元知识点学案

基础知识默写(学生用书251～252页)‎ ‎1.system n.系统；体系；制度 ‎ systematic adj.系统的；有规则的 ‎2.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰 religious adj.宗教的 ‎3.theory n.学说；理论 theoretical adj.理论上的 ‎4.globe n.球体；地球仪；地球 global adj.全球性的；全世界的 ‎5.violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的 violence n.暴力 ‎6.atmosphere n.大气层；气氛 ‎7.unlike prep.与……不同；不像 ‎8.harmful adj.有害的 ‎9.exist vi.生存；存在 existence n.存在；出现 ‎10.puzzle vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题 puzzled adj.困惑的 puzzling adj.令人困惑的 ‎11.gentle adj.温和的；文雅的 ‎12.climate n.气候 ‎13.pull n.&vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力 ‎14.atom n.原子 ‎15.billion n.十亿 ‎16.carbon n.碳 ‎17.fundamental adj.基本的；基础的 ‎18.chain n.链子；连锁；锁链 ‎19.multiply vi.&vt.乘；增加 ‎20.oxygen n.氧 ‎21.biology n.生物学 ‎22.gravity n.万有引力；重力 ‎23.satellite n.卫星 ‎24.physicist n.物理学家 physics n.物理学 physical adj.物理的；身体的 ‎25.float vt.&vi.(使)浮动；(使)漂浮n.漂浮物 ‎26.in time及时；终于 ‎27.be harmful to/do harm to对……有害 ‎28.lay eggs下蛋 ‎29.give birth to产生；分娩 ‎30.in one’s turn轮到某人 ‎31.prevent...from阻止；制止 ‎32.depend on依靠；取决于 ‎33.block out挡住(光线)‎ ‎34.cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋 ‎35.get the hang of熟悉；掌握；理解 ‎36.break out突发；爆发 ‎37.watch out for密切注意；当心；提防 ‎38.This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.这产生了一个连锁反应，使得生命的发展成为可能。‎ ‎39....I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.‎ ‎……我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。‎ ‎40.“Oh dear，”I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”‎ ‎“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”‎ 基础知识夯实 Ⅰ.语境填词 ‎1.Color is fundamental(基本的) in home design—something you’ll always have in every room. (2018·全国Ⅰ)‎ ‎2.Creating an atmosphere(气氛) where employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.‎ ‎3.If we don’t stop climate(气候) change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone. (2018·北京)‎ ‎4.The enemy tank car caught fire and set off a chain(连锁) of explosions.‎ ‎5.He said he had installed a satellite(卫星) positioning system under my horse’s belly.‎ ‎(2018·浙江)‎ ‎6.Without oxygen(氧气)，the brain is damaged quickly.(2017·北京)‎ ‎7.The more violent(violence) scenes in the film were cut when it was shown on television.‎ ‎8.Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence(exist).‎ ‎9.By the time they reached the top of the mountain they were exhausted(exhaust).‎ ‎10.The debate between science and religion(religious) continues to be heated.‎ ‎11.Now that we are all part of the global(globe) village, everyone becomes a neighbour.‎ ‎12.To explain the puzzling(puzzle) findings，he offers two theories.‎ ‎13.Some research has shown that not taking on a Saturday or holiday job could be harmful(harm) to a person later on.‎ ‎14.She sang to the music with her hand waving gently(gentle).‎ ‎15.When I look at this picture of myself，I realize how fast time flies. I have grown not only physically(physical)，but also mentally in the past few years.(2017·全国Ⅲ)‎ Ⅱ.选词成篇 Now that we all understand that the haze 1.does harm to our health，we should take effective measures to 2.prevent it from getting bad to worse. No matter what happens，we must 3.cheer up. If we keep on，we’ll succeed 4.in time.‎ Most plants 5.depend on sunlight to grow. If sunlight is 6.blocked out，diseases will 7.break out，thus 8.giving birth to food shortage in the world. So we should 9.watch out for the climate change closely.