2017届高考英语(外研版)一轮教师文档讲义:专题二自由填空-第一讲-冠词

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2017届高考英语(外研版)一轮教师文档讲义:专题二自由填空-第一讲-冠词

专题二 自由填空 专题二 自由填空 ‎  高考在语法填空中对自由填空,即在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)的考查主要集中在以下语法项目中:(1)冠词;(2)代词和介词;(3)情态动词和虚拟语气;(4)定语从句;(5)名词性从句;(6)并列句和状语从句;(7)特殊句式。‎ 第一讲 冠词 ‎1.[2015·陕西高考]________ more learned a man is, ________ more modest he usually becomes.‎ 答案:The; the 根据句子结构来判断,此句使用了“The+形容词/副词比较级……,the+形容词/副词比较级……”结构,意思是“越……,就越……”。‎ ‎2.[2015·重庆高考]I just heard ________ bank where Dora works was robbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.‎ 答案:the; a 第一空,句中where引导的定语从句修饰bank,由此可知这里特指Dora工作的银行,故用定冠词;第二空,泛指“一个持枪歹徒”,因此用不定冠词。‎ ‎3.[2015·四川高考]Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven.‎ 答案:a 根据结构可知此处填冠词,表示“一类人”“一个类似于贝多芬的人”,故填不定冠词。‎ ‎4.[2015·浙江高考]Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.‎ 答案:a; the 根据空格位置可知考查冠词。第一空,book是可数名词,此处表泛指,用不定冠词a;第二空,in the way是固定词组“挡路,妨碍”。‎ ‎5.[2014·天津高考]Life is like ________ ocean: only the strongwilled can reach the other shore.‎ 答案:an ocean为可数名词,在本句中表示泛指,故用不定冠词,ocean以元音音素开头,故答案是an。‎ ‎6.[2014·重庆高考]I can't tell you ________ way to the Wilson's because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.‎ 答案:the; a 第一空表示去某人家的路为特指,故用the;第二空表示一个叫Wilson的人,表示泛指概念,故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎7.[2014·浙江高考]The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ________ week, often long into ________ night.‎ 答案:a; the 第一空填a相当于every/one;第二空为固定搭配long into the night。‎ ‎8.[2014·陕西高考]________ village where I was born has grown into________ town.‎ 答案:The; a 由village后面的定语从句“where I was born”可知,第一空为特指,故用the;而第二空泛指一个城镇,故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎9.[2014·江西高考]They chose Tom to be ________ captain of the team because they knew he was ________ smart leader.‎ 答案:the; a 第一空后的名词“captain”为特指,指这个队的队长,故与the连用;第二空后面的名词leader为泛指“一个……的领导”,故填a。‎ ‎10.[2014·课标全国卷Ⅱ]He missed ________ gold in the high jump, but will get ________ second chance in the long jump.‎ 答案:the; a gold当金牌讲时,在本句中为“跳高中的金牌”,故用定冠词;第二空考查序数词只表示“又一,再一”之意,故用不定冠词。 ‎ 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎[2014·辽宁高考]‎ Jonny: Hey! I'm just practicing Tai Chi (太极). Would you like to join me?‎ Peter: I know nothing about it. Is it difficult?‎ Jonny: It seems easy, but you need a lot of practice. You just follow me like this.‎ Peter: OK. Don't laugh ___61___me. I may look funny.‎ Jonny: Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and___62___ (soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and don't let your body shake.‎ Peter: I cannot control my body well. My legs become___63___(pain).‎ Jonny: Keep ___64___ (hold) your position for a while. It helps developyour strength and flexibility. Raise your leg and let ___65___stay in the air for seconds.‎ Peter: I feel my legs shaking. I cannot do this any longer.‎ Jonny: Be patient! Tai Chi ___66___(call) “shadow boxing” in English. It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well ___67___ strong. In real competition, a Tai Chi master borrows the strength of the competitor and uses this energy to fightback. The ___68___(hard) you try to beat him, the more likelyyou will get hit. He controls you!‎ Peter: Unbelievable! Oh..., ___69___ you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep ___70___.‎ Step 1:通读全文,掌握主旨大意。‎ 本文讲述的是Jonny和Peter在谈论学习打太极拳的一些动作。‎ Step 2:逐题解答,确定答案。‎ ‎61.at。考查固定短语。根据语义确定答案。‎ ‎62.softly。分析结构不难发现空格与and前的naturally并列,可知答案。‎ ‎63.painful。在系动词之后应该填形容词作表语,考查词性转换。‎ ‎64.holding。考查keep用法。keep后应该跟哪种动词形式作宾语呢?‎ ‎65.it。考查代词。根据语义此处代替的是上文中的your leg。‎ ‎66.is_called。根据结构分析,此处填谓语,注意考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。‎ ‎67.as。考查固定搭配,结合语义确定答案。‎ ‎68.harder。考查固定句式“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。‎ ‎69.if。根据句子结构可知两个谓语出现需填连词,将两句子连接,结合语义确定答案。‎ ‎70.breath。考查句意理解,也是固定短语。‎ Step 3:代入验证。‎ 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。‎ 知识 清单 ‎(1)不定冠词表泛指的用法以及a与an在用法上的区别;(2)定冠词表示类指和特指的用法以及一些特殊用法;(3)英语中不使用任何冠词的情况;(4)常见的几组冠词使用易混情况;(5)固定搭配中的零冠词、定冠词和不定冠词的使用情况。‎ 学情 分析 考生在冠词的学习过程中存在着以下几点问题:(1)a与an的用法不清楚;(2)忽视名词与冠词的联系,通常在名词前不加任何冠词;(3)对冠词中的一些特殊情况掌握不准确,混淆一般用法与特殊用法;(4)在语境中对特指与泛指理解不够准确。‎ 考点一 不定冠词a,an的用法 ‎1不定冠词a(n)表示“某一个”,相当于some/a certain,意为“一个”,或首次提到的泛指的人或事物。‎ ‎①A young man wants to see you.‎ 有个年轻人想见你。‎ ‎②—Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons',please?‎ ‎—Sorry,we don't have a Johnson here in the village.‎ ‎——请告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走?‎ ‎——对不起,这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人。‎ ‎2不定冠词a(n)用于抽象名词前,表示具体的人或事物。‎ ‎①Many people agree that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.‎ 许多人都持相同的看法,在当前国际贸易交往中,英语知识是必备的。‎ ‎②It is a success for a country to host the Olympic Games.‎ 对于一个国家来说,主办奥运会是一件成功的事。‎ ‎3表示一类人或物,指同类中的任何一个。‎ A teacher must be strict with his students.‎ 教师必须对他的学生严格要求。‎ ‎4用于单数名词前表示身份、职业,尤其用在作表语或补足语的名词前。‎ The Whites wanted their daughter to be a musician.‎ 怀特夫妇想要他们的女儿成为音乐家。‎ 注意:表示某个职位在某一时期内只有一人担任,或表示某人的头衔,则不用冠词。‎ Zhang Feng, monitor of our class, is good at English.‎ 我们班的班长张凤擅长英语。‎ ‎5用在表示数量、长度、时间等的计数单位的名词前,表示“每一”。‎ The car moved 100 miles an hour.‎ 这辆小汽车以每小时100英里的速度行驶。‎ ‎[典例1] [2015·福建泉州五校摸底]When Lucy was waiting for ________ 8:00 plane, she had ________ long conversation with Johnson.‎ ‎[解析] the;a 第一空为特指,故填the;第二空表示“一次”长谈,表示泛指,故填a。‎ 考点二 定冠词the的用法 ‎1用在表示特指的人或物的名词前,尤其指上文提到过的(第二次提到的)或谈话双方都明确的人或物,也可指上文未提到但谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:‎ The book on the desk is mine.‎ 书桌上的那本书是我的。‎ Would you mind turning down the radio a little? The baby is sleeping.‎ 请把收音机音量调小点好吗?婴儿在睡觉。‎ ‎2用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等的名词前。‎ ‎①As is known to us, the earth moves around the sun.‎ 众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。‎ ‎②We are living in an age when many things can be done on the Internet.‎ 我们生活在一个很多事情都可以在因特网上完成的时代。‎ 注意:有些物体虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词。如space太空,nature自然,man人类等。‎ ‎3用在序数词和形容词最高级前面。‎ Liu Yang is the first woman who has been into space in China.‎ 在中国,刘洋是第一位进入太空的女性。‎ ‎4用在表示计量的名词前,如by the hour, by the day, by the dozen, by the yard等,但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词,之前不用冠词,如by weight/height等。‎ ‎—It's said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year.‎ ‎—Right, he will also get paid by the week.‎ ‎——据说约翰会得到一份年薪超过60000美元的工作。‎ ‎——是的,而且会按周付薪。‎ ‎5用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。