‎ Ⅲ.完成句子 ‎1.The girl knows three foreign languages，which makes it easier for her to find a good job. (make＋复合宾语)‎ 这个女孩懂三门外语，这使她更容易找到一份好工作。‎ ‎2.He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I have.(倍数)‎ 他收集的邮票是我的三倍还不止。‎ ‎3.Now that we are all here you might as well speak your mind.(now that)‎ 既然我们都在这儿，你不妨把想法都说出来。‎ ‎4.Tsinghua University，founded in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures.(‎ 过去分词作定语)‎ 清华大学，建于1911年，是许多杰出人物的母校。‎ ‎1.加、减、乘、除四则运算 ‎(1)add→addition加 ‎(2)subtract→subtraction减 ‎(3)multiply→multiplication乘 ‎(4)divide→division除 ‎2.后缀ist名词荟萃 ‎(1)physicist物理学家 ‎(2)biologist生物学家 ‎(3)psychologist心理学家 ‎(4)scientist科学家 ‎(5)tourist游客 ‎3.“阻止/禁止某人做某事”的表达形式汇总 ‎(1)prevent sb.(from) doing...‎ ‎(2)stop sb.(from) doing...‎ ‎(3)keep sb.from doing...‎ ‎(4)forbid sb.from doing/to do...‎ ‎(5)ban sb.from doing...‎ ‎(6)prohibit sb.from doing...‎ ‎4.“当心”这些短语 ‎(1)watch out (for)当心；小心 ‎(2)look out (for)当心 ‎(3)take care小心 ‎(4)be careful小心 ‎(1)be harmful to对……有害 ‎(2)harm n.&vt.伤害；损害 do harm to sb.＝do sb.harm伤害某人 cause harm to sb.伤害某人 mean no harm to...对……没有恶意 There is no harm in doing...做……无害处。‎ ‎(3)harmless adj.无害的；无辜的 ‎(1)It’s harmful(harm) for the students’ overall review if a teacher predicts the test.‎ ‎(2)If used improperly，the medicine will do/causeharmtoyou/do you harm/be harmful to you(对你造成伤害).‎ ‎(3)[同义句改写]　They don’t usually employ untrained workers，but it doesn’t do any harm to try your fortune.‎ ‎→They don’t usually employ untrained workers，but there’s no harm in trying your fortune.‎ lay aside把……搁置一旁 lay down把……放下；制定 lay off(因没有工作而)解雇；停止做 lay out摆出；铺开；布置；设计 ‎(1)I laid my book aside，turned off the light and went to sleep.我把书放到一边，关了灯睡觉。‎ ‎(2)Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants，and some terms are even tougher.(2017·浙江)‎ 其他欧洲国家也对移民制定了相似的规定，有些条款甚至更严格。‎ ‎(3)The factory has laid off over a hundred workers so far.‎ 到目前为止该工厂已经解雇了一百多名工人。‎ ‎[根据语境用lay，lie的正确形式填空]‎ ‎(4)The boy lied that the white hen had laid a black egg and that he had laid it in the box which was lying under his bed.‎ ‎[词义辨析]‎ 动词原形 意义 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 lie 说谎 lied lied Lying lie 躺；卧；位于 lay lain Lying lay 放置；产卵 laid laid Laying ‎(1)exist on靠……生存/生活 exist in存在于……中 There exists/existed...某地有……；存在……‎ ‎(2)existence n.存在；生存 come into existence产生；成立；开始存在 in existence存在 ‎(3)existing adj.(仅用于名词前)目前的，现存的 ‎(1)It was impossible for them to exist on such a small income.‎ ‎(2)There exists a good way to solve the existing(exist) problem in geography.‎ ‎(3)Nowadays，there are still many people wondering when the earth came into existence(产生).‎ 易错点拨　exist只用作不及物动词，因此没有被动语态，且通常不用于进行时。‎ puzzle vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)困惑；(使)为难 n.谜；难题 ‎(1)puzzle over/about苦思冥想；绞尽脑汁 ‎(2)be in a puzzle (about) (对……)迷惑不解 ‎(3)puzzled adj.困惑的；感到迷惑的 be puzzled about对……迷惑不解 ‎(4)puzzling adj.令人迷惑的 ‎(1)He had a puzzled (puzzle) look on his face.‎ ‎(2)His last paintings are perhaps the most puzzling (puzzle)，which even puzzle all the artists.‎ ‎(3)[一句多译]　消防员对这场火灾的起因困惑不解。‎ ‎①The firemen were in a puzzle about the cause of the fire.(puzzle n.)‎ ‎②The firemen were puzzled about the cause of the fire.(puzzled)‎ ‎③What puzzled the firemen was the cause of the fire. (puzzle v.，主语从句)‎ take one’s time别着急；慢慢来 kill time消磨时间 ‎[根据语境用time短语填空]‎ ‎(1)I still can’t believe what a coincidence it was. I’m just so glad I was there in time to help my ‎ son.(2018·全国Ⅱ)‎ ‎(2)At no time did I feel they were being unreasonable.‎ ‎(3)You’d better do one thing at a time，so that you can concentrate on it.‎ ‎(4)At one time people thought that the earth was flat.‎ stop sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事 keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 keep sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事 ‎(1)Sure，I could have asked her，but something prevented me from doing (do) so.(2017·天津)‎ ‎(2)The laws protect everyone here from being attacked(attack).‎ ‎(3)He was prevented by illness from coming to our birthday party.‎ 他因病未能来参加我们的生日聚会。‎ ‎(4)To keep warm，he kept the fire burning all the night.‎ 为了保暖，他让火整夜燃烧着。‎ 易错点拨　prevent sb.(from) doing sth.＝stop sb.(from) doing sth.＝keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事(在主动语态中，与stop/prevent搭配的from可以省略；在被动语态中from均不可省略。)‎ ‎(1)cheer sb.up使某人高兴 cheer...on为……加油 ‎(2)Cheers！干杯！‎ ‎(3)cheerful adj.高兴的；快乐的 ‎(1)There were crowds of cheerful(cheer) fans there，many of whom came from other cities. (2018·广东佛山二模)‎ 那里有一群欢快的歌迷，其中很多来自其他城市。‎ ‎(2)When I’m feeling sad，my mother tells me funny stories to cheer me up.当我感到忧伤时，我的母亲就给我讲有趣的故事让我高兴起来。‎ ‎(3)Cathy didn’t expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their accomplishments. (2016·天津)‎ 凯西没有期望得到任何奖励，但仍在那里为朋友们加油，赞扬他们取得的成就。‎ This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.‎ 这产生了一个连锁反应，使得生命的发展成为可能。‎ 在此结构中通常可用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语置于宾补之后。可用作宾补的词有名词、代词、形容词、不带to的动词不定式、过去分词、介词短语等。该结构变为被动语态时，不定式作主语的补足语要带to。‎ ‎(1)Mastering the technology makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively.‎ 精通这项技术可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。‎ ‎(2)People in the west make it a rule to buy(buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.‎ ‎(3)My parents would like to make me study(study) 24 hours a day.‎ ‎(4)The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself heard (hear).‎ ‎...I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.‎ ‎……我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。‎ 倍数的表达方式：‎ ‎(1)倍数＋as...as...‎ ‎(2)倍数＋比较级＋than ‎(3)倍数＋the size/height/length/width/...＋of...‎ ‎(4)倍数＋what从句 ‎(1)The price of the coat is three times what I have paid for mine.这件外套的价格是我的外套价格的三倍。‎ ‎(2)[同义句改写]　When you study the local map，you will find this town is three times as big as that one.‎ ‎①When you study the local map，you will find this town is three times bigger than that one.‎ ‎②When you study the local map，you will find this town is three times the size of that one.‎ 名师点津　在表示“两倍”时要用double或twice，三倍或三倍以上要用“基数词＋times”。倍数有时也可以用分数、百分数或half等来替换。‎ ‎“Oh dear，” I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”‎ ‎“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”‎ now that 既然，由于，是连词词组，引导原因状语从句，表示明显的原因或既成的事实。口语中that常可省略。‎ 其他表示原因的连词或介词短语：‎ ‎(1)because因为(表示直接而明确的原因，语气较重，常用于回答why的疑问)‎ ‎(2)since因为；既然(可与now that互换)‎ ‎(3)as因为(语气较弱)‎ ‎(4)for因为(并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首，表示进一步补充说明)‎ ‎(5)due to，because of，on account of，owing to，thanks to，as a result of等介词短语。‎ ‎(1)Since/Now that we have no money we can’t buy a new car.因为没钱，我们没法买新汽车。‎ ‎(2)She must have gone out early，for she didn’t show up at breakfast.‎ 她一定是一早就出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。‎ ‎(3)It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.‎ 是因为他生病了所以他今天没有来上学。‎