‎ It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties went to university for further education.‎ 在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修不罕见了。‎ ‎6形容词和副词最高级以及序数词前。‎ ‎①He was the first to speak against slavery.‎ 他是第一个直言反对奴隶制的人。‎ ‎②He is the tallest one in our class.‎ 他是我们班个子最高的。‎ ‎7“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中,定冠词the不可用形容词性物主代词替代。如:‎ take sb.by the arm抓住某人的胳膊 An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.‎ 一个苹果从树上落下,砸在他的头上。‎ 注意:在be red in the face(脸红),be lame in the right leg (右腿瘸),be blind in the left eye(左眼瞎)等结构中,名词前也要用the。‎ ‎8定冠词与形容词连用,可以表示一类人或事物。如:‎ the rich富人;the wounded伤员;the true, the good and (the) beautiful真、善、美。‎ ‎[典例2] [2015·河北衡水中学联考]In his letter, he asked his father to tie a white ribbon on ________ tree near his house by the side of the railway lines.‎ ‎[解析] the 根据语境可知,此处为特指在他家房子附近的树。故填定冠词the。‎ ‎[典例3] [2015·山西康杰四校联考]The next fortyfive minutes was one of ________ most precious moments in my life.‎ ‎[解析] the 根据句意可知此处考查最高级的用法。句意:接下来的45分钟是我一生中最宝贵的时刻之一。‎ 考点三 零冠词的用法 ‎1表示泛指意义的复数名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、人名、地名等前,一般不加冠词。‎ ‎①Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.‎ Sarah满意地看着那幅完工的油画。‎ ‎②Horses are useful animals.‎ 马是有用的动物。‎ ‎2季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科、球类、棋类等名称前一般不加冠词。‎ Spring is the best season of the year.‎ 春天是一年中最好的季节。‎ ‎3在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。但需注意take a bus, in a boat, on the train/bus例外。‎ ‎4在as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词前不加冠词。如:‎ Child as she is, she knows too much French.‎ 尽管她是一个孩子,但她知道很多法语。‎ ‎5系动词turn后跟表职业的名词前不加冠词。‎ The young girl has turned writer.=The young girl has become a writer.‎ 这个年轻女孩已经成为一位作家。‎ ‎6no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后的名词不用冠词。‎ Everything comes with a price; there is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.‎ 一切都是有代价的,因为天下没有免费的午餐。‎ 考点四 几组易混的冠词词组 NO.1解题步骤 ‎1.根据空格位置判断是否考查冠词。‎ ‎2.根据语境判断空格后的名词表示特指还是泛指。‎ ‎3.结合冠词的用法及注意事项确定答案。‎ NO.2解题技巧 ‎1.在语法填空中,空格后的名词或者“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。‎ ‎2.语法填空题中多考查冠词的基本用法,因此可以采用以下三种方法:‎ ‎(1)翻译法:可译作“一个(本/座/杯……)”的,一般填a/an;可译作“这,这些,那些”的,一般填the。‎ ‎(2)理解法:泛指填a/an,特指填the。‎ ‎(3)观察法:若名词后有作定语的介词短语、不定式或从句,可能填the。‎ ‎[典例4] [2015·重庆一中一诊]I ordered ________ coffee while I was waiting for ________ 18:00 film.‎ ‎[解析] a;the 考查冠词用法。第一空表示泛指数量一,“一杯咖啡”;第二空表示特指18:00的电影,故填the。‎ ‎[典例5] [2015·福建龙岩毕业班联考]We all hold ________ view that the director in charge should bear full responsibility for the fire in Shanghai.‎ ‎[解析] the 考查冠词的用法。根据语境可知view为特指,且根据语法“that从句为同位语从句,对view解释说明”,也可以确定填the。in charge“主管”。‎ ‎[典例6] [2015·安徽安庆一中四模]It is clear that ________ little money the invention will bring them can hardly support so large ________ company.‎ ‎[解析] the;a 考查冠词用法。根据第一空后的名词后面为限制性定语从句,故应为特指;第二空考查“so+adj.+a(n)+n.”结构。‎ 在语法填空中,对冠词的考查主要在具体的语境中,一般不会很难,在改错与写作中也会用到,因此在冠词的学习过程中要格外注意以下几点:‎ ‎(1)在具体语言环境中理解特指、泛指的概念;‎ ‎(2)判断空格后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词;‎ ‎(3)判断空格后的名词是抽象名词还是具体名词;‎ ‎(4)可数名词单数前必须要有限定词,其中包括冠词,形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格形式;‎ ‎(5)不可数名词与可数名词复数泛指时不用冠词,特指时加the。‎ 注意:除以上基础外,还需在平时学习时积累含有冠词的固定短语的使用情况。‎